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Rigillo G, Cappellucci G, Baini G, Vaccaro F, Miraldi E, Pani L, Tascedda F, Bruni R, Biagi M. Comprehensive Analysis of Berberis aristata DC. Bark Extracts: In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Bioaccessibility and Safety. Nutrients 2024; 16:2953. [PMID: 39275269 PMCID: PMC11397700 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BER) is an alkaloid found, together with other protoberberinoids (PROTBERs), in several species used in medicines and food supplements. While some herbal preparations containing BER and PROTBERs, such as Berberis aristata DC. bark extracts, have shown promising potential for human health, their safety has not been fully assessed. Recently, the EFSA issued a call for data to deepen the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic understanding of products containing BER and PROTBERs and to comprehensively assess their safety, especially when used in food supplements. In this context, new data were collected in this work by assessing: (i) the phytochemical profile of 16 different commercial B. aristata dry extracts, which are among the most widely used preparations containing BER and PROTBERs in Europe; (ii) the In Vitro and In Silico investigation of the pharmacokinetic properties of BER and PROTBERs; (iii) the In Vitro cytotoxicity of selected extracts in different human cell lines, including tests on hepatic cells in the presence of CYP450 substrates; (iv) the effects of the extracts on cancer cell migration; and (v) the In Vitro molecular effects of extracts in non-cancer human cells. Results showed that commercial B. aristata extracts contain BER as the main constituent, with jatrorrhizine as main secondary PROTBER. BER and jatrorrhizine were found to have a good bioaccessibility rate, but they interact with P-gp. B. aristata extracts showed limited cytotoxicity and minimal interaction with CYP450 substrates. Furthermore, tested extracts demonstrated inhibition of cancer cell migration and were devoid of any pro-tumoral effects in normal cells. Overall, our work provides a valuable overview to better elucidate important concerns regarding botanicals containing BER and PROTBERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rigillo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Laboratory of Italian Society of Phytoterapy-SIFITLab, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cappellucci
- Laboratory of Italian Society of Phytoterapy-SIFITLab, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Baini
- Laboratory of Italian Society of Phytoterapy-SIFITLab, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Italian Society of Phytoterapy-SIFITLab, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Miraldi
- Laboratory of Italian Society of Phytoterapy-SIFITLab, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34148 Trieste, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Biagi
- Laboratory of Italian Society of Phytoterapy-SIFITLab, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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2
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Cai Y, Yang Q, Yu Y, Yang F, Bai R, Fan X. Efficacy and underlying mechanisms of berberine against lipid metabolic diseases: a review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1283784. [PMID: 38034996 PMCID: PMC10684937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1283784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapy is an important tool for the treatment of lipid metabolic diseases, which are increasing in prevalence. However, the failure of conventional lipid-lowering drugs to achieve the desired efficacy in some patients, and the side-effects of these drug regimens, highlight the urgent need for novel lipid-lowering drugs. The liver and intestine are important in the production and removal of endogenous and exogenous lipids, respectively, and have an important impact on circulating lipid levels. Elevated circulating lipids predisposes an individual to lipid deposition in the vascular wall, affecting vascular function. Berberine (BBR) modulates liver lipid production and clearance by regulating cellular targets such as cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). It influences intestinal lipid synthesis and metabolism by modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolism. Finally, BBR maintains vascular function by targeting proteins such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). This paper elucidates and summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms of berberine in lipid metabolic diseases from a multi-organ (liver, intestine, and vascular system) and multi-target perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Cai
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoning Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiao Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruina Bai
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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3
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Guedes JS, Carneiro TR, Pinheiro PDSM, Fraga CA, Sant′Anna CM, Barreiro EJ, Lima LM. Methyl Effect on the Metabolism, Chemical Stability, and Permeability Profile of Bioactive N-Sulfonylhydrazones. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38752-38765. [PMID: 36340078 PMCID: PMC9631887 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonylhydrazones are privileged structures with multifaceted pharmacological activity. Exploring the hypoglycemic properties of these organic compounds, we previously revealed a new series of N-sulfonylhydrazones (NSH) as antidiabetic drug candidates. Here, we evaluated the microsomal metabolism, chemical stability, and permeability profile of these NSH prototypes, focusing on the pharmacokinetic differences in N-methylated and non-N-methylated analogs. Our results demonstrated that the N-methylated analogs (LASSBio-1772 and LASSBio-1774) were metabolized by CYP, forming three and one metabolites, respectively. These prototypes exhibited chemical stability at pH 2.0 and 7.4 and brain penetration ability. On the other hand, non-N-methylated analogs (LASSBio-1771 and LASSBio-1773) were hydrolyzed in acid pH and could not cross the artificial blood-brain barrier. The cyano group in LASSBio-1771 was postulated as a possible site of interaction with the heme group, potentially inhibiting CYP enzymes. Moreover, prototypes with the methyl ester group were metabolized by carboxylesterase, and non-N-methylated analogs did not show oxidative metabolism. The prototypes (except LASSBio-1774) showed excellent gastrointestinal absorption. Altogether, our data support the idea that the methyl effect on NSH strongly alters their pharmacokinetic profile, enhances the recognition by CYP enzymes, promotes brain penetration, and plays a protective effect upon acid hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica
de Siqueira Guedes
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Teiliane Rodrigues Carneiro
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto
Manssour Fraga
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mauricio
R. Sant′Anna
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Departamento
de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica 23970-000, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Lídia Moreira Lima
- Instituto
Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos
(INCT-INOFAR), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese
de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil
- Pós-graduação
em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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Khoshandam A, Imenshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Pharmacokinetic of berberine, the main constituent of Berberis vulgaris L.: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4063-4079. [PMID: 36221815 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) is a medicinal plant and its main constituent is an isoquinoline alkaloid named berberine that has multiple pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-microbial, antiinflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetes, anti-dyslipidemia, and anti-obesity. However, it has restricted clinical uses due to its very poor solubility and bioavailability (less than 1%). It undergoes demethylenation, reduction, and cleavage of the dioxymethylene group in the first phase of metabolism. Its phase two reactions include glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. The liver is the main site for berberine distribution. Berberine could excrete in feces, urine, and bile. Fecal excretion of berberine (11-23%) is higher than urinary and biliary excretion routes. However, a major berberine metabolite is excreted in urine greater than in feces. Concomitant administration of berberine with other drugs such as metformin, cyclosporine A, digoxin, etc. may result in important interactions. Thus, in this review, we gathered and dissected any related animal and human research articles regarding the pharmacokinetic parameters of berberine including bioavailability, metabolism, distribution, excretion, and drug-drug interactions. Also, we discussed and gathered various animal and human studies regarding the developed products of berberine with better bioavailability and consequently, better therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Khoshandam
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Wang S, Zhang T, Liu X, Yang Z, Li L, Shan D, Gao Y, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Toxicity and toxicokinetics of the ethanol extract of Zuojin formula. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:220. [PMID: 35971113 PMCID: PMC9377102 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Zuojin formula, a traditional Chinese medicine, comprises Coptis chinensis and Evodia rutaecarpa. In our previous study, the total alkaloid extract from Zuojin formula (TAZF) showed potent and improved efficacy. However, its safety and toxicokinetics remain unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of repeated administrations of TAZF and investigate the internal exposure of the main components and its relationship with toxic symptoms.
Methods
Sprague–Dawley rats were orally administered TAZF at 0.4, 1.2 and 3.7 g/kg for 28 days, which was followed by a 14-day recovery period. The toxic effects were evaluated weekly by assessing body weight changes, food intake, blood biochemistry and haematological indices, organ weights and histological changes. A total of eight components were detected, including berberine, coptisine, epiberberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, evodiamine, and rutaecarpine. The toxicokinetic profiles of the eight components were investigated after single and repeated administrations. Linear mixed effect models were applied to analyse the associations between internal exposure and toxic symptoms. Network pharmacology analysis was applied to explore the potential toxic mechanisms.
Results
Compared with the vehicle group, the rats in the low- and medium-dose groups did not show noticeable abnormal changes, while rats in the high-dose group exhibited inhibition of weight gain, a slight reduction in food consumption, abdominal bloating and atrophy of the splenic white pulp during drug administration. The concentration of berberine in plasma was the highest among all compounds. Epiberberine was found to be associated with the inhibition of weight gain. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that the alkaloids might cause abdominal bloating by affecting the proliferation of smooth muscle cells. The benchmark dose lower confidence limits (based on body weight inhibition) of TAZF were 1.27 g/kg (male) and 1.91 g/kg (female).
Conclusions
TAZF has no notable liver or kidney toxicity but carries risks of gastrointestinal and immune toxicity at high doses. Alkaloids from Coptis chinensis are the main plasma components related to the toxic effects of TAZF.
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6
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Bing Q, Yongrui B, Shuai W, Tianjiao L, Xiansheng M. Rapid analysis of components in Qizhiweitong tablets and plasma after oral administration in rats by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS based on self-developed database. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5460. [PMID: 35903874 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Qizhiweitong is a famous traditional Chinese prescription medicine. It has been used to treat various stomach disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, and intestinal stress syndrome for a long time and gives favorable therapeutic effects in clinical settings. However, its chemical composition and possible bioactive components are not completely known. In the present study, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and qualitatively analyzed the chemical composition of Qizhiweitong tablet extract and the absorbed prototype constituents along with corresponding metabolites in rat plasma following oral administration of Qizhiweitong tablet on the basis of our self-developed component database that was established accurately and rapidly. We detected a total of 119 compounds and 61 xenobiotics in the Qizhiweitong tablet, which included 32 prototypes and 28 metabolites. The results of the present study laid a solid foundation for quality marker screening and integrative pharmacology-based study on the Qizhiweitong tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bing
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Bao Yongrui
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Wang Shuai
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Multi-dimensional Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Technical Innovation Center, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Province Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, China
| | - Li Tianjiao
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Multi-dimensional Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Technical Innovation Center, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Province Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, China
| | - Meng Xiansheng
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Multi-dimensional Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Technical Innovation Center, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Province Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, China
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7
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Li J, Xu Z, Gu J. UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 Are Responsible for Phase II Metabolism of Tectorigenin and Irigenin In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134104. [PMID: 35807350 PMCID: PMC9268515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tectorigenin and irigenin are biologically active isoflavones of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Previous studies indicated that both compounds could be metabolized in vivo; however, the kinetic parameters of enzymes involved in the metabolization of tectorigenin and irigenin have not been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate UGTs involved in the glucuronidation of tectorigenin and irigenin and determine enzyme kinetic parameters using pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) and recombinant UGTs. Glucuronides of tectorigenin and irigenin were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry and quantified by HPLC using a response factor method. The results showed that tectorigenin and irigenin were modified by glucuronidation in HLMs. One metabolite of tectorigenin (M) and two metabolites of irigenin (M1 and M2) were detected. Chemical inhibition and recombinant enzyme experiments revealed that several enzymes could catalyze tectorigenin and irigenin glucuronidation. Among them, UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 were the primary enzymes for both tectorigenin and irigenin; however, the former mostly produced irigenin glucuronide M1, while the latter mostly produced irigenin glucuronide M2. These findings suggest that UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 were the primary isoforms metabolizing tectorigenin and irigenin in HLMs, which could be involved in drug–drug interactions and, therefore, should be monitored in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Zhangyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Jifeng Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Zhong F, Chen Y, Chen J, Liao H, Li Y, Ma Y. Jatrorrhizine: A Review of Sources, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:783127. [PMID: 35095493 PMCID: PMC8793695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.783127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Jatrorrhizine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is a bioactive metabolite in common medicinal plants, such as Berberis vernae Schneid., Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. and Coptis chinensis Franch. These plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine for their wide-ranging pharmacological properties. This review emphasizes the latest and comprehensive information on the sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of jatrorrhizine. Studies on this alkaloid were collected from scientific internet databases, including the Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley Online Library and Europe PMC and CNKI, using a combination of keywords involving “jatrorrhizine”, “sources”, “pharmacology,” “pharmacokinetics,” and “toxicology”. Jatrorrhizine exhibits anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, anticancer, anti-obesity and hypolipidemic properties, along with central nervous system activities and other beneficial activity. Studies of jatrorrhizine have laid the foundation for its application to the treatment of various diseases, but some issues still exist. Further investigations might emphasize 1) specific curative mechanisms of jatrorrhizine and clinical utility, 2) application prospect in the treatment of metabolic disorders, 3) comprehensive investigations of the toxicity mechanisms and 4) interactions of jatrorrhizine with other pharmaceuticals and development of derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yirou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuntong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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9
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Zhang R, Wei Y, Yang T, Huang X, Zhou J, Yang C, Zhou J, Liu Y, Shi S. Inhibitory effects of quercetin and its major metabolite quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside on human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoforms by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:842. [PMID: 34149888 PMCID: PMC8210293 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid that is widely present in plant-derived food. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (Q3GA) is a predominant metabolite of quercetin in animal and human plasma. The inhibitory effects of the UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs) caused by herbal components may be a key factor for the clinical assessment of herb-drug interactions (HDIs). The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory profile of quercetin and Q3GA on recombinant UGT1A isoforms in vitro. The metabolism of the nonspecific substrate 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) by the UGT1A isoforms was assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Preliminary screening experiments indicated that quercetin exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6 and UGT1A9 enzymes than Q3GA. Kinetic experiments were performed to characterize the type of inhibition caused by quercetin and Q3GA towards these UGT isoforms. Quercetin exerted non-competitive inhibition on UGT1A1 and UGT1A6, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 7.47 and 7.07 µM and inhibition kinetic parameter (Ki) values of 2.18 and 28.87 µM, respectively. Quercetin also exhibited competitive inhibition on UGT1A3 and UGT1A9, with IC50 values of 10.58 and 2.81 µM and Ki values of 1.60 and 0.51 µM, respectively. However, Q3GA displayed weak inhibition on UGT1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT1A6 enzymes with IC50 values of 45.21, 106.5 and 51.37 µM, respectively. In the present study, quercetin was a moderate inhibitor of UGT1A1 and UGT1A3, a weak inhibitor of UGT1A6, and a strong inhibitor on UGT1A9. The results of the present study suggested potential HDIs that may occur following quercetin co-administration with drugs that are mainly metabolized by UGT1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT1A9 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xixi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jiani Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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A target-group-change strategy based on the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS E method for the metabolites identification of Fufang-Xialian-Capsule in rat's plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Wang X, Jiang C, Wu X, Zou P, Wu Z. Substrate Selectivity for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1A8 using the Pharmacophore Approach. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.320.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Li Q, Dai Y, Pan R, Xia Y. Development of a LC–MS/MS method to investigate the interference of pharmacokinetics of the main constituents in Saxifraga stolonifera : Involvement of drug metabolism enzymes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 148:128-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Wang K, Feng X, Chai L, Cao S, Qiu F. The metabolism of berberine and its contribution to the pharmacological effects. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:139-157. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1306544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xinchi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Chai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Han L, Wang H, Si N, Ren W, Gao B, Li Y, Yang J, Xu M, Zhao H, Bian B. Metabolites profiling of 10 bufadienolides in human liver microsomes and their cytotoxicity variation in HepG2 cell. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2485-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Kwon SS, Kim JH, Jeong HU, Ahn KS, Oh SR, Lee HS. Role of cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in metabolic pathway of homoegonol in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:305-13. [PMID: 26163112 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Homoegonol is being evaluated for the development of a new antiasthmatic drug. Based on a pharmacokinetic study of homoegonol in rats, homoegonol is almost completely eliminated via metabolism, but no study on its metabolism has been reported in animals and humans. Incubation of homoegonol in human liver microsomes in the presence of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and UDP-glucuronic acid resulted in the formation of five metabolites: 4-O-demethylhomoegonol (M1), hydroxyhomoegonol (M2 and M3), 4-O-demethylhomoegonol glucuronide (M4), and homoegonol glucuronide (M5). We characterized the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes responsible for homoegonol metabolism using human liver microsomes, and cDNA-expressed CYP and UGT enzymes. CYP1A2 played a more prominent role than CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 in the 4-O-demethylation of homoegonol to M1. CYP3A4 was responsible for the hydroxylation of homoegonol to M2. The hydroxylation of homoegonol to M3 was insufficient to characterize CYP enzymes. Glucuronidation of homoegonol to M5 was mediated by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, and UGT2B7 enzymes, whereas M4 was formed from 4-O-demethylhomoegonol by UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A10, and UGT2B15 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Sang Kwon
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Kim
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Uk Jeong
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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Lo SN, Shen CC, Chang CY, Tsai KC, Huang CC, Wu TS, Ueng YF. The Effect of Oxidation on Berberine-Mediated CYP1 Inhibition: Oxidation Behavior and Metabolite-Mediated Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1100-7. [PMID: 25953522 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protoberberine alkaloid berberine carries methylenedioxy moiety and exerts a variety of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation and lipid-lowering effects. Berberine causes potent CYP1B1 inhibition, whereas CYP1A2 shows resistance to the inhibition. To reveal the influence of oxidative metabolism on CYP1 inhibition by berberine, berberine oxidation and the metabolite-mediated inhibition were determined. After NADPH-fortified preincubation of berberine with P450, the inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 variants (CYP1B1.1, CYP1B1.3, and CYP1B1.4) by berberine was not enhanced, and CYP1A2 remained resistant. Demethyleneberberine was identified as the most abundant metabolite of CYP1A1- and CYP1B1-catalyzed oxidations, and thalifendine was generated at a relatively low rate. CYP1A1-catalyzed berberine oxidation had the highest maximal velocity (V max) and exhibited positive cooperativity, suggesting the assistance of substrate binding when the first substrate was present. In contrast, the demethylenation by CYP1B1 showed the property of substrate inhibition. CYP1B1-catalyzed berberine oxidation had low K m values, but it had V max values less than 8% of those of CYP1A1. The dissociation constants generated from the binding spectrum and fluorescence quenching suggested that the low K m values of CYP1B1-catalyzed oxidation might include more than the rate constants describing berberine binding. The natural protoberberine/berberine fmetabolites with methylenedioxy ring-opening (palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and demethyleneberberine) and the demethylation (thalifendine and berberrubine) caused weak CYP1 inhibition. These results demonstrated that berberine was not efficiently oxidized by CYP1B1, and metabolism-dependent irreversible inactivation was minimal. Metabolites of berberine caused a relatively weak inhibition of CYP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Lo
- Divisions of Basic Chinese Medicine (S.-N.L., C.-Y.C., C.-C.H., Y.-F.U.), Chinese Medicinal Chemistry (C.-C.S.), and Chinese Materia Medica Development (K.-C.T.), National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science (S.-N.L., Y.-F.U.) and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Y.-F.U.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-Y.C., Y.-F.U.); and Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China (T.-S.W.)
| | - Chien-Chang Shen
- Divisions of Basic Chinese Medicine (S.-N.L., C.-Y.C., C.-C.H., Y.-F.U.), Chinese Medicinal Chemistry (C.-C.S.), and Chinese Materia Medica Development (K.-C.T.), National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science (S.-N.L., Y.-F.U.) and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Y.-F.U.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-Y.C., Y.-F.U.); and Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China (T.-S.W.)
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Divisions of Basic Chinese Medicine (S.-N.L., C.-Y.C., C.-C.H., Y.-F.U.), Chinese Medicinal Chemistry (C.-C.S.), and Chinese Materia Medica Development (K.-C.T.), National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science (S.-N.L., Y.-F.U.) and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Y.-F.U.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-Y.C., Y.-F.U.); and Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China (T.-S.W.)
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- Divisions of Basic Chinese Medicine (S.-N.L., C.-Y.C., C.-C.H., Y.-F.U.), Chinese Medicinal Chemistry (C.-C.S.), and Chinese Materia Medica Development (K.-C.T.), National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science (S.-N.L., Y.-F.U.) and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Y.-F.U.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-Y.C., Y.-F.U.); and Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China (T.-S.W.)
| | - Chiung-Chiao Huang
- Divisions of Basic Chinese Medicine (S.-N.L., C.-Y.C., C.-C.H., Y.-F.U.), Chinese Medicinal Chemistry (C.-C.S.), and Chinese Materia Medica Development (K.-C.T.), National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science (S.-N.L., Y.-F.U.) and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Y.-F.U.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-Y.C., Y.-F.U.); and Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China (T.-S.W.)
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Divisions of Basic Chinese Medicine (S.-N.L., C.-Y.C., C.-C.H., Y.-F.U.), Chinese Medicinal Chemistry (C.-C.S.), and Chinese Materia Medica Development (K.-C.T.), National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science (S.-N.L., Y.-F.U.) and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Y.-F.U.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-Y.C., Y.-F.U.); and Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China (T.-S.W.)
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- Divisions of Basic Chinese Medicine (S.-N.L., C.-Y.C., C.-C.H., Y.-F.U.), Chinese Medicinal Chemistry (C.-C.S.), and Chinese Materia Medica Development (K.-C.T.), National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science (S.-N.L., Y.-F.U.) and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Y.-F.U.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (C.-Y.C., Y.-F.U.); and Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China (T.-S.W.)
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Natural alkaloids: basic aspects, biological roles, and future perspectives. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:401-6. [PMID: 24969519 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have gained popularity worldwide for promoting healthcare, as well as disease prevention. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery. Several alkaloids isolated from natural herbs exhibit antiproliferation, antibacterial, antiviral, insecticidal, and antimetastatic effects on various types of cancers both in vitro and in vivo. This paper focuses on the naturally-derived alkaloids such as berberine, matrine, piperine, fritillarine, and rhynchophylline, etc., and summarizes the action mechanisms of these compounds. Based on the information in the literature that is summarized in this paper, the use of alkaloids as drugs is very promising, but more research and clinical trials are necessary before final recommendations on specific alkaloids can be made. Following this, it is hoped that as a result of this review, there will be a greater awareness of the excellent promise that natural alkaloids show for use in the therapy of diseases.
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Vrba J, Papouskova B, Pyszkova M, Zatloukalova M, Lemr K, Ulrichova J, Vacek J. Metabolism of palmatine by human hepatocytes and recombinant cytochromes P450. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li Y, Wang H, Si N, Ren W, Han L, Xin S, Zuo R, Wei X, Yang J, Zhao H, Bian B. Metabolic profiling analysis of berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine and epiberberine in zebrafish by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:302-11. [PMID: 25369727 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.979270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Zebrafish has been used in metabolic study of drugs as a powerful tool in recent years. In this study, we make a feasible metabolism investigation of five protoberberine alkaloids (PBAs) applied in zebrafish model for the first time, including berberine (BBR), palmatine (PAL), jatrorrhizine (JAT), coptisine (COP) and epiberberine (EBBR). 2. After exposure for 24 hours, 19 metabolites were identified by LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer, including 9 phase I metabolites and 10 phase II metabolites. Demethylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and glucuronidation were the major metabolic transformation of PBAs in zebrafish, which were similar to mammals. Compared with reported literatures, BBR and JAT showed high consistency between human and zebrafish in metabolic pathways. 3. To our knowledge, this is the first time to study in vivo metabolism of COP, which provides useful information to other researchers. 4. This study indicated that zebrafish model is feasible and reasonable to predict the metabolism of PBAs. It showed great potential for developing a novel and rapid method for predicting the metabolism of trace compounds of botanical drugs, with the advantages of lower cost, higher performance and easier set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China and
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