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Mohammad A, Madhavarao CN. Comparing nitric acid treatment and microwave digestion for efficiency of metal extraction from bioprocess samples. Anal Biochem 2024; 691:115555. [PMID: 38704117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Metal ions may act as enzyme cofactors and influence the kinetics of biochemical reactions that may also influence the biological production of therapeutic proteins and quality attributes such as glycosylation. Because sample preparation is a significant step in the reliable analysis of metals, we compared two sample preparation procedures for metal analysis of bioreactor culture media samples by ICP-MS: (i) samples were diluted in 2 % nitric acid (treatment with nitric acid, TNA); and (ii) samples were mixed with equal volume of 5 % nitric acid and closed vessel digestion was performed in a microwave (closed vessel digestion, CVD). In the comparison of extraction efficiencies between TNA and CVD procedures, CVD showed better extraction for Ca and Cu among bulk metals (∼30 %) and for Ni among the trace metals (∼65 %) for the bioreactor broth supernatant samples. For the cell pellet samples, the CVD procedure was found to be better for extraction of Fe (∼65 % more) among bulk metals, Zn (∼20 % more) among minor metals and Co (∼60 % more) and Ni (∼45 % more) among trace metals. Differences between the two procedures were less than 10 % and TNA was better for all other metals quantified from both supernatant samples and cell pellet samples. The current study helps bring more clarity to the methodology on comprehensive metal analysis to monitor and maintain trace metal content for biologics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Chikkathur N Madhavarao
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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2
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Särnlund S, Jiang Y, Chotteau V. Process intensification to produce a difficult-to-express therapeutic enzyme by high cell density perfusion or enhanced fed-batch. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3533-3544. [PMID: 33914903 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intensified bioprocesses have caught industrial interest in the field of biomanufacturing in recent years. Thanks to new technology, intensified processes can support high cell densities, higher productivities and longer process times, which together can offer lower cost of goods. In this study two different intensified process modes, high cell density perfusion and enhanced fed-batch, were evaluated and compared with a conventional fed-batch process for a difficult-to-express therapeutic enzyme. The intensified process modes were cultivated with a target cell density of 100 × 106 cells/ml and with alternating tangential flow filtration, ATF, as cell retention device. The processes were designed to resemble an established optimized fed-batch process using the knowledge of this process without new dedicated optimization for the intensified modes. The design strategy included decision of the ratio of feed concentrate to base medium and glucose supplementation, which were based on target cell-specific consumption rates of key amino acids and glucose, using a targeted feeding approach (TAFE). A difficult-to-express therapeutic enzyme with multiple glycosylation sites was expressed and analyzed in the different production processes. The two new intensified processes both achieved 10 times higher volumetric productivity (mg/L/day) with retained protein quality and minor changes to the glycan profile compared to the fed-batch process. The study demonstrates the potential of using intensified processes for sensitive complex enzymes. It is shown here that it is possible to transfer a developed fed-batch process into high cell density processes either in intensified fed-batch or steady-state perfusion without new dedicated optimization. The results demonstrated as well that these intensified modes significantly increase the productivity while maintaining the desired product quality, for instance the same amount of product was obtained in 1 day during the perfusion process than in a whole fed-batch run. Without any prior optimization of the perfusion rate, the high cell density perfusion process resulted in only 1.2 times higher medium cost per gram produced protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Särnlund
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Solna, Sweden.,AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Jiang
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Solna, Sweden
| | - Veronique Chotteau
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Zinc supplementation modulates intracellular metal uptake and oxidative stress defense mechanisms in CHO cell cultures. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Graham RJ, Ketcham S, Mohammad A, Bandaranayake BMB, Cao T, Ghosh B, Weaver J, Yoon S, Faustino PJ, Ashraf M, Cruz CN, Madhavarao CN. Zinc supplementation improves the harvest purity of β-glucuronidase from CHO cell culture by suppressing apoptosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1097-1108. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parhiz H, Ketcham SA, Zou G, Ghosh B, Fratz-Berilla EJ, Ashraf M, Ju T, Madhavarao CN. Differential effects of bioreactor process variables and purification on the human recombinant lysosomal enzyme β-glucuronidase produced from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6081-6095. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mohammad A, Agarabi C, Rogstad S, DiCioccio E, Brorson K, Ashraf M, Faustino PJ, Madhavarao CN. An ICP-MS platform for metal content assessment of cell culture media and evaluation of spikes in metal concentration on the quality of an IgG3:κ monoclonal antibody during production. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 162:91-100. [PMID: 30227357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions can be enzyme cofactors and can directly influence the kinetics of biochemical reactions that also influence the biological production and quality attributes of therapeutic proteins, such as glycan formation and distribution. However, the concentrations of metals in commercially available chemically defined media can range from 1 to 25,000 ppb. Because such concentration changes can impact cell growth, manufacturing yield and product quality the alteration/fluctuation in media composition should be well controlled to maintain product quality. Here, we describe a platform of analytical methods to determine the composition of several metals in different sample matrices using an advanced automated Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). These methods, validated to ICH Q2R1 regulatory validation parameters, were successfully applied to- (a) screen cell culture media; (b) determine changes in the metal concentration during cell growth in spinner flasks, and, (c) determine effect on the glycosylation pattern and homogeneity of an IgG3:κ produced from a murine-hybridoma cell line in bench-top parallel bioreactors due to a spike in copper and iron concentration. Our results show that maintenance of metal content in the cell culture media is critical for product consistency of the IgG3:κ produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mohammad
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Sarah Rogstad
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Elizabeth DiCioccio
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Patrick J Faustino
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Chikkathur N Madhavarao
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States.
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Direct quantification of protein glycan phosphorylation. Biotechniques 2017; 63:117-123. [DOI: 10.2144/000114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins and a critical quality attribute for protein therapeutics, especially if it is required for protein function or sub-cellular targeting. Most current methods to quantify phosphorylation are time-consuming, indirect, or require specific instrumentation and technical skills. Here, we report the adaptation of a phosphate-specific binding dye and common laboratory instruments for quantification of relative amounts of phosphorylated glycans as well as phosphorylation of amino acid residues on the backbones of proteins. Our results show that quantification of phosphorylation using the new method agrees with published data on the number of phosphorylated glycosylation sites for two lysosomal enzymes: β-glucuronidase (GUS) and cathepsin D.
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An improved purification method for the lysosomal storage disease protein β-glucuronidase produced in CHO cells. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 140:28-35. [PMID: 28734840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human β-glucuronidase (GUS; EC 3.2.1.31) is a lysosomal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-d-glucuronic acid residues from the non-reducing termini of glycosaminoglycans. Impairment in GUS function leads to the metabolic disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type VII, also known as Sly syndrome. We produced GUS from a CHO cell line grown in suspension in a 15 L perfused bioreactor and developed a three step purification procedure that yields ∼99% pure enzyme with a recovery of more than 40%. The method can be completed in two days and has the potential to be integrated into a continuous manufacturing scheme.
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Blackler RJ, Evans DW, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Brooks CL, Braulke T, Liu X, Evans SV, Müller-Loennies S. Single-chain antibody-fragment M6P-1 possesses a mannose 6-phosphate monosaccharide-specific binding pocket that distinguishes N-glycan phosphorylation in a branch-specific manner†. Glycobiology 2015; 26:181-92. [PMID: 26503547 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of mannose 6-phosphate (Man6P) on N-linked glycans of lysosomal enzymes is a structural requirement for their transport from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes mediated by the mannose 6-phosphate receptors, 300 kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR300) and 46 kDa cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR46). Here we report that the single-chain variable domain (scFv) M6P-1 is a unique antibody fragment with specificity for Man6P monosaccharide that, through an array-screening approach against a number of phosphorylated N-glycans, is shown to bind mono- and diphosphorylated Man6 and Man7 glycans that contain terminal αMan6P(1 → 2)αMan(1 → 3)αMan. In contrast to MPR300, scFv M6P-1 does not bind phosphodiesters, monophosphorylated Man8 or mono- or diphosphorylated Man9 structures. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to 2.7 Å resolution of Fv M6P-1 in complex with Man6P reveals that specificity and affinity is achieved via multiple hydrogen bonds to the mannose ring and two salt bridges to the phosphate moiety. In common with both MPRs, loss of binding was observed for scFv M6P-1 at pH values below the second pKa of Man6P (pKa = 6.1). The structures of Fv M6P-1 and the MPRs suggest that the change of the ionization state of Man6P is the main driving force for the loss of binding at acidic lysosomal pH (e.g. lysosome pH ∼ 4.6), which provides justification for the evolution of a lysosomal enzyme transport pathway based on Man6P recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Blackler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada V8P 3P6
| | - Dylan W Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada V8P 3P6
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cory L Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada V8P 3P6
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, 507-CSC, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Stephen V Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada V8P 3P6
| | - Sven Müller-Loennies
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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Agarabi CD, Schiel JE, Lute SC, Chavez BK, Boyne MT, Brorson KA, Khan M, Read EK. Bioreactor process parameter screening utilizing a Plackett-Burman design for a model monoclonal antibody. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1919-1928. [PMID: 25762022 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Consistent high-quality antibody yield is a key goal for cell culture bioprocessing. This endpoint is typically achieved in commercial settings through product and process engineering of bioreactor parameters during development. When the process is complex and not optimized, small changes in composition and control may yield a finished product of less desirable quality. Therefore, changes proposed to currently validated processes usually require justification and are reported to the US FDA for approval. Recently, design-of-experiments-based approaches have been explored to rapidly and efficiently achieve this goal of optimized yield with a better understanding of product and process variables that affect a product's critical quality attributes. Here, we present a laboratory-scale model culture where we apply a Plackett-Burman screening design to parallel cultures to study the main effects of 11 process variables. This exercise allowed us to determine the relative importance of these variables and identify the most important factors to be further optimized in order to control both desirable and undesirable glycan profiles. We found engineering changes relating to culture temperature and nonessential amino acid supplementation significantly impacted glycan profiles associated with fucosylation, β-galactosylation, and sialylation. All of these are important for monoclonal antibody product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus D Agarabi
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, OPS, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - John E Schiel
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Bioanalytical Science Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Scott C Lute
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPS, CDER, FDA Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Brittany K Chavez
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPS, CDER, FDA Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Michael T Boyne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, OPS, CDER, FDA, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kurt A Brorson
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPS, CDER, FDA Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Mansoora Khan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, OPS, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | - Erik K Read
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPS, CDER, FDA Silver Spring, Maryland
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