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Jin YR, Sung YS, Koh CL, Chu SY, Yang HC, Lin LY. Efficacy of Motor Interventions on Functional Performance Among Preschool Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Occup Ther 2023; 77:7706205020. [PMID: 37992052 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Motor ability plays an important role in overall developmental profiles. Preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at risk of motor skills deficits and delays. However, evidence of the efficacy of different motor interventions for the identification of optimal treatment types is lacking, especially for preschool children with ASD. OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of the Motor Skill Occupational Therapy Intervention ON ASD (MOTION-ASD) and Cognitive Orientation Exercise (CO-EXC) programs to improve motor skills performance, self-care performance, and adaptive behaviors among preschool children with ASD. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial, two-group, triple-blinded, repeated-measures design Setting: University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen preschool children with ASD (M age = 4.91 yr). OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition, Brief Form, Assessment of Motor and Process Skills, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Third Edition. RESULTS Children in the MOTION-ASD group showed significantly greater improvements in manual coordination and overall gross and fine manual skills than those in the CO-EXC group immediately after the intervention. Significant improvements in fine manual control, body coordination, overall motor skills, and self-care performance were made throughout both interventions and were retained at the posttest and the 4-wk follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings provide supporting evidence that motor skills interventions involving fundamental skills and cognitive training may be a viable therapeutic option for treating children with ASD. The results also suggest that practitioners may consider providing structured and strategic motor skills interventions for preschool children with ASD. What This Article Adds: This study's rigorous tests of motor skills interventions support ways to manage motor difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An intervention based on motor learning theory could benefit preschool children with ASD, especially in terms of manual coordination ability and overall gross and fine motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Jin
- Yu-Ru Jin, MS, is Doctoral Student, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. At the time this research was conducted, Jin was Graduate Student, Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Sung
- Yi-Shan Sung, PhD, was PhD Candidate, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, at the time this research was conducted
| | - Chia-Lin Koh
- Chia-Lin Koh, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin Ying Chu
- Shin Ying Chu, PhD, is Associate Professor, Head, Speech Sciences Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-CARE), National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hsiu-Ching Yang
- Hsiu-Ching Yang, MS, is Occupational Therapist, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yi Lin
- Ling-Yi Lin, ScD, is Department Chair and Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, and Professor, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;
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Basic Activity of Daily Living Evaluation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Do-Eat Washy Adaption Preliminary Psychometric Characteristics. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030514. [PMID: 36980072 PMCID: PMC10047672 DOI: 10.3390/children10030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary study aims to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the adapted Do-Eat Basic activities of daily living (BADL) assessment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants were 53 children ages 6–10 years: 17 diagnosed with high-severity ASD (HS-ASD) and 16 with low-severity ASD according to the DSM-5 and based on the CARS-2, and 20 controls with typical development. Measurement tools were the adapted Do-Eat Washy (Washy), Participation in Childhood Occupations Questionnaire (PICO-Q), and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). The Washy domains exhibited high internal consistency (α = 0.841–0.856). Significant differences were found between the HS-ASD and other groups in the Washy domains, exhibiting discriminant validity. The Washy convergent and concurrent validity indicated good results. A highly substantial negative correlation was shown between the Washy and three PICO-Q ADL difficulty-in-performance items (p < 0.001): bathing (−0.550), hygiene (−0.571), and handwashing (−0.733). The Washy performance scores and the PEDI total score demonstrated a strong correlation. (r = 0.799, p < 0.001). Primary results indicate that, following further research on larger representative samples, the Washy may be a reliable and valid tool for assessing BADL among children with ASD.
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Lin LY, Chi IJ, Sung YS. Mediating effect of sequential memory on the relationship between visual-motor integration and self-care performance in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychol 2022; 13:988493. [PMID: 36275205 PMCID: PMC9583898 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.988493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveVisual perception is a skill that contributes to the performance of self-care and important development tasks in early childhood. The relationship between self-care and visual perception is especially significant for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who have been described as visual learners. However, this relationship is not clearly understood among young children with ASD. We investigated the role of motor-free visual perception on the relationship between self-care and visual-motor integration in young children with ASD.MethodsA sample of 66 children with ASD aged 48 to 83 months were recruited. Measurements included the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills, the Developmental Test of Visual Perception—Third Edition, and Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills—Third Edition.ResultsThe results indicated that self-care performance had significant positive correlations with visual-motor integration, visual discrimination, visual memory, visual spatial relationships, and visual sequential memory. Of these, visual sequential memory and visual spatial relationships were the main factors related to self-care performance. Sequential memory was a mediator of the relationship between visual-motor integration and self-care performance.ConclusionThis study establishes a deeper understanding of self-care and motor-free visual perception among young children with ASD. Understanding the relationship between visual perception and self-care in young children with ASD may aid professionals in providing self-care interventions for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ling-Yi Lin,
| | - I-Jou Chi
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Sung
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Yang X, Li L, Chai X, Liu J. The association between ST8SIA2 gene and behavioral phenotypes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:929878. [PMID: 35957920 PMCID: PMC9359136 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.929878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 2 (ST8SIA2) encodes a type II membrane protein that is thought to catalyze the transfer of sialic acid (SA) from CMP-SA to N-linked oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. Some population and animal studies have indicated an association between the ST8SIA2 gene and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is limited information on the correlation between ST8SIA2 and autistic behavioral symptoms.MethodsIn this study, 69 ASD and 76 normal control children who were age- and sex-matched were recruited. ST8SIA2 expression and methylation levels were measured by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR and pyrosequencing, respectively, and the behavioral phenotypes of ASD children were assessed.ResultsThe ASD group had lower ST8SIA2 gene expression levels than the control group [t(0.05/2,143) = 2.582, p = 0.011]. Moreover, ST8SIA2 expression levels were positively correlated with daily life skills (rs = 0.381, p = 0.008) and negatively associated with stereotyped behaviors in the ASD group (rs = -0.510, p = 0.004). The methylation levels of the Chr. 15: 92984625 and Chr. 15: 92998561 sites of the ST8SIA2 gene in ASD children were higher than those of controls. The Chr. 15: 92984625 site was positively correlated with the stereotyped behaviors of ASD children (rs = 0.41, p = 0.039).ConclusionThis study provides a scientific basis to elucidate the relationship between the ST8SIA2 gene and behavioral phenotypes of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Yang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Research Institute of Medical and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Lin Li
- Center for Prevention of Disease, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xuejiao Chai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jicheng Liu
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Research Institute of Medical and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- *Correspondence: Jicheng Liu,
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Chi IJ, Lin LY. Using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory to Assess Self-Care Performance Among Preschool Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Occup Ther 2022; 76:23195. [PMID: 35143605 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2022.046326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Caregiver rating scales often give an unclear picture of the actual self-care performance of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). OBJECTIVE To assess self-care performance among preschool children with ASD using two standardized instruments. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Clinics, hospitals, and early intervention centers in Tainan, Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Sixty children with ASD (ages 48-71 mo). Outcomes and Measures: The Standard Version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition, the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS), and the Chinese version of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-C). RESULTS About 53.3% of children with ASD scored below 1.5 logits for AMPS motor skills and below 1 logit for AMPS process skills, indicating difficulties performing activities of daily living tasks. The average PEDI-C self-care normative standard scores were moderately low (between -1 and -2 SDs), indicating poor self-care performance. The correlations between the two measures were also low (rs = .27-.44). Overall, the results for 36 children were consistent with AMPS and PEDI-C scores; however, those for 24 children (40.0%) were discrepant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings have implications for how preschool children with ASD perform their self-care activities and suggest that more than half of preschool children with ASD have a need for occupational therapy interventions that target self-care skills. Occupational therapy practitioners can work with preschool children with ASD and their families to help them improve their self-care performance. What This Article Adds: Many children with ASD need occupational therapy interventions that target self-care skills. Both the AMPS and the PEDI-C provide valuable information from different perspectives on the self-care performance of preschool children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Jou Chi
- I-Jou Chi, MS, is Occupational Therapist, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan. At the time this research was conducted, Chi was Graduate Student, Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yi Lin
- I-Jou Chi, MS, is Occupational Therapist, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan. At the time this research was conducted, Chi was Graduate Student, Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Zhao X, Zhu S, Cao Y, Cheng P, Lin Y, Sun Z, Jiang W, Du Y. Abnormalities of Gray Matter Volume and Its Correlation with Clinical Symptoms in Adolescents with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:717-730. [PMID: 35401002 PMCID: PMC8983641 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s349247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated abnormal gray matter volume (GMV) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, there is little consistency across the findings within these studies, partly due to small sample size and great heterogeneity among participants between studies. Additionally, few studies have explored the correlation between clinical symptoms and GMV abnormalities in individuals with ASD. Here, the current study examined GMV alterations in whole brain and their correlations with clinical symptoms in a relatively large and homogeneous sample of participants with ASD matched typically developing (TD) controls. METHODS Forty-eight adolescents with high-functioning ASD and 29 group-matched TD controls underwent structural magnetic resonance images. Voxel-based morphometry was applied to investigate regional GMV alterations. The participants with ASD were examined for the severity of clinical symptoms with Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). The relationship between GMV abnormalities and clinical symptoms was explored in ASD group using voxel-wise correlation analysis within brain regions that showed significant GMV alterations in individuals with ASD compared with TD controls. RESULTS We found increased GMV in multiple brain regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, occipital pole, anterior cingulate, cerebellum anterior lobe, cerebellum posterior lobe, and midbrain, as well as decreased GMV in cerebellum posterior lobe in individuals with ASD. The correlation analysis showed the GMV in the left fusiform was negatively associated with the scores of sensory factor, and the GMV in the right cerebellum anterior lobe was positively associated with the scores of social self-help factor. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that widespread GMV abnormalities of brain regions occurred in individuals with ASD, suggesting a potential neural basis for the pathogenesis and symptomatology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Zhu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Cheng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiong Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Sun
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasong Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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