1
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Hisata Y, Washio T, Takizawa S, Ogoshi S, Hoshimoto Y. In-silico-assisted derivatization of triarylboranes for the catalytic reductive functionalization of aniline-derived amino acids and peptides with H 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3708. [PMID: 38714662 PMCID: PMC11076482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cheminformatics-based machine learning (ML) has been employed to determine optimal reaction conditions, including catalyst structures, in the field of synthetic chemistry. However, such ML-focused strategies have remained largely unexplored in the context of catalytic molecular transformations using Lewis-acidic main-group elements, probably due to the absence of a candidate library and effective guidelines (parameters) for the prediction of the activity of main-group elements. Here, the construction of a triarylborane library and its application to an ML-assisted approach for the catalytic reductive alkylation of aniline-derived amino acids and C-terminal-protected peptides with aldehydes and H2 is reported. A combined theoretical and experimental approach identified the optimal borane, i.e., B(2,3,5,6-Cl4-C6H)(2,6-F2-3,5-(CF3)2-C6H)2, which exhibits remarkable functional-group compatibility toward aniline derivatives in the presence of 4-methyltetrahydropyran. The present catalytic system generates H2O as the sole byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Hisata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Washio
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence Research Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry and Artificial Intelligence Research Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Center for Future Innovation (CFi), Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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2
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Petelski AN, Peruchena NM, Zalazar MF. Acidity of Isomorphic Substituted Zeolites with B, Al and Ga Revisited. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400080. [PMID: 38351426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Isomorphic substitution of zeolites with B, Al and Ga is a widely used approach in catalysis. The experimentally reported trend of their acidities decreases in the order: Al>Ga>B. However, a consistent explanation is still lacking in the literature. To bring more understanding of this trend, density functional theory computations were conducted on several model systems. First, the acidity of small clusters with two (2T) and five (5T) tetrahedral sites was analyzed. These systems were then projected onto three large void structures: H-[A]-BEA (52T), H-[A]-FAU (84T) and H-[A]-MOR (112T) with A=B, Al, Ga. Our electron density and Interacting Quantum Atom analyses show that the acidity of Al zeolites originates from the much stronger O-Al bond, which is dominated by the electrostatic attraction. The bridging hydroxyl therefore donates more charge density to the metal, the proton becomes more positive and consequently more acidic. Ga zeolites are more acidic than B zeolites due to the greater covalent nature on the O-Ga bond. The resulting acidity, as seen by ammonia, depends on both the acidic oxygen and the charge distribution of the surrounding oxygens exerted by the substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Nicolai Petelski
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Facultad Regional Resistencia (FRRe), CONICET, Centro de Investigación en Química e Ingeniería Teórica y Experimental (QUITEX), French 802, H3500CHJ, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentin
| | - Nélida María Peruchena
- Laboratorio de Estructura Molecular y Propiedades (LEMyP), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Avenida Libertad 5460, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Zalazar
- Laboratorio de Estructura Molecular y Propiedades (LEMyP), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Avenida Libertad 5460, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
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3
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Sigmund LM, S SS, Albers A, Erdmann P, Paton RS, Greb L. Predicting Lewis Acidity: Machine Learning the Fluoride Ion Affinity of p-Block-Atom-Based Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401084. [PMID: 38452299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
"How strong is this Lewis acid?" is a question researchers often approach by calculating its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) with quantum chemistry. Here, we present FIA49k, an extensive FIA dataset with 48,986 data points calculated at the RI-DSD-BLYP-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVPP//PBEh-3c level of theory, including 13 different p-block atoms as the fluoride accepting site. The FIA49k dataset was used to train FIA-GNN, two message-passing graph neural networks, which predict gas and solution phase FIA values of molecules excluded from training with a mean absolute error of 14 kJ mol-1 (r2=0.93) from the SMILES string of the Lewis acid as the only input. The level of accuracy is notable, given the wide energetic range of 750 kJ mol-1 spanned by FIA49k. The model's value was demonstrated with four case studies, including predictions for molecules extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database and by reproducing results from catalysis research available in the literature. Weaknesses of the model are evaluated and interpreted chemically. FIA-GNN and the FIA49k dataset can be reached via a free web app (www.grebgroup.de/fia-gnn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shree Sowndarya S
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Albers
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Staronova L, Yamazaki K, Xu X, Shi H, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantio- and Regioselective C(sp 3 )-H Alkenylation of Thioamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316021. [PMID: 38143241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H alkenylation of thioamides with but-2-ynoate ester coupling partners employing thioamide directing groups is presented. The method is operationally simple and requires only mild reaction conditions, while providing alkenylated products as single regioisomers in excellent yields (up to 85 %) and high enantiomeric excess [up to 91 : 9 enantiomeric ratio (er), or up to >99 : 1 er after a single recrystallization]. Diverse downstream derivatizations of the products are demonstrated, delivering a range of enantioenriched constructs. Extensive computational studies using density functional theory provide insight into the detailed reaction mechanism, origin of enantiocontrol, and the unusual regioselectivity of the alkenylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Staronova
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Heyao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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5
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Timoshkin AY. The Field of Main Group Lewis Acids and Lewis Superacids: Important Basics and Recent Developments. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302457. [PMID: 37752859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
New developments in the field of Lewis acidity are highlighted, with the focus of novel Lewis acids and Lewis superacids of group 2, 13, 14, and 15 elements. Several important basics, illustrated by modern examples (classification of Donor-Acceptor (DA) complexes, amphoteric nature of any compound in terms of DA interactions, reorganization energies of main group Lewis acids and the role of the energies of frontier orbitals) are presented and discussed. It is emphasized that the Lewis acidity phenomena are general and play vital role in different areas of chemistry: from weak "atomophilic" interactions to the complexes of Lewis superacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
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6
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de Azevedo Santos L, van der Voort S, Burema SR, Fonseca Guerra C, Bickelhaupt FM. Blueshift in Trifurcated Hydrogen Bonds: A Tradeoff between Tetrel Bonding and Steric Repulsion. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300480. [PMID: 37864778 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated the origin of the atypical blueshift of the H-C bond stretching frequency in the hydrogen-bonded complex X- •••H3 C-Y (X, Y=F, Cl, Br, I), as compared to the corresponding redshift occurring in Cl- •••H3 N and Cl- •••H3 C-H, using relativistic density functional theory (DFT) at ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/QZ4P. Previously, this blueshift was attributed, among others, to the contraction of the H-C bonds as the H3 C moiety becomes less pyramidal. Herein, we provide quantitative evidence that, instead, the blueshift arises from a direct and strong X- •••C interaction of the HOMO of A- with the backside lobe on carbon of the low-lying C-Y antibonding σ* LUMO of the H3 C-Y fragment. This X- •••C bond, in essence a tetrel bond, pushes the H atoms towards a shorter H-C distance and makes the H3 C moiety more planar. The blueshift may, therefore, serve as a diagnostic for tetrel bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Storm van der Voort
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shiri R Burema
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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7
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Dong C, Cao L, Xu X, Tao X, Zhu G. Atom-Economical Synthesis of Lewis Acidic Boron Containing Porous Organic Polymers via Hydroboration Polymerization for Basic Chemical Capture. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301302. [PMID: 38050926 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Atom economy is one of the main concerns for material synthesis. Here, the facile synthesis of Lewis acidic boron-containing porous organic polymers (B-POPs) via hydroboration polymerization reaction of commercially available borane dimethyl sulfide complex (BH3 ∙SMe2 ) with multi-alkynes under mild reaction conditions is presented. This new synthetic method for B-POPs has the advantage of high atom economy. The resulted porous alkenyl borane polymers (PABPs) have unique features such as high boron content, strong Lewis acidity, and high surface areas. Owing to the strong Lewis acid-base interactions, PABPs exhibit excellent adsorptive capacity toward triethylamine (up to 841 mg g-1 ) and pyridine (up to 1396 mg g-1 ) vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Linzhu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xinmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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8
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Stošek J, Semrád H, Mazal C, Munzarová M. Mechanistic Analysis of Alkyne Haloboration: A DFT, MP2, and DLPNO-CCSD(T) Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6135-6146. [PMID: 37489760 PMCID: PMC10405270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Stereocontrol of the alkyne haloboration reaction has received attention in many experimental but few theoretical studies. Here we present a detailed quantum-chemical study of mechanisms leading to Z versus E isomers of haloboration products, considering acetylene and propyne combined with BCl3, BBr3, and BI3. Calculations using B3LYP-D3, MP2, and DLPNO-CCSD(T) methods are used to study polar reactions between the alkyne and BX3 in the absence and presence of an additional halide anion whose content in the reaction mixture can be controlled experimentally. The formation of anti-haloboration products via radical mechanisms is also explored, namely, by adding BX3 to (Z)-halovinyl radical. For the anti-haloboration of propyne, the radical route is prohibited by the regiochemistry of the initiating halopropenyl radical, while the polar route is unlikely due to a competitive allene generation. In contrast, energetically accessible routes exist for both syn- and anti-bromoboration of acetylene; hence, careful control of reaction conditions is necessary to steer the stereochemical outcome. Methodologically, MP2 results correspond better to the DLPNO-CCSD(T) energies than the B3LYP-D3 results in terms of both reaction barrier heights and relative ordering of energetically close stationary points.
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9
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Zapf L, Riethmann M, Föhrenbacher SA, Finze M, Radius U. An easy-to-perform evaluation of steric properties of Lewis acids. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2275-2288. [PMID: 36873848 PMCID: PMC9977453 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Steric and electronic effects play a very important role in chemistry, as these effects influence the shape and reactivity of molecules. Herein, an easy-to-perform approach to assess and quantify steric properties of Lewis acids with differently substituted Lewis acidic centers is reported. This model applies the concept of the percent buried volume (%V Bur) to fluoride adducts of Lewis acids, as many fluoride adducts are crystallographically characterized and are frequently calculated to judge fluoride ion affinities (FIAs). Thus, data such as cartesian coordinates are often easily available. A list of 240 Lewis acids together with topographic steric maps and cartesian coordinates of an oriented molecule suitable for the SambVca 2.1 web application is provided, together with different FIA values taken from the literature. Diagrams of %V Bur as a scale for steric demand vs. FIA as a scale for Lewis acidity provide valuable information about stereo-electronic properties of Lewis acids and an excellent evaluation of steric and electronic features of the Lewis acid under consideration. Furthermore, a novel LAB-Rep model (Lewis acid/base repulsion model) is introduced, which judges steric repulsion in Lewis acid/base pairs and helps to predict if an arbitrary pair of Lewis acid and Lewis base can form an adduct with respect to their steric properties. The reliability of this model was evaluated in four selected case studies, which demonstrate the versatility of this model. For this purpose, a user-friendly Excel spreadsheet was developed and is provided in the ESI, which works with listed buried volumes of Lewis acids %V Bur_LA and of Lewis bases %V Bur_LB, and no results from experimental crystal structures or quantum chemical calculations are necessary to evaluate steric repulsion in these Lewis acid/base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Zapf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Melanie Riethmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Steffen A Föhrenbacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany https://www.ak-radius.de https://go.uniwue.de/finze-group
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10
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Fang X, Yang X, Wang H. The transition metal doped B cluster (TM4B18) as catalysis for nitrogen fixation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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11
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Thayyil A, Parambil PC. Lewis Acidity Trend of Boron and Aluminium Trihalides: If Not π Back-Bonding, What Else? Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200761. [PMID: 36349488 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acidity trend of boron trihalides is a subject that has received a variety of explanations, and still, the simple π back-bonding based one is believed by most, perhaps because of its simplicity, irrespective of opposing findings. Herein we try to give an alternative explanation based on qualitative Molecular Orbital (MO) theory and support that quantitatively by Generalized Kohn-Sham Energy Decomposition Analysis. While the role of orbital overlap on the orbital interaction energy is widely known, the role of electronegativity of the atoms involved is often overlooked. Here we find that the Lewis acidity trend of boron and aluminium halides can be explained by the Wolfsberg-Helmholz (W-H) formula for resonance integral. The MO theory-based predictions are valid only when the orbital interactions are strong enough. In weakly interacting systems, the effect of orbital interactions can be overshadowed by other effects such as Pauli repulsion, dispersion, etc. Thus the Lewis acidity trend of boron and aluminium halides can vary depending on the strength of the interacting Lewis base. We believe that this work would enable one to gain a better understanding not only on the Lewis acidity of boron trihalides and its heavy analogs but also on a variety of related problems such as the stronger π acidity of CS compared to CO and weaker π bonding between heavy atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashith Thayyil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, 678 557, India
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12
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Tanaka H, Nakamoto M, Yoshida H. Computed ammonia affinity for evaluating Lewis acidity of organoboronates and organoboronamides. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2451-2457. [PMID: 36741141 PMCID: PMC9844674 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07826k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewis acidity of organoboronates [B(pin), B(neop), B(cat), B(eg), B(nad)] and organoboronamides [B(dan), B(aam), B(mdan)] has been found to be unifiedly evaluated by computed ammonia affinity (AA), while other methods [LUMO energies, global electrophilicity index (GEI), fluoride ion affinity (FIA)] were only partially applicable. The relationships between the AA values and such structural characters including the B-X bond lengths, the X-B-X angles, and the changes in the B-X bond lengths in the formation of the ammonia adducts were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Hiroto Yoshida
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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13
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Sivaev IB, Anufriev SA, Shmalko AV. How substituents at boron atoms affect the CH-acidity and the electron-withdrawing effect of the ortho-carborane cage: A close look on the 1H NMR spectra. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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The reciprocal SN2 and SE2 reactions of ammonia borane. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Blokker E, van Zeist W, Sun X, Poater J, van der Schuur JM, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Methyl Substitution Destabilizes Alkyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207477. [PMID: 35819818 PMCID: PMC9545886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated how methyl substituents affect the stability of alkyl radicals MemH3−mC⋅ and the corresponding MemH3−mC−X bonds (X = H, CH3, OH; m = 0 – 3) using density functional theory at M06‐2X/TZ2P. The state‐of‐the‐art in physical organic chemistry is that alkyl radicals are stabilized upon an increase in their degree of substitution from methyl<primary<secondary<tertiary, and that this is the underlying cause for the decrease in C−H bond strength along this series. Here, we provide evidence that falsifies this model and show that, on the contrary, the MemH3−mC⋅ radical is destabilized with increasing substitution. The reason that the corresponding C−H bond nevertheless becomes weaker is that substitution destabilizes the sterically more congested MemH3−mC−H molecule even more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blokker
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Willem‐Jan van Zeist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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16
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Blokker E, van Zeist WJ, Sun X, Poater J, van der Schuur JM, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Methyl Substitution Destabilizes Alkyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blokker
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Theoretical Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Xiaobo Sun
- Universitat de Barcelona CRAI: Universitat de Barcelona Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica SPAIN
| | - Jordi Poater
- Universitat de Barcelona Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica SPAIN
| | | | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Theoretical Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- VU University Amsterdam Theoretical Chemistry De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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17
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann-Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114550. [PMID: 34757692 PMCID: PMC9299668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IUPAC defines Lewis acidity as the thermodynamic tendency for Lewis pair formation. This strength property was recently specified as global Lewis acidity (gLA), and is gauged for example by the fluoride ion affinity. Experimentally, Lewis acidity is usually evaluated by the effect on a bound molecule, such as the induced 31 P NMR shift of triethylphosphine oxide in the Gutmann-Beckett (GB) method. This type of scaling was called effective Lewis acidity (eLA). Unfortunately, gLA and eLA often correlate poorly, but a reason for this is unknown. Hence, the strength and the effect of a Lewis acid are two distinct properties, but they are often granted interchangeably. The present work analyzes thermodynamic, NMR specific, and London dispersion effects on GB numbers for 130 Lewis acids by theory and experiment. The deformation energy of a Lewis acid is identified as the prime cause for the critical deviation between gLA and eLA but its correction allows a unification for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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18
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann–Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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19
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Sigmund LM, Maier R, Greb L. The inversion of tetrahedral p-block element compounds: general trends and the relation to the second-order Jahn-Teller effect. Chem Sci 2022; 13:510-521. [PMID: 35126983 PMCID: PMC8729809 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05395g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetrahedron is the primary structural motif among the p-block elements and determines the architecture of our bio- and geosphere. However, a broad understanding of the configurational inversion of tetrahedral compounds is missing. Here, we report over 250 energies (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) for square planar inversion of third- and fourth-period element species of groups 13, 14, and 15. Surprisingly low inversion barriers are identified for compounds of industrial relevance (e.g., ≈100 kJ mol-1 for Al(OH)4 -). More fundamentally, the second-order Jahn-Teller theorem is disclosed as suitable to rationalize substituent and central element effects. Bond analysis tools give further insights into the preference of eight valence electron systems with four substituents to be tetrahedral. Hence, this study develops a model to understand, memorize, and predict the angular flexibility of tetrahedral species. Perceiving the tetrahedron not as forcingly rigid but as a dynamic structural entity might leverage new approaches and visions for adaptive matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rouven Maier
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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20
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Yamazaki K, Rej S, Ano Y, Chatani N. Origin of the Enhanced Reactivity in the ortho C-H Borylation of Benzaldehydes with BBr 3. Org Lett 2021; 24:213-217. [PMID: 34939820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metal-free ortho C-H borylation of benzaldehyde derivatives using a transient imine directing group was recently developed by our group, providing an efficient strategy for the synthesis of organoboron reagents. Herein, we report on an extensive investigation of the reaction mechanism using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Computations for the reaction pathway with various imine substrates, as well as the effect of an added base were examined, and the experimentally observed reactivity enhancement is proposed to originate from the tunability of the destabilizing strain energies that results in a reversible complexation process with BBr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Supriya Rej
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Nandi A, Tarannam N, Rodrigues Silva D, Fonseca Guerra C, Hamlin TA, Kozuch S. Boron Tunneling in the "Weak" Bond-Stretch Isomerization of N-B Lewis Adducts. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1857-1862. [PMID: 34245098 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some nitrile-boron halide adducts exhibit a double-well potential energy surface with two distinct minima: a "long bond" geometry (LB, a van der Waals interaction mostly based on electrostatics, but including a residual charge transfer component) and a "short bond" structure (SB, a covalent dative bond). This behavior can be considered as a "weak" form of bond stretch isomerism. Our computations reveal that complexes RCN-BX3 (R=CH3 , FCH2 , BrCH2 , and X=Cl, Br) exhibit a fast interconversion from LB to SB geometries even close to the absolute zero thanks to a boron atom tunneling mechanism. The computed half-lives of the meta-stable LB compounds vary between minutes to nanoseconds at cryogenic conditions. Accordingly, we predict that the long bond structures are practically impossible to isolate or characterize, which agrees with previous matrix-isolation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel
| | - Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel
| | - Daniela Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras-MG, Brazil
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The, Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel
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22
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Martins FA, Freitas MP. Conformational and Substituent Effects on The Rehybridization of Boron in β‐Substituted Ethylboranes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Martins
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Natural Sciences Federal University of Lavras 37200-900 Lavras, MG Brazil
| | - Matheus P. Freitas
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Natural Sciences Federal University of Lavras 37200-900 Lavras, MG Brazil
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23
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Klein J, Fleurat-Lessard P, Pilmé J. New insights in chemical reactivity from quantum chemical topology. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:840-854. [PMID: 33660292 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on the quantum chemical topology of the modified electron localization function ELFx , an efficient and robust mechanistic methodology designed to identify the favorable reaction pathway between two reactants is proposed. We first recall and reshape how the supermolecular interaction energy can be evaluated from only three distinct terms, namely the intermolecular coulomb energy, the intermolecular exchange-correlation energy and the intramolecular energies of reactants. Thereafter, we show that the reactivity between the reactants is driven by the first-order variation in the coulomb intermolecular energy defined in terms of the response to changes in the number of electrons. Illustrative examples with the formation of the dative bond B-N involved in the BH3 NH3 molecule and the typical formation of the hydrogen bond in the canonical water dimer are presented. For these selected systems, our approach unveils a noticeable mimicking of Edual onto the DFT intermolecular interaction energy surface calculated between the both reactants. An automated reaction-path algorithm aimed to determine the most favorable relative orientations when the two molecules approach each other is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Klein
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), 9 avenue Alain Savary, Dijon Cedex, 21078, France
| | - Julien Pilmé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris Cedex, France
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