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Erdewyk MV, Sambur JB. Single Nanoflake Photoelectrochemistry Reveals Intrananoflake Doping Heterogeneity That Explains Ensemble-Level Photoelectrochemical Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 14:22737-22746. [PMID: 34723470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanoflake thin films are attractive electrode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar energy conversion and sensing applications, but their photocurrent quantum yields are generally lower than those of bulk TMD electrodes. The poor PEC performance has been primarily attributed to enhanced charge carrier recombination at exposed defect and edge sites introduced by the exfoliation process. Here, a single nanoflake PEC approach reveals how an alternative effect, doping heterogeneity, limits ensemble-level PEC performance. Photocurrent mapping and local photocurrent-potential (i-E) measurements of MoS2 nanoflakes exfoliated from naturally occurring bulk crystals revealed the presence of n- and p-type domains within the same nanoflake. Interestingly, the n- and p-type domains in the natural MoS2 nanoflakes were equally efficient for iodide oxidation and tri-iodide reduction (IQE values exceed 80%). At the single domain-level, the natural MoS2 nanoflakes were nearly as efficient as nanoflakes exfoliated from synthetic n-type MoS2 crystals. Single domain-level i-E measurements explain why natural MoS2 nanoflakes exhibit an n-type to p-type photocurrent switching effect in ensemble-level measurements: the n- and p-type diode currents from individual domains oppose each other upon illuminating the entire nanoflake, resulting in zero photocurrent at the switching potential. The doping heterogeneity effect is likely due to nonideal stoichiometry, where p-type domains are S-rich according to XPS measurements. Although this doping heterogeneity effect limits photoanode or photocathode performance, these findings open the possibility to synthesize efficient TMD nanoflake photocatalysts with well-defined lateral p- and n-type domains for enhanced charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Van Erdewyk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Justin B Sambur
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Li C, Cao Q, Wang F, Xiao Y, Li Y, Delaunay JJ, Zhu H. Engineering graphene and TMDs based van der Waals heterostructures for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4981-5037. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a systematic overview of the integration, surface, and interfacial engineering of 2D/3D and 2D/2D homo/heterojunctions for PV and PEC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Qi Cao
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Faze Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yequan Xiao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | | | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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Gerischer H, Roß D, Lübke M. Electrochemistry of n-Type MoSe2: A Comparison of Photocorrosion and Dissolution under High Anodic Bias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1984.139.139.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jaeger CD, Gerischer H, Kautek W. Formation of an Inversion Layer in n-Type MoSe2 Electrodes: Observation in the Presence of Highly Oxidizing Redox Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19820860105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gerischer H, Lübke M. Competition between Photocorrosion and Photooxidation of Redox Systems at n-Type Semiconductor Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19830870211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kautek W, Gerischer H. Photoelectrochemical Reactions and Formation of Inversion Layers at n-Type MoS2-, MoSe2-, and WSe2-Electrodes in Aprotic Solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19800840708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kautek W, Gobrecht J, Gerischer H. The Applicability of Semiconducting Layered Materials for Electrochemical Solar Energy Conversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19800841021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Photoelectrochemical energy conversion involving transition metal d-states and intercalation of layer compounds. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0111293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Moehl T, Kunst M, Wünsch F, Tributsch H. Consistency of photoelectrochemistry and photoelectrochemical microwave reflection demonstrated with p- and n-type layered semiconductors like MoS2. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kautek W. Electronic mobility anisotropy of layered semiconductors: transversal photoconductivity measurements at n-MoSe2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/15/16/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Publications. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970546g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Di Paola A, Palmisano L, Derrigo M, Augugliaro V. Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Chalcogenide Photocatalysts. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9623599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - L. Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - M. Derrigo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - V. Augugliaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Localized photoelectrochemical etching with micrometric lateral resolution on transition metal diselenide photoelectrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The scanning microscope for semiconductor characterization (SMSC) : study of the influence of surface morphology on the photoelectrochemical behavior of an n-MoSe2 single crystal electrode by photocurrent and electrolyte electroreflectance imaging. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yousefi GH, Agarwal MK. Hall effect measurements of Mo1?xW x Se2 (0 ? x ? 1) dichalcogenide single crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00517593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Modification of Surface Properties of Layered Compounds by Chemical and (Photo)Electrochemical Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-1301-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Electronic Structure, Coordination Photoelectrochemical Pathways and Quantum Energy Conversion by Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS WITH LOW-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-1301-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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20
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Molybdenum disulfide as a hydrogen evolution catalyst for water photodecomposition on semiconductors. J Catal 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9517(91)90332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Critical analysis of electrical contacts to layered semiconductors for use in (photo)electrochemical studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)85148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Borjas-Severeyn R, McIntyre R, Gerischer H. A study of electrode processes involving multiple electron transfer at semiconductor electrodes in aprotic media. Electrochim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Antonious M, Etman M, Savy M. Electrochemical stabilization of illuminated single crystal WSe2 anodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cabrera CR, Abruña HD, Simko S, Murray RW. Synthesis, surface characterization and photoelectrochemical studies of polycrystalline thin films of p-WSe2 with added Ca and Mg. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(87)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Agarwal MK, Patel PD, Joshi RM. Characterisation of MoSexTe2−x (0 x 2) electrodes in terms of energetic location of valence and conduction bands. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.2170220223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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The photoelectrochemical properties of MoS2 single crystals grown in the presence of cobalt. J SOLID STATE CHEM 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4596(86)90127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Uosaki K, Kaneko S, Kita H, Chevy A. Electrochemical Behavior of p-Type Indium Selenide Single Crystal Electrodes in Dark and under Illumination. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1986. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.59.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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McEvoy A, Etman M, Hemming M. Interface charging and intercalations effects on d-band transition metal diselenide photoelectrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(85)80089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Gerischer H, McIntyre R. A study of the charge and potential distribution at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface for the condition of degeneracy. J Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1063/1.449453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Agarwal MK, Patel PO, Talele LT, Laxminarayana D. Optical band gaps of molybdenum sulphoselenide (MoS2 Se2−x, 0 ≦ × ≦ 2) single crystals from spectral response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2210900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stoicoviciu L, Candea RM. Polycrystalline p-WSe2 photoelectrochemical solar cells I. Dark electrochemical behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(84)90029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Sunlight is directly converted to chemical energy in hydrogen-evolving photoelectrochemical cells with semiconductor electrodes. Their Gibbs free energy efficiency of solar-to-hydrogen conversion, 13.3 percent, exceeds the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of green plants and approaches the solar-to-electrical conversion efficiency of the best p-n junction cells. In hydrogen-evolving photoelectrodes, electron-hole pairs photogenerated in the semiconductor are separated at electrical microcontacts between the semiconductor and group VIII metal catalyst islands. Conversion is efficient when the island diameters are small relative to the wave-lengths of sunlight exciting the semiconductor; when the island spacings are smaller than the diffusion length of electrons at the semiconductor surface; when the height of the potential energy barriers that separate the photogenerated electrons from holes at the semiconductor surface is raised by hydrogen alloying of the islands; when radiationless recombination of electron-hole pairs at the semiconductor-solution interface between the islands is suppressed by controlling the semiconductor surface chemistry; and when the semiconductor has an appropriate band gap (1.0 to 1.8 electron volts) for efficient solar conversion.
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The role of semiconductor structure and surface properties in photoelectrochemical processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(83)80235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Haas O, Müller N, Gerischer H. Mediated electron transfer demonstrated with [Ru(BIPY)2Cl poly(4-vinylpyridine)]Cl coated MoSe2 and WSe2 photoanode. Electrochim Acta 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(82)80099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Kautek W, Gerischer H. The impedance of the n-MoSe2/acetonitrile interface: a kinetic and energetic characterization. Electrochim Acta 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(82)80106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lin MS, Hung N, Wrighton MS. Interface energetics for n-type semiconducting strontium titanate and titanium dioxide contacting liquid electrolyte solutions and competitive photoano. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(82)90010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Further studies of the photoelectrochemical properties of the group VI transition metal dichalcogenides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(82)90039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A kinetic derivation of the photovoltage for electrochemical solar cells employing small-band-gap semiconductors. Electrochim Acta 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(82)85006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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The photoelectrochemistry of the aqueous iodide/iodine redox system at n-type MoSe2-electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(81)85162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Kautek W, Willig F. A kinetic interpretation of the photocurrents obtained with [Fe(CN)6]4−, Fe(II), and I− at n-type MoSe2- and WSe2-electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(81)85154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Djemal G, Müller N, Lachish U, Cahen D. Photoelectrochemical cells using polycrystalline and thin film MoS2 electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(81)90075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Efficient and stable photoelectrochemical cells constructed with WSe2 and MoSe2 photoanodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(81)90068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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