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Deltsov ID, Ananyev IV, Meerov DB, Fershtat LL. Expanding the Limits of Organic Energetic Materials: High-Performance Alliance of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole and Furazan Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:174-182. [PMID: 38079563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A majority of known and newly synthesized energetic materials comprise polynitrogen or nitrogen-oxygen heterocycles with various explosophores. However, available structural combinations of these organic scaffolds are finite and are about to reach their limits. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of sulfur-containing polyazole structures comprising 1,3,4-thiadiazole and furazan rings linked by C-C bonds and enriched with energetic nitro and azo functionalities. In terms of detonation performance, all synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazole-furazan assemblies (D = 7.7-7.9 km s-1; P = 26-28 GPa) lie between the powerful explosive TATB (D = 8.0 km s-1; P = 31 GPa) and melt-cast material TNT (D = 6.9 km s-1; P = 23 GPa). In the synthesized series, azo-bridged derivative 5 seems to be most practically interesting, as it combines a relatively high energetic performance (D = 7.9 km s-1; P = 28 GPa), a very high thermal stability (271 °C), and insensitivity to friction. By these functional properties, 5 outperforms the benchmark heat-resistant explosive hexanitrostilbene (HNS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of an energetic alliance of furazan and 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffolds and a rare case of sulfur-containing high-energy materials, which can certainly be considered as an evolutionary step in energetic materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Deltsov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Ananyev
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-1, Leninsky Prospect, 31, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Meerov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Strasse, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya strasse, 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
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Khakimov DV, Fershtat LL, Pivina TS. Substituted tetrazoles with N-oxide moiety: critical assessment of thermochemical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32071-32077. [PMID: 37982240 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of the structure of molecules and simulation of crystal structure followed by the calculation of the enthalpies of formation for 21 salts of three high-energy tetrazole 1N-oxides: 5-nitro-1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazole 1a-1g, 5-trinitromethyl-1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazole 2a-2g and 6-amino-3-(1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine 1,5-dioxide 3a-3g was performed. The methods of quantum chemistry and the method of atom-atom potentials were used. Structural search for optimal crystal packings was carried out in 11 most common space symmetry groups. The enthalpies of formation were obtained and analyzed using two different approaches: VBT and MICCM methods, which allowed to evaluate the quality of these calculation methods. In addition, the results obtained indicate high values of thermochemical characteristics for some of the considered compounds, which have a positive effect on their explosive properties and unveil their future application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya str., 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S Pivina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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Zhang Q, Zhou JH, Tan LX, Zhang SY, Sun JK. Immobilizing Metal Nanoparticles on Hierarchically Porous Organic Cages with Size Control for Enhanced Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23671-23678. [PMID: 37142548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating metal nanoparticles (MNPs) into porous composites with controlled size and spatial distributions is beneficial for a broad range of applications, but it remains a synthetic challenge. Here, we present a method to immobilize a series of highly dispersed MNPs (Pd, Ir, Pt, Rh, and Ru) with controlled size (<2 nm) on hierarchically micro- and mesoporous organic cage supports. Specifically, the metal-ionic surfactant complexes serve as both metal precursors and mesopore-forming agents during self-assembly with a microporous imine cage CC3, resulting in a uniform distribution of metal precursors across the resultant supports. The functional heads on the ionic surfactants as binding sites, together with the nanoconfinement of pores, guide the nucleation and growth of MNPs and prevent their agglomeration after chemical reduction. Moreover, the as-synthesized Pd NPs exhibit remarkable activity and selectivity in the tandem reaction due to the advantages of ultrasmall particle size and improved mass diffusion facilitated by the hierarchical pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Hao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Xiao Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Su-Yun Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
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Yang XD, Zhang YJ, Zhou JH, Liu L, Sun JK. Air-Stable Radical Organic Cages as Cascade Nanozymes for Enhanced Catalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206127. [PMID: 36440672 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of single-assembled molecular cage reactors for complex tandem reactions is a long-standing target in biomimetic catalysis but still a grand challenge. Herein, nanozyme-like organic cages are reported by engineering air-stable radicals into the skeleton upon photoinduced electron transfer. The generation of radicals is accompanied by single-crystal structural transformation and exhibits superior stability over six months in air. Impressively, the radicals throughout the cage skeleton can mimic the peroxidase of natural enzymes to decompose H2 O2 into OH· and facilitate oxidation reactions. Furthermore, an integrated catalyst by encapsulating Au clusters (glucose oxidase mimics) into the cage has been developed, in which the dual active sites (Au cluster and radical) are spatially isolated and can work as cascade nanozymes to prominently promote the enzyme-like tandem reaction via a substrate channeling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
- College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua Road 70, Shijiazhuang, 050080, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Hao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
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Teslenko FE, Fershtat LL. Unlocking Kuhn Verdazyls: New Synthetic Approach and Useful Mechanistic Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032693. [PMID: 36769015 PMCID: PMC9916651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimized synthetic protocol toward the assembly of Kuhn verdazyls based on an azo coupling of arenediazonium salts with readily available hydrazones followed by the base-mediated cyclization of in situ formed formazans with formalin was developed. The scope and limitations of the presented method were revealed. Some new mechanistic insights on the formation of Kuhn verdazyls were also conducted. It was found that in contradiction with previously assumed hypotheses, the synthesis of verdazyls was accomplished via an intermediate formation of verdazylium cations which were in situ reduced to leucoverdazyls. The latter underwent deprotonation under basic conditions to generate corresponding anions which coproportionate with verdazylium cations to furnish the formation of Kuhn verdazyls. The spectroscopic and electrochemical behavior of the synthesized verdazyls was also studied. Overall, our results may serve as a reliable basis for further investigation in the chemistry and applications of verdazyls.
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Bystrov DM, Pivkina AN, Fershtat LL. An Alliance of Polynitrogen Heterocycles: Novel Energetic Tetrazinedioxide-Hydroxytetrazole-Based Materials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185891. [PMID: 36144627 PMCID: PMC9505947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Energetic materials constitute one of the most important subtypes of functional materials used for various applications. A promising approach for the construction of novel thermally stable high-energy materials is based on an assembly of polynitrogen biheterocyclic scaffolds. Herein, we report on the design and synthesis of a new series of high-nitrogen energetic salts comprising the C-C linked 6-aminotetrazinedioxide and hydroxytetrazole frameworks. Synthesized materials were thoroughly characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. As a result of a vast amount of the formed intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, prepared ammonium and amino-1,2,4-triazolium salts are thermally stable and have good densities of 1.75–1.78 g·cm−3. All synthesized compounds show high detonation performance, reaching that of benchmark RDX. At the same time, as compared to RDX, investigated salts are less friction sensitive due to the formed net of hydrogen bonds. Overall, reported functional materials represent a novel perspective subclass of secondary explosives and unveil further opportunities for an assembly of biheterocyclic next-generation energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M. Bystrov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Kosygin Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Fershtat LL. Recent advances in the synthesis and performance of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based energetic materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Zhu L, Zhang S, Yang XC, Zhuang Q, Sun JK. Toward the Controlled Synthesis of Highly Dispersed Metal Clusters Enabled by Downsizing Crystalline Porous Organic Cage Supports. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200591. [PMID: 35708206 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of subnanometer-sized metal clusters (MCs) presents a fascinating prospect for the research of size-dependent properties. In this study, a facile approach by employing porous racemic organic cage crystals as supports for immobilizing a broad range of noble MCs (e.g., Ru, Ir, Rh) is reported. Downsizing the support to the nanoscale leads to resultant MCs with precisely controlled sizes < 0.7 nm. Such enhanced stabilization ability is a result of enhanced metal-support interactions as well as the nanoconfinement of organic cages in controlling the growth of MCs. Moreover, the obtained MCs display excellent catalytic performance in a series of liquid-phase reactions owing to a decrease in the diffusion resistance from the substrate to MCs immobilized by the nano-sized cage support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Chun Yang
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
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Revisiting the Synthesis of Functionally Substituted 1,4-Dihydrobenzo[ e][1,2,4]triazines. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082575. [PMID: 35458773 PMCID: PMC9031768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 1,4-dihydrobenzo[1,2,4][e]triazines bearing an acetyl or ester moiety as a functional group at the C(3) atom of the 1,2,4-triazine ring were synthesized. The synthetic protocol is based on an oxidative cyclization of functionally substituted amidrazones in the presence of DBU and Pd/C. It was found that the developed approach is suitable for the preparation of 1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazines, but the corresponding Blatter radicals were isolated only in few cases. In addition, a previously unknown dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazine tricyclic open-shell derivative was prepared. Studies of thermal behavior of the synthesized 1,4-dihydrobenzo[1,2,4][e]triazines revealed their high thermal stability (up to 240–250 °C), which enables their application potential as components of functional organic materials.
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Xu M, Yang F. Transition Metal Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Organic Reactions within Porous Organic Cages. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Beijing Institute of Technology Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences 100081 Beijing CHINA
| | - Fanzhi Yang
- Beijing Institute of Technology Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District 100081 Beijing CHINA
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