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Koput J. Ab initio characterization of the aluminum dimer in its X 3 Π u $$ {}^3{\Pi}_u $$ and A 3 Σ g - $$ {}^3{\Sigma}_g^{-} $$ electronic states. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:986-993. [PMID: 35411954 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy functions of the aluminum dimer, Al2 , in its lowest-energy electronic states, X 3 Π u $$ {}^3{\Pi}_u $$ and A 3 Σ g - , $$ {}^3{\Sigma}_g^{-}, $$ have been determined from ab initio calculations using the multi-reference averaged coupled-pair functional method in conjunction with the correlation-consistent basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The core-electron correlation, scalar relativistic, and spin-orbit effects were taken into account. The vibration-rotation energy levels for both the states of Al2 were calculated to near the "spectroscopic" accuracy. The 3 Π u $$ {}^3{\Pi}_u $$ state was unequivocally confirmed to be the electronic ground state of Al2 , and the electronic term value T 0 $$ {T}_0 $$ of the 3 Σ g - $$ {}^3{\Sigma}_g^{-} $$ state was predicted to be 247 cm-1 . The energies and intensities of direct electronic-vibration transitions X 3 Π u $$ {}^3{\Pi}_u $$ ↔ A 3 Σ g - $$ {}^3{\Sigma}_g^{-} $$ were predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Koput
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Terzi N, Yaghlane SB, Jaïdane NE, Chambaud G, Hochlaf M. Neutral and Multicharged Ions of Small Aluminum Oxides: Structures, Spectroscopy, and Energetics. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9021-9034. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neïla Terzi
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications − LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saïda Ben Yaghlane
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications − LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nejm-Eddine Jaïdane
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications − LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gilberte Chambaud
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/LISIS, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Champs sur Marne, France
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/LISIS, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Champs sur Marne, France
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Fajardo ME. Quantitative Absorption Spectroscopy of Aluminum Atoms in Cryogenic Parahydrogen Solids. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10893-10905. [PMID: 31769687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report results of quantitative ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy experiments on Al-atom-doped cryogenic parahydrogen (pH2) solids produced by codeposition of Al vapor and pH2 gas. For Al-atom concentrations [Al] ≲200 parts-per-million (ppm), the Al/pH2 solids are optically transparent and primarily contain isolated Al atoms, with a small admixture of AlH, Al2H2, and Al2H4 molecules formed by UV irradiation and Al-atom recombination/reaction. We assign the Al/pH2 UV absorption spectrum by invoking a large (≈0.6 eV) gas-to-matrix blue shift to accompany the increase in principal quantum number in the 4s 2S ← 3p 2P1/2 transition, as previously discussed for boron-atom-doped pH2 solids. We assign a series of sharp features observed in the 4140-4155 cm-1 IR region to Al-atom-induced Q1(0) and Q1(1) absorptions of the pH2 solid. We use the solid pH2 Q1(0) + S0(0) absorption to determine the sample thickness and to establish a constant pH2 deposition efficiency independent of the flow rate. Using all of these absorption features in concert, we show that the Al-atom flux delivered by the effusive source is well described by the Knudsen-Langmuir equation, calculate an absolute Al-atom deposition yield per mass of aluminum evaporated, and demonstrate both constant Al-atom deposition and isolation efficiencies for [Al] ≲200 ppm. We discuss this unexpected constant Al-atom isolation efficiency in detail and speculate that it indicates nonuniform Al-atom recombination/reaction on the surface of the accreting sample, perhaps dominated by processes occurring near pH2 crystallite grain boundaries. We demonstrate "control" over the deposition process, which we define as the ability to set, achieve, and verify "targets" for the final Al-atom concentrations and pH2 solid thicknesses. This ability is key to sorting out the very different phenomena observed in samples targeting [Al] ≳300 ppm, which are described in the immediately following companion manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Fajardo
- Munitions Directorate, Ordnance Division, Energetic Materials Branch, AFRL/RWME , Air Force Research Laboratory , 2306 Perimeter Road , Eglin AFB , Florida 32542-5910 , United States
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Re-evaluation of the standard thermochemical properties of the Al 2 cluster on the basis of CBS thermochemistry of isogyric reactions and correlation dependencies. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Pacchioni G, Koutecký J. Electronic Structure and Properties of Small Al and Ge Clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19840880314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bauschlicher CW, Langhoff SR, Taylor PR. Accurate Quantum Chemical Calculations. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470141267.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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Reho JH, Merker U, Radcliff MR, Lehmann KK, Scoles G. Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Al Atoms Solvated in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9937961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Reho
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Udo Merker
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | | | - Kevin K. Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Giacinto Scoles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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Malutzki R, Wachter A, Schmidt V, Hansen JE. Photoinduced 2p Auger spectra of atomic aluminium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/20/20/019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Calaminici P, Russo N, Toscano M. Gaussian density-functional study for small neutral (Al n ), positive (Al n + ) and negative (Al n ? ) aluminium clusters (n=2?5). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01437508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Han S, Hettema H, Yarkony DR. Radiationless decay of the 1,2,3 3Πg states of Al2: A fully first principles treatment using adiabatic and rigorous diabatic states. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hebert T, Schriever U, Kolb D. VIS-VUV spectroscopic study of the reaction between Al and N2O isolated in solid krypton. Chem Phys Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(92)80007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Laser vaporization: A versatile method for studying metal clusters. J CHEM SCI 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02842088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fu Z, Lemire GW, Bishea GA, Morse MD. Spectroscopy and electronic structure of jet‐cooled Al2. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.459280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Meier U, Peyerimhoff SD, Grein F. Ab initio MRD-CI study of neutral and charged Ga2, Ga3 and Ga4 clusters and comparison with corresponding boron and aluminum clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01437901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bauschlicher CW, Langhoff SR. Theoretical study of the far‐infrared A 3Σ−g–X 3Πu transition in Al2. J Chem Phys 1989. [DOI: 10.1063/1.456602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cai M, Dzugan T, Bondybey V. Fluorescence studies of laser vaporized aluminum: Evidence for A 3Πu ground state of aluminum dimer. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tse JS. Electronic structure of the ground and low-lying states of the dimer and trimer of aluminum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(88)87003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fu Z, Lemire GW, Hamrick YM, Taylor S, Shui J, Morse MD. Spectroscopic studies of the jet‐cooled aluminum trimer. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pacchioni G, Fantucci P, Koutecký J. Potential energy surfaces of low-lying states of the aluminum trimer. Chem Phys Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(87)87255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Grinter R, Singer RJ. Spectroscopic and magnetic circular dischroism magnetization studies of matrix-isolated gallium atoms. Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(87)80195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pettersson LGM, Bauschlicher CW, Halicioglu T. Small Al clusters. II. Structure and binding in Aln(n=2–6, 13). J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bauschlicher CW, Partridge H, Langhoff SR, Taylor PR, Walch SP. Accurateabinitiocalculations which demonstrate a3Πuground state for Al2. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.452349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Grinter R, Singer RJ. MCD spectroscopy and magnetization studies of matrix-isolated aluminium atoms. Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(87)80222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schrittenlacher W, Grinter R, Schroeder W. Crystal field effects in the optical spectra of matrix-isolated palladium atoms. Chem Phys Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(86)80335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schroeder W, Rotermund HH, Wiggenhauser H, Schrittenlacher W, Hormes J, Krebs W, Laaser W. UV and VUV spectrum of matrix-isolated In: an investigation by absorption, magnetic circular dichroism and emission yield spectroscopy. Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(86)85033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cox DM, Trevor DJ, Whetten RL, Rohlfing EA, Kaldor A. Aluminum clusters: Magnetic properties. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.449991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kolb DM, Rotermund HH, Schrittenlacher W, Schroeder W. Optical spectrum of matrix‐isolated Cu2. J Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1063/1.446766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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