1
|
Jain A, Sondhi N, Singh K, Kaur J. Heterologous expression of nattokinase in E. coli: Biochemical characterization and functional analysis of fibrin binding residues. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 757:110026. [PMID: 38718957 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of nattokinase, a potent fibrinolytic enzyme, has been successfully carried out in various microorganisms. However, the successful expression of this enzyme as a soluble protein was not achieved in E. coli. This study delves into the expression of nattokinase in E. coli as a soluble protein followed by its biochemical characterization and functional analysis for fibrinolytic activity. E. coli BL21C41 and pET32a vector host strain with pGro7 protein chaperone induced with IPTG at 16 °C 180 rpm for 16 h enabled the production of recombinant nattokinase in soluble fraction. Enzymatic assays demonstrated its protease activity, while characterization revealed optimal catalytic conditions at 37 °C and pH 8.0, with remarkable stability over a broad pH range (6.0-10.0) and up to 50 °C. The kinetic constants were determined as follows: Km = 25.83 ± 3.43 μM, Vmax = 62.91 ± 1.68 μM/s, kcat = 38.45 ± 1.06 s-1, and kcat/Km = 1.49 × 106 M-1 s-1. In addition, the fibrinolytic activity of NK, quantified by the fibrin plate hydrolysis assay was 1038 ± 156 U/ml, with a corresponding specific activity of 1730 ± 260 U/mg and the assessment of clot lysis time on an artificial clot (1 mg) was found to be 51.5 ± 2.5 min unveiling nattokinase's fibrinolytic potential. Through molecular docking, a substantial binding energy of -6.46 kcal/mol was observed between nattokinase and fibrin, indicative of a high binding affinity. Key fibrin binding residues, including Ser300, Leu302, and Asp303, were identified and confirmed. These mutants affected specifically the fibrin binding and not the proteolytic activity of NK. This comprehensive study provides crucial conditions for the expression of protein in soluble form in E. coli and biochemical properties paving the way for future research and potential applications in medicine and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Nishi Sondhi
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaur P, Sethi D, Hade MD, Kaur J, Dikshit KL. C-terminal lysine residues enhance plasminogen activation by inducing conformational flexibility and stabilization of activator complex of staphylokinase with plasmin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109671. [PMID: 37336343 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Staphylokinase (SAK), a potent fibrin-specific plasminogen activator secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, carries a pair of lysine at the carboxy-terminus that play a key role in plasminogen activation. The underlaying mechanism by which C-terminal lysins of SAK modulate its function remains unknown. This study has been undertaken to unravel role of C-terminal lysins of SAK in plasminogen activation. While deletion of C-terminal lysins (Lys135, Lys136) drastically impaired plasminogen activation by SAK, addition of lysins enhanced its catalytic activity 2-2.5-fold. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that C-terminally modified mutants of SAK carry significant changes in their beta sheets and secondary structure. Structure models and RING (residue interaction network generation) studies indicated that the deletion of lysins has conferred extensive topological alterations in SAK, disrupting vital interactions at the interface of SAK.plasmin complex, thereby leading significant impairment in its functional activity. In contrast, addition of lysins at the C-terminus enhanced its conformational flexibility, creating a stronger coupling at the interface of SAK.plasmin complex and making it more efficient for plasminogen activation. Taken together, these studies provided new insights on the role of C-terminal lysins in establishment of precise intermolecular interactions of SAK with the plasmin for the optimal function of activator complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepti Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mangesh Dattu Hade
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kanak L Dikshit
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou W, Wen H, Li Y, Gao Y, Zheng X, Yuan L, Zhu G, Yang Z. Whole-Genome Analysis Reveals That Bacteriophages Promote Environmental Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus via Gene Exchange, Acquisition, and Loss. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061199. [PMID: 35746669 PMCID: PMC9230882 DOI: 10.3390/v14061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of bacteriophages is experiencing a resurgence owing to their antibacterial efficacy, lack of side effects, and low production cost. Nonetheless, the interactions between Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages and their hosts remain unexplored. In this study, whole-genome sequences of 188 S. aureus bacteriophages—20 Podoviridae, 56 Herelleviridae, and 112 Siphoviridae—were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, USA) genome database. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to estimate their genetic relatedness using single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Comparative analysis was performed to investigate the structural diversity and ortholog groups in the subdividing clusters. Mosaic structures and gene content were compared in relation to phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bacteriophages could be distinguished into three lineages (I–III), including nine subdividing clusters and seven singletons. The subdividing clusters shared similar mosaic structures and core ortholog clusters, including the genes involved in bacteriophage morphogenesis and DNA packaging. Notably, several functional modules of bacteriophages 187 and 2368A shared more than 95% nucleotide sequence identity with prophages in the S. aureus strain RJ1267 and the Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strain SP_11306_4, whereas other modules exhibited little nucleotide sequence similarity. Moreover, the cluster phages shared similar types of holins, lysins, and DNA packaging genes and harbored diverse genes associated with DNA replication and virulence. The data suggested that the genetic diversity of S. aureus bacteriophages was likely due to gene replacement, acquisition, and loss among staphylococcal phages, which may have crossed species barriers. Moreover, frequent module exchanges likely occurred exclusively among the subdividing cluster phages. We hypothesize that during evolution, the S. aureus phages enhanced their DNA replication in host cells and the adaptive environment of their host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (W.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Hua Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (W.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yajie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (W.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yajun Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (W.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (W.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (W.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (W.Z.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-(514)-87978096
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toul M, Nikitin D, Marek M, Damborsky J, Prokop Z. Extended Mechanism of the Plasminogen Activator Staphylokinase Revealed by Global Kinetic Analysis: 1000-fold Higher Catalytic Activity than That of Clinically Used Alteplase. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitri Nikitin
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|