Stereodynamic Coupling of Light Energy and Ion Transport in the Retinal Proteins Bacteriorhodopsin and Halorhodopsin

On modeling the vibrational spectra of 14-s-cis retinal conformers in bacteriorhodopsin

The vibrational properties of 13-cis, 14-s-trans and 13-cis, 14-s-cis protonated retinal Schiff base model compounds are explored with MNDO calculations. In particular, the effect of isomerization about the C14-C15 single bond on the vibrational properties of the deuterium in-plane rocking vibrations has been examined. Our MNDO calculations, using a variety of lysine models, lysine conformations and Schiff base charge environments, demonstrate that the C14-D and C15-D in-plane rocking vibrations in the 14,15-dideuterio retinal protonated Schiff base are strongly coupled in 13-cis, 14-s-cis molecules producing a splitting of ca. 80 cm-1 between the symmetric and antisymmetric rocking mode combinations but that these modes are only weakly coupled in 14-s-trans molecules. This analysis demonstrates that the 14,15-dideuterio labeling method developed earlier for determining C14-C15 conformation (S.P.A. Fodor, W. T. Pollard, R. Gebhard, E. M. M. van den Berg, J. Lugtenburg and R. A. Mathies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, (1988) 2156-2160) is valid, and hence that the structure of the retinal chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin's L550 intermediate is 13-cis, 14-s-trans. The reasons for the misleading conclusions derived from MNDO calculations performed earlier by Schulten and Tavan are discussed.