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Plenge J, Kühl S, Vogel B, Müller R, Stroh F, von Hobe M, Flesch R, Rühl E. Bond strength of chlorine peroxide. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:6730-4. [PMID: 16834026 DOI: 10.1021/jp044142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The bond strength of chlorine peroxide (ClOOCl) is studied by photoionization mass spectrometry. The experimental results are obtained from the fragmentation threshold yielding ClO+, which is observed at 11.52 +/- 0.025 eV. The O-O bond strength D(o) is derived from this value in comparison to the first ionization energy of ClO, yielding D(o)298 = 72.39 +/- 2.8 kJ mol(-1). The present work provides a new and independent method to examine the equilibrium constant K(eq) for chlorine peroxide formation via dimerization of ClO in the stratosphere. This yields an approximation for the equilibrium constant in the stratospheric temperature regime between 190 and 230 K of the form K(eq) = 1.92 x 10(-27) cm3 molecules(-1) x exp(8430 K/T). This value of K(eq) is lower than current reference data and agrees well with high altitude aircraft measurements within their scattering range. Considering the error limits of the present experimental results and the resulting equilibrium constant, there is agreement with previous works, but the upper limit of current reference values appears to be too high. This result is discussed along with possible atmospheric implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plenge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, USA
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Rühl E, Flesch R. Mechanism of anion formation in C 1s→π*-excited carbon dioxide. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:5322-7. [PMID: 15352825 DOI: 10.1063/1.1784780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of anion formation from core-excited carbon dioxide is investigated in the C 1s-excitation regime (280-340 eV), where negative-ion-positive-ion coincidences and negative-ion-positive-ion-positive-ion coincidences experiments are performed. O(-) formation occurs efficiently upon C 1s-->pi(*)-excitation (290.7 eV) from the singly charged cation CO(2) (+). This anion is measured in coincidence with the singly charged atoms C(+) and O(+). The formation of atomic cations is accompanied by a substantial kinetic energy release. This suggests that an intermediate CO(++) is formed together with O(-), where the dication decays via fission. The results are discussed in terms of an anion formation mechanism from core-excited molecules considering previous experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rühl
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Low pressure flash thermolysis of different precursor molecules containing-ClO, -ClO3 or -OClO3 yield, when highly diluted in Ne or O2 and subsequent quenching of the products in a matrix at 5 or 15 K, ClOx (x = 1, 3, 4) radicals, respectively. If Ne or O2 gas is directed over solid ClO2 at -120 degrees C and the resulting gas mixtures are immediately deposited as a matrix, a high fraction of (OClO)2 is trapped. This enables recording of IR and UV spectra of weakly bonded (OClO)2 dimers and detailed studying of their photochemistry. For Ne or O2 matrix isolated ClO radicals the vibrational wavenumbers and electronic transitions are only slightly affected compared with the gas phase. In this study strong evidence is found for long lived ClO in the electronically excited 2 [symbol: see text] 1/2 state. A comprehensive IR study of Ne matrix isolated ClO3 (fundamentals at 1081, 905, 567, 476 cm-1) yield i) a reliable force field; ii) a OClO bond angle of alpha e = 113.8 +/- 1 degrees and iii) a ClO bond length of 148.5 +/- 2 pm in agreement with predicted data from quantum chemical calculations. The UV/Vis spectrum of ClO3 isolated in a Ne matrix (lambda max at 32,100 and 23,150 cm-1) agrees well with the photoelectron spectrum of ClO3- and theoretical predictions. The origin of the structured high energy absorption is at 22,696 cm-1 and three fundamentals (794, 498, 280 cm-1) are detected in the C2E state. By photolysis of ClO3 with visible light the complex ClO.O2 with ClO in the 2 [symbol: see text] 1/2 state is formed. In an extended spectroscopic study of the elusive ClO4 radical, isolated in a Ne or O2 matrix, three additional IR bands, a complete UV spectrum and a strong interaction with O2 are found. This leads to the conclusion that ClO4 exhibits C2v or Cs symmetry with a shallow potential minimum and forms with O2 the previously unknown peroxy radical O3ClO-O2. All these results are discussed in the context of recent developments in the chemistry and spectroscopy of the important and interesting ClOx (x = 1-4) family of radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodion Kopitzky
- Fakultät 4, Anorganische Chemie Gerhard-Mercator Universität Duisburg, Lotharstrasse 1 47048 Duisburg, Germany
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Probst M, Hermansson K, Urban J, Mach P, Muigg D, Denifl G, Fiegele T, Mason NJ, Stamatovic A, Märk TD. Ionization energy studies for ozone and OClO monomers and dimers. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1386669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Plenge J, Flesch R, Schürmann MC, Rühl E. Photofragmentation of Nitryl Chloride in the Ultraviolet Regime and Vacuum Ultraviolet Regime. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0044330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Plenge
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - R. Flesch
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - M. C. Schürmann
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - E. Rühl
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Mok DKW, Lee EPF, Chau FT, Wang D, Dyke JM. A new method of calculation of Franck–Condon factors which includes allowance for anharmonicity and the Duschinsky effect: Simulation of the He I photoelectron spectrum of ClO2. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1290124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Li WK, Lau KC, Ng CY, Baumgärtel H, Weitzel KM. Gaussian-2 and Gaussian-3 Study of the Energetics and Structures of Cl2On and Cl2On+, n = 1−7. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kee Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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Delmdahl RF, Ullrich S, Gericke KH. Photofragmentation of OClO(Ã2A2 ν1ν2ν3) → Cl(2PJ) + O2. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972111z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. F. Delmdahl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S. Ullrich
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - K.-H. Gericke
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Janoschek R. Bonding properties of chlorine oxides ClOx (x=1–4) in the density functional theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(97)00145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schwell M, Jochims HW, Wassermann B, Rockland U, Flesch R, Rühl E. Ionization Energies of ClO and Cl2O2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9602585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schwell
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H.-W. Jochims
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Wassermann
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - U. Rockland
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Flesch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - E. Rühl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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