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Zhao J, Qi L, Li W, Cheng J, Li Q, Liu S. CH4 activation by PtX+ (X = F, Cl, Br, I). Front Chem 2022; 10:1027465. [PMID: 36226113 PMCID: PMC9548706 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1027465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of PtX+ (X = F, Cl, Br, I) with methane have been investigated at the density functional theory (DFT) level. These reactions take place more easily along the low-spin potential energy surface. For HX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) elimination, the formal oxidation state of the metal ion appears to be conserved, and the importance of this reaction channel decreases in going as the sequence: X = F, Cl, Br, I. A reversed trend is observed in the loss of H2 for X = F, Cl, Br, while it is not favorable for PtI+ in the loss of either HI or H2. For HX eliminations, the transfer form of H is from proton to atom, last to hydride, and the mechanisms are from PCET to HAT, last to HT for the sequence of X = F, Cl, Br, I. One reason is mainly due to the electronegativity of halogens. Otherwise, the mechanisms of HX eliminations also can be explained by the analysis of Frontier Molecular Orbitals. While for the loss of H2, the transfer of H is in the form of hydride for all the X ligands. Noncovalent interactions analysis also can be explained the reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenzuo Li
- *Correspondence: Wenzuo Li, ; Qingzhong Li, ; Shaoli Liu,
| | | | - Qingzhong Li
- *Correspondence: Wenzuo Li, ; Qingzhong Li, ; Shaoli Liu,
| | - Shaoli Liu
- *Correspondence: Wenzuo Li, ; Qingzhong Li, ; Shaoli Liu,
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Taylor WS, Pedder RE, Eden AB, Emmerling CL. Systematic Ligand Effects in the Reactions of Fe +( 6D) and FeX +( 5Δ) with CF 3X (X = Cl, Br, I). Ion Mobility Measurements of FeX +( 5Δ) (X = F, Cl, Br, I) in He. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6509-6523. [PMID: 30020785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase reactions of Fe+(6D) and FeX+(5Δ) with CF3X (X = Cl, Br, I) were examined using a selected-ion drift cell reactor under near-thermal energetic conditions. All reactions were carried out in a uniform electric field at a total pressure of 3.5 Torr at room temperature. In addition, reduced zero-field mobilities were measured for FeX+(5Δ) (X = F, Cl, Br, I) in He, yielding values of 14.2 ± 0.4, 13.7 ± 0.3, 13.3 ± 0.2, and 13.0 ± 0.3 cm2·V-1·s-1, respectively. Fe+(6D) reacts slowly with CF3Cl and CF3Br, producing an adduct exclusively with the former and FeBr+ with the latter. Conversely, Fe+(6D) exhibits efficient chemistry with CF3I to yield FeI+, FeCF3+, and FeFI+ in parallel reactions. Dependent on the halogen, FeX+(5Δ) reactions display one or more of four different processes: F- abstraction, X- abstraction, halogen switching, and association. In general, the presence of the halogen ligand enhances the rate of reaction over that of Fe+(6D) with the same molecular substrate. With CF3Cl, this ligand effect is observed to vary systematically with the electron-withdrawing capability of the halogen. This is illustrated by the correlation between reaction efficiency and the charge distribution on FeX+(5Δ) as determined from DFT calculations. Specific reaction outcomes for the FeX+(5Δ) reactions lead to upper and lower bounds on XFe-Y bond strengths (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I) that are generally consistent with one another and with known trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry University of Central Arkansas Conway , Arkansas 72035 , United States
| | - Randall E Pedder
- Department of Chemistry University of Central Arkansas Conway , Arkansas 72035 , United States
| | - Angela B Eden
- Department of Chemistry University of Central Arkansas Conway , Arkansas 72035 , United States
| | - Christopher L Emmerling
- Department of Chemistry University of Central Arkansas Conway , Arkansas 72035 , United States
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Zhao L, Ding Q, Xu W, Sang P, He X, Shi Z, Chi Y, Lu X, Guo W. The ligand effect on the selective C–H versus C–C bond activation of propane by NiBr+: a theoretical study. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kretschmer R, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Mechanistic Aspects and Elementary Steps of NH Bond Activation of Ammonia and CN Coupling Induced by Gas-Phase Ions: A Combined Experimental/Computational Exercise. Chemistry 2011; 18:40-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Roithová J, Schröder D. Selective activation of alkanes by gas-phase metal ions. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1170-211. [PMID: 20041696 DOI: 10.1021/cr900183p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Schröder D, Schwarz H. Gas-phase activation of methane by ligated transition-metal cations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18114-9. [PMID: 18955709 PMCID: PMC2587635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801849105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the search for ways of a more efficient usage of the large, unexploited resources of methane, recent progress in the gas-phase activation of methane by ligated transition-metal ions is discussed. Mass spectrometric experiments demonstrate that the ligands can crucially influence both reactivity and selectivity of transition-metal cations in bond-activation processes, and the most reactive species derive from combinations of transition metals with the electronegative elements fluorine, oxygen, and chlorine. Furthermore, the collected knowledge about intramolecular kinetic isotope effects associated with the activation of C-H(D) bonds of methane can be used to distinguish the nature of the bond activation as a mere hydrogen-abstraction, a metal-assisted mechanism or more complex reactions such as formation of insertion intermediates or sigma-bond metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schröder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; and
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Room-Temperature Alkyne-Nitrile Metathesis and Unambiguous Proof for the Existence of a High-Valent Iron-Nitrido Dication in the Gas Phase. Short Communication. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schlangen M, Neugebauer J, Reiher M, Schröder D, López JP, Haryono M, Heinemann FW, Grohmann A, Schwarz H. Gas-Phase C−H and N−H Bond Activation by a High Valent Nitrido-Iron Dication and 〈NH〉-Transfer to Activated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4285-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja075617w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Reiher
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Detlef Schröder
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jesús Pitarch López
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haryono
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Grohmann
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Schlangen M, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Ligand and Substrate Effects in Gas-Phase Reactions of NiX+/RH Couples (X=F, Cl, Br, I; R=CH3, C2H5,nC3H7,nC4H9). Chemistry 2007; 13:6810-6. [PMID: 17591727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of small saturated hydrocarbons by gaseous nickel cations NiX+ (X=F, Cl, Br, I) are investigated by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The halide cations are obtained from solutions of the corresponding Ni(II) salts in water or methanol as solvents. NiF+ is the only Ni(II) halide complex that brings about thermal activation of methane. The branching ratios of the observed reactions with C2H6, C3H8, and nC4H10 are shifted systematically by changing the nature of both the ligand X and the substrate RH. In the elimination of HX (X=F, Cl, Br, I), the formal oxidation state of the metal ion appears to be conserved, and the importance of this reaction channel decreases in going from NiF+ to NiI+. A reversed trend is observed in the losses of small closed-shell neutral molecules, that is, H2, CH4 and C2H6, which dominate the gas-phase ion chemistry of NiI+/RH couples. Additionally, inner-sphere electron-transfer reactions take place for a few systems, that is, the delivery of hydride or methanide ions from the hydrocarbon to NiX+ in the course of which the hydrocarbon is converted to a carbenium ion and the cationic metal complex gives rise to a neutral RNiX molecule (R=H, CH3). This process gains importance with decreasing atomic number of the halides and with increasing the size of the alkane. Thus, it constitutes the major pathway in the reactions of NiF+ with propane and n-butane, whereas it is not observed for any of the NiI+/RH couples investigated. Concerning the regioselectivity of the reactions with propane and n-butane, heterolytic cleavage of secondary carbon--hydrogen bonds is clearly preferred compared to that of primary ones, as revealed by deuterium labeling studies. For the NiF+/C3H8 couple, the selectivity of the hydride transfer is as large as 360 in favor of the secondary positions. Though smaller, large preferences for the activation of secondary C--H bonds are also operative in homolytic bond activation of RH (R=nC3H7, nC4H9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Zagorevski D. The generation of neutral derivatives of low-valence iron, RFe(I), by netralization-reionization mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:267-75. [PMID: 16107741 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry is applied for the generation of low-valence iron derivatives. Neutralization of Rfe(+) (R=H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, NH(2), acac, C(6)H(5)) ions resulted in the corresponding neutrals having lifetimes of at least 5 micros. Atom connectivities in RFe ions and neutrals were elucidated by a variety of tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The present study provides the first experimental evidence of the intrinsic stability of neutral IFe, NCFe, acacFe and C(6)H(5)Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Zagorevski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Fiedler A, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Two-State Reactivity in Organometallic Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schröder D, Bärsch S, Schwarz H. The crucial role of CO as a ligand in the formation of long-lived neutral iron complexes in the gas phase. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Bärsch S, Kretzschmar I, Schröder D, Schwarz H, Armentrout PB. Hydrodesulfurization of FeS+: Predominance of Kinetic over Thermodynamic Control. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990244+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kirkwood D, Stace A. Infrared and collision-induced fragmentation of iron ethoxide cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kretzschmar I, Fiedler A, Harvey JN, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Effects of Sequential Ligation of Molybdenum Cation by Chalcogenides on Electronic Structure and Gas-Phase Reactivity†. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971941+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Glukhovtsev MN, Bach RD, Nagel CJ. Performance of the B3LYP/ECP DFT Calculations of Iron-Containing Compounds. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D. Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Schwarz J, Wesendrup R, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Mass Spectrometric Study of [Fe,C3,H6,O]+ Isomers Relevant in the Gas-phase Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by “Bare” FeO+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19961291211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stöckigt D, Schwarz H. Reactivity Tuning by Ligand Effects: Gas-Phase Reactions of Fe(C6H6)O+ versus “Bare” FeO+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19941271222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schröder D, Fiedler A, Schwarz H. A neutralization—reionization (NR) case study for cationic iron complexes with simple ligands: NR mass spectra of Fe(C2H4)+ and Fe(CO)+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(94)04001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sablier M, Capron L, Mestdagh H, Rolando C. Gas-phase reactivity of transition metal cations with cyanogen radical precursors. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schröder D, Hrušák J, Tornieporth-Oetting IC, Klapötke TM, Schwarz H. Definitiver Beweis für die Existenz von AuF. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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