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Majeed T, Lee CC, Orts WJ, Tabassum R, Shah TA, Jardan YAB, Dawoud TM, Bourhia M. Characterization of a thermostable protease from Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 39010004 PMCID: PMC11247832 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used conservative one variable-at-a-time study and statistical surface response methods to increase the yields of an extracellular thermostable protease secreted by a newly identified thermophilic Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. Using conventional optimization techniques, physical parameters in submerged fermentation were adjusted at the shake flask level to reach 184 U/mL. These physicochemical parameters were further optimized by statistical surface response methodology using Box Behnken design, and the protease yield increased to 295 U/mL. The protease was purified and characterized biochemically. Both Ca2+ and Fe2+ increased the activity of the 36 kDa protease enzyme. Based on its strong inhibition by ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA), the enzyme was confirmed to be a metalloprotease. The protease was also resistant to various organic solvents (benzene, ethanol, methanol), surfactants (Triton X-100), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 20, Tween-80 and oxidants hydrogen per oxide (H2O2). Characteristics, such as tolerance to high SDS and H2O2 concentrations, indicate that this protease has potential applications in the pharmaceutical and detergent industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan.
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Charles C Lee
- Bioproducts Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - William J Orts
- Bioproducts Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Romana Tabassum
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tawaf Ali Shah
- College of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, 70000, Morocco.
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2
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Neog PR, Saini S, Konwar BK. Purification, and characterization of detergent-compatible serine protease from Bacillussafensis strain PRN1: A sustainable alternative to hazardous chemicals in detergent industry. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 219:106479. [PMID: 38574878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Owing to vast therapeutic, commercial, and industrial applications of microbial proteases microorganisms from different sources are being explored. In this regard, the gut microbiota of Monopteruscuchia were isolated and examined for the production of protease. All the isolates were primarily and secondarily screened on skim milk and gelatin agar plates. The protease-positive isolates were characterized morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Out of the 20 isolated strains,6 belonging to five different genera viz.Bacillus,Priestia,Aeromonas,Staphylococcus, and Serratia demonstrated proteolytic activity. Bacillussafensis strain PRN1 demonstrated the highest protease production and, thus, the largest hydrolytic clear zones in both skim milk agar (15 ± 1 mm) and gelatin (16 ± 1 mm) plates. The optimized parameters (time, pH, temperature, carbon, nitrogen) for highest protease activity and microbial growth of B.safensis strain PRN1 includes 72 h (OD600 = 0.56,1303 U/mL), pH 8 (OD600 = 0.83, 403.29 U/mL), 40 °C (OD600 = 1.75, 1849.11 U/mL), fructose (OD600 = 1.22, 1502 U/mL), and gelatin (OD600 = 1.88, 1015.33 U/mL). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using salt-precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that the purified enzyme was a monomer of a molecular weight of ∼33 kDa. The protease demonstrated optimal activity at pH 8 and 60 °C. It was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), demonstrating that it belongs to the serine-proteases family. The compatibility of the enzyme with surfactants and commercial detergents demonstrates its potential use in the detergent industry. Furthermore, the purified enzyme showed antibacterial and blood-stain removal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchi Rani Neog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Shubhangi Saini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Bolin Kumar Konwar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India.
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Zhang Q, Duan L, Li Y. Positive effects and mechanism of ultrasound on chitin preparation from shrimp shells by co-fermentation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 88:106066. [PMID: 35724485 PMCID: PMC9234067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of ultrasound on chitin extraction from shrimp shells powder (SSP) by the co-fermentation of Bacillus subtilis and Acetobacter pasteurianus. After pre-treating the SSP with high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) at 800 W, the protease activity in the fermentation solution reached 96.9 U/mL on day 3, which was significantly higher than for SSP that had not been pre-treated with ultrasound (81.8 U/mL). The fermentation time of the chitin extraction process was 5.0 d without ultrasound pre-treatment, while it was shortened to 4.5 d when using ultrasound at 800 W to treat SSP. However, there were no obvious differences when we applied ultrasound at low power (200 W, 400 W). Furthermore, chitin purified from shrimp shells pre-treated with HIU at 800 W exhibited lower molecular weight (11.2 kDa), higher chitin purity (89.8%), and a higher degree of deacetylation (21.1%) compared to SSP with no ultrasound pre-treatment (13.5 kDa, 86.6%, 18.5%). Results indicate that HIU peels off the protein/CaCO3 matrix that covers the SSP surface. About 9.1% of protein and 4.7% of Ca2+ were released from SSP pre-treated with HIU at 800 W. These figures were both higher than with no ultrasound pre-treatment (4.5%, 3.2%). Additionally, the amount of soluble protein extracted from SSP through HIU at 800 W was 50% higher than for the control sample. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the soluble protein was degraded to the micromolecule. It also revealed that HIU (600, 800 W) induced the secondary and tertiary structure destruction of protein extracted from SSP. In conclusion, HIU-induced degradation and structural damage of protein enhances the protein/CaCO3 matrix to be peeled off from SSP. Also, in the co-fermentation process, an increase of protease activity further accelerates deproteinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
| | - Lirui Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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4
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Zhang Q, Xiang Q, Li Y. One-step bio-extraction of chitin from shrimp shells by successive co-fermentation using Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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De Villa R, Roasa J, Mine Y, Tsao R. Impact of solid-state fermentation on factors and mechanisms influencing the bioactive compounds of grains and processing by-products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-26. [PMID: 34955050 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2018989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cereal and legume grains and their processing by-products are rich sources of bioactives such as phenolics with considerable health potential, but these bioactives suffer from low bioaccessibility and bioavailability, resulting in limited use. Several studies have demonstrated that solid-state fermentation (SSF) with food-grade microorganisms is effective in releasing bound phenolic compounds in cereal and legume products. In this review, we discuss the effect of SSF on cereal and legume grains and their by-products by examining the role of specific microorganisms, their hydrolytic enzymes, fermentability of agri-food substrates, and the potential health benefits of SSF-enhanced bioactive compounds. SSF with fungi (Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp.), bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) spp.) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) significantly increased the bioactive phenolics and antioxidant capacities in cereal and legume grains and by-products, mainly through carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes. Increased bioactive phenolic and peptide contents of SSF-bioprocessed cereal and legume grains have been implicated for improved antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effects in fermented agri-food products, but these remain as preliminary results. Future research should focus on the microbial mechanisms, suitability of substrates, and the physiological health benefits of SSF-treated grains and by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray De Villa
- Guelph Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joy Roasa
- Guelph Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Establishment of successive co-fermentation by Bacillus subtilis and Acetobacter pasteurianus for extracting chitin from shrimp shells. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117720. [PMID: 33593582 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To simplify the process of chitin bio-extraction from shrimp shells powder (SSP), successive co-fermentation using Bacillus subtilis and Acetobacter pasteurianus was explored in this work. Among three protease-producer (B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, and B. cereus), only B. subtilis exhibited high compatibility with A. pasteurianus in co-culture. Successive co-fermentation was constructed as follows: deproteinization was performed for 3 d by culturing B. subtilis in the medium containing 50 g·L-1 SSP, 50 g·L-1 glucose, and 1 g·L-1 yeast extracts; After feeding 5 g·L-1 KH2PO4 and 6 % (v/v) ethanol, A. pasteurianus was cultured for another 2 d without replacing and re-sterilizing medium. Through 5 d of fermentation, the final deproteinization, demineralization efficiency, and chitin yield reached 94.5 %, 92.0 %, and 18.0 %, respectively. This purified chitin had lower molecular weight (12.8 kDa) and higher deacetylation degree (19.6 %) compared with commercial chitin (18.5 kDa, 6.7 %), and showed excellent structural characterization of FESEM and FT-IR analysis.
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Khalid A, Ye M, Wei C, Dai B, Yang R, Huang S, Wang Z. Production of β-glucanase and protease from Bacillus velezensis strain isolated from the manure of piglets. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:497-510. [PMID: 33108947 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1833344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a strain producing β-glucanase and protease, identified as Bacillus velezensis Y1, was isolated from the manure of piglet. We attempted to produce β-glucanase and protease after optimization of various process parameters with the submerged fermentation. The effects of each factor on producing β-glucanase and protease were as follows: temperature > time > pH > loaded liquid volume. The properties of the β-glucanase showed that the most suitable reaction temperature was 65 °C and pH was 6.0. However for protease optimum reaction temperature was 50 °C, and pH was 6.0. The amplified PCR fragments of β-glucanase and protease were 1434 bp containing an open reading frame of 1413 bp encoding a protein with 444 amino acids and 1752 bp containing an open reading frame of 1521 bp encoding a protein with 506 amino acids, respectively. So, the study demonstrated a viable approach of using newly identified B. velezensis Y1 strain for the maximum yield of two industrially important enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Khalid
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Miao Ye
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunjie Wei
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Binghong Dai
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ru Yang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shoujun Huang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zaigui Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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8
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Sun J, Li P, Liu Z, Huang W, Mao X. A novel thermostable serine protease from a metagenomic library derived from marine sediments in the East China Sea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9229-9238. [PMID: 32965562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal activity and stability are important characteristics for proteases applied in the detergent, pharmaceutical, food, and other green industries. With the intent to discover thermostable novel proteases, we constructed a fosmid metagenomic library from marine sediments in the East China Sea and isolated a clone endowed with high proteolytic activity from this library. Sequence analysis of the positive subclones allowed the identification of a coding region of 1254 bp related to protease activity. The unrooted phylogenetic tree and alignment results revealed that the sequence might be derived from Anaerolineaceae bacterium and encodes a new member of the peptidase S8A subfamily with the typical catalytic triad Asp119/His150/Ser325. The fusion protein, named pF1AL2, was expressed in Escherichia coli and showed a molecular weight of 35 kDa. pF1AL2 was active in the pH range of 5.0-11.0 with an optimal pH at 10.0 and had high stability under alkaline conditions, retaining more than 95% of its activity after 24 h at pH 11.0. The optimal temperature of pF1AL2 was 80 °C, and it retained nearly 80% of its activity after 6 h at 70 °C, showing great thermal activity and stability. In addition, the enzyme had great salt tolerance (the residual activity when kept in 3 M NaCl was 40%). Its thermal activity and stability, along with its halotolerance and pH-tolerance, indicate the high potential value of pF1AL2 in industrial applications. The exploitation of pF1AL2 could lay the foundation for the development and utilization of proteases with special features from marine resources by a metagenomic strategy. KEY POINTS: • A novel protease, pF1AL2, from marine sediments, was screened out by a metagenomic strategy. • The protease pF1AL2 analyzed in silico, cloned, and characterized. • pF1AL2 had an optimal temperature of 80 °C and retained nearly 80% of activity after 6 h at 70 °C. • pF1AL2 had great tolerance for high-temperature and acid, alkaline, and high salt environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wencan Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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9
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Othoum G, Prigent S, Derouiche A, Shi L, Bokhari A, Alamoudi S, Bougouffa S, Gao X, Hoehndorf R, Arold ST, Gojobori T, Hirt H, Lafi FF, Nielsen J, Bajic VB, Mijakovic I, Essack M. Comparative genomics study reveals Red Sea Bacillus with characteristics associated with potential microbial cell factories (MCFs). Sci Rep 2019; 9:19254. [PMID: 31848398 PMCID: PMC6917714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the use of microbial cells for scalable production of industrial enzymes encourage exploring new environments for efficient microbial cell factories (MCFs). Here, through a comparison study, ten newly sequenced Bacillus species, isolated from the Rabigh Harbor Lagoon on the Red Sea shoreline, were evaluated for their potential use as MCFs. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 representative genomes with phylogenetic relevance, including the ten Red Sea species, showed that the Red Sea species come from several colonization events and are not the result of a single colonization followed by speciation. Moreover, clustering reactions in reconstruct metabolic networks of these Bacillus species revealed that three metabolic clades do not fit the phylogenetic tree, a sign of convergent evolution of the metabolism of these species in response to special environmental adaptation. We further showed Red Sea strains Bacillus paralicheniformis (Bac48) and B. halosaccharovorans (Bac94) had twice as much secreted proteins than the model strain B. subtilis 168. Also, Bac94 was enriched with genes associated with the Tat and Sec protein secretion system and Bac48 has a hybrid PKS/NRPS cluster that is part of a horizontally transferred genomic region. These properties collectively hint towards the potential use of Red Sea Bacillus as efficient protein secreting microbial hosts, and that this characteristic of these strains may be a consequence of the unique ecological features of the isolation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Othoum
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Prigent
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Derouiche
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L Shi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Bokhari
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Alamoudi
- Department of Biology, Science and Arts College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Bougouffa
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - X Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R Hoehndorf
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S T Arold
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - T Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - H Hirt
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - F F Lafi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, 144534, Abu-Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - J Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.,Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - V B Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - I Mijakovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M Essack
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Razzaq A, Shamsi S, Ali A, Ali Q, Sajjad M, Malik A, Ashraf M. Microbial Proteases Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:110. [PMID: 31263696 PMCID: PMC6584820 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chemicals around the globe in different industries has increased tremendously, affecting the health of people. The modern world intends to replace these noxious chemicals with environmental friendly products for the betterment of life on the planet. Establishing enzymatic processes in spite of chemical processes has been a prime objective of scientists. Various enzymes, specifically microbial proteases, are the most essentially used in different corporate sectors, such as textile, detergent, leather, feed, waste, and others. Proteases with respect to physiological and commercial roles hold a pivotal position. As they are performing synthetic and degradative functions, proteases are found ubiquitously, such as in plants, animals, and microbes. Among different producers of proteases, Bacillus sp. are mostly commercially exploited microbes for proteases. Proteases are successfully considered as an alternative to chemicals and an eco-friendly indicator for nature or the surroundings. The evolutionary relationship among acidic, neutral, and alkaline proteases has been analyzed based on their protein sequences, but there remains a lack of information that regulates the diversity in their specificity. Researchers are looking for microbial proteases as they can tolerate harsh conditions, ways to prevent autoproteolytic activity, stability in optimum pH, and substrate specificity. The current review focuses on the comparison among different proteases and the current problems faced during production and application at the industrial level. Deciphering these issues would enable us to promote microbial proteases economically and commercially around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Razzaq
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Sadia Shamsi
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arfan Ali
- 1-FB, Genetics, Four Brothers Group, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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11
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Salim AA, Grbavčić S, Šekuljica N, Vukašinović-Sekulić M, Jovanović J, Jakovetić Tanasković S, Luković N, Knežević-Jugović Z. Enzyme production by solid-state fermentation on soybean meal: A comparative study of conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:361-368. [PMID: 30694578 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protease, cellulase, and α-amylase producing Bacillus subtilis strain was cultivated by solid-state fermentation technique using soybean meal as a substrate. The aim of the present study was to establish a highly efficient enzymes' extraction method as a first stage in downstream processing. The conventional extraction procedure was optimized by determining pH, stirring rate, solid/liquid ratio, and time of extraction on enzymes' recoveries from fermented soybean meal. Yields of leached enzymes were compared to the amounts of enzymes that are achieved with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). UAE was established to be superior method for obtaining higher yields of proteases (up to 330 IU) and α-amylases (825 IU), under significantly shorter extraction time and gaining more concentrated product. However, the obtained model predicts that conventional process led to a product with a higher cellulolytic activity (≥7.5 IU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Ali Salim
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Grbavčić
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Šekuljica
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Vukašinović-Sekulić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Jovanović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Jakovetić Tanasković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Luković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Knežević-Jugović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Abu-Khudir R, Salem MM, Allam NG, Ali EMM. Production, Partial Purification, and Biochemical Characterization of a Thermotolerant Alkaline Metallo-protease from Staphylococcus sciuri. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:87-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Singh S, Gupta P, Bajaj BK. Characterization of a robust serine protease fromBacillus subtilisK-1. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:88-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Singh
- School of Biotechnology; University of Jammu; Jammu (J&K) India
| | - Puneet Gupta
- School of Biotechnology; University of Jammu; Jammu (J&K) India
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Identification of a New Marine Bacterial Strain SD8 and Optimization of Its Culture Conditions for Producing Alkaline Protease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146067. [PMID: 26716833 PMCID: PMC4696672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While much attention has been given to marine microorganisms for production of enzymes, which in general are relatively more stable and active compared to those from plants and animals, studies on alkaline protease production from marine microorganisms have been very limited. In the present study, the alkaline protease producing marine bacterial strain SD8 isolated from sea muds in the Geziwo Qinhuangdao sea area of China was characterized and its optimal culture conditions were investigated. Strain SD8 was initially classified to belong to genus Pseudomonas by morphological, physiological and biochemical characterizations, and then through 16S rDNA sequence it was identified to be likely Pseudomonas hibiscicola. In addition, the culture mediums, carbon sources and culture conditions of strain SD8 were optimized for maximum production of alkaline protease. Optimum enzyme production (236U/mL when cultured bacteria being at 0.75 mg dry weight/mL fermentation broth) was obtained when the isolate at a 3% inoculum size was grown in LB medium at 20 mL medium/100mL Erlenmeyer flask for 48h culture at 30°C with an initial of pH 7.5. This was the first report of strain Pseudomonas hibiscicola secreting alkaline protease, and the data for its optimal cultural conditions for alkaline protease production has laid a foundation for future exploration for the potential use of SD8 strain for alkaline protease production.
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