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Nishi K, Yagi H, Ohtomo M, Nagata S, Udagawa D, Tsuchida T, Morisaku T, Kitagawa Y. A thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis model for pre-clinical studies in microminipig. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14996. [PMID: 37696857 PMCID: PMC10495379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver fibrosis models are used in normal and immunosuppressed small animals for transplantation and regenerative medicine to improve liver fibrosis. Although large animal models are needed for pre-clinical studies, they are yet to be established owing to drug sensitivity in animal species and difficulty in setting doses. In this study, we evaluated liver fibrosis by administering thioacetamide (TA) to normal microminipig and thymectomized microminipig; 3 times for 1 week (total duration: 8 weeks). The pigs treated with TA showed elevated blood cytokine levels and a continuous liver injury at 8 weeks. RNA-seq of the liver showed increased expression of fibrosis-related genes after TA treatment. Histopathological examination showed degenerative necrosis of hepatocytes around the central vein, and revealed fibrogenesis and hepatocyte proliferation. TA treatment caused CD3-positive T cells and macrophages scattered within the hepatic lobule to congregate near the center of the lobule and increased αSMA-positive cells. Thymectomized pigs showed liver fibrosis similar to that of normal pigs, although the clinical signs tended to be milder. This model is similar to pathogenesis of liver fibrosis reported in other animal models. Therefore, it is expected to contribute to research as a drug discovery and pre-clinical transplantation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mana Ohtomo
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Nagata
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Udagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tsuchida
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Morisaku
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Uno Y, Morikuni S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. 2-Oxidation, 3-methyl hydroxylation, and 6-hydroxylation of skatole, a contributor to the odour of boar-tainted pork meat, mediated by porcine liver microsomal cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A19, 2E1, and 3A22. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:60-65. [PMID: 36976910 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2197037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The 2-oxidation, 3-methyl hydroxylation, and 6-hydroxylation of skatole (a contributor to boar taint) mediated by minipig liver microsomes and recombinant P450 enzymes expressed in bacterial membranes were investigated.At low substrate concentrations of 10 µM, the formation rates of indole-3-carbinol, 6-hydroxyskatole, and the sum of 3-methyloxindole, indole-3-carbinol, and 6-hydroxyskatole in male minipig liver microsomes were significantly lower than those in female minipig liver microsomes.Compensatory 3-methyloxindole and indole-3-carbinol formation in minipig liver microsomes, which lack 6-hydroxyskatole formation in males, was mediated partly by liver microsomal P450 1A2 and P450 1A2/2E1, respectively. These enzymes were suppressed by typical P450 inhibitors in female minipig liver microsomes.Among the 14 pig P450 forms evaluated, P450 2A19 was the dominant form mediating 3-methyloxindole, indole-3-carbinol, and 6-hydroxyskatole formation from skatole at substrate concentrations of 100 µM. Positive cooperativity was observed in 3-methyloxindole formation from skatole mediated by male minipig liver microsomes and by pig P450 3A22 with Hill coefficients of 1.2-1.5.These results suggest high skatole 2-oxidation, 3-methyl hydroxylation, and 6-hydroxylation activities of pig P450 2A19 and compensatory skatole oxidations mediated by pig P450 1A2, 2E1, or 3A22 in male minipig liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Saho Morikuni
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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Duplication, Loss, and Evolutionary Features of Specific UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Genes in Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212954. [DOI: 10.3390/ani12212954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are one of the most important enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism or detoxification. Through duplication and loss of genes, mammals evolved the species-specific variety of UGT isoforms. Among mammals, Carnivora is one of the orders that includes various carnivorous species, yet there is huge variation of food habitat. Recently, lower activity of UGT1A and 2B were shown in Felidae and pinnipeds, suggesting evolutional loss of these isoforms. However, comprehensive analysis for genetic or evolutional features are still missing. This study was conducted to reveal evolutional history of UGTs in Carnivoran species. We found specific gene expansion of UGT1As in Canidae, brown bear and black bear. We also found similar genetic duplication in UGT2Bs in Canidae, and some Mustelidae and Ursidae. In addition, we discovered contraction or complete loss of UGT1A7–12 in phocids, some otariids, felids, and some Mustelids. These studies indicate that even closely related species have completely different evolution of UGTs and further imply the difficulty of extrapolation of the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetic result of experimental animals into wildlife carnivorans.
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Hamada T, Watanabe Y, Iida K, Sano N, Amano N. Microminipig: A suitable animal model to estimate oral absorption of sustained-release formulation in humans. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119457. [PMID: 32464228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the gastrointestinal absorption characteristics of oral sustained-release formulations in microminipigs, dogs, and monkeys in order to clarify the similarities in absorption properties between these animals and humans. Time profiles of oral absorption of nifedipine and valproic acid were calculated from the plasma concentration-time profiles of the drugs by a deconvolution method. The curves for both drugs in microminipigs were close to or slightly higher than those in humans, whereas those in monkeys were lower. Furthermore, the plasma concentration-time profiles of the drugs were subjected to non-compartmental analysis. The fractions of a dose absorbed into the portal vein (FaFg) in microminipigs ranged from 50 to 100% of the human values, whereas those in monkeys were less than half the human values. In addition, the other absorption-related parameters for the sustained-release formulation in microminipigs, as well as monkeys, were comparable to those in humans. In conclusion, the oral absorption properties of microminipigs and humans were similar regarding the sustained-release formulations. Therefore, microminipig is a suitable animal model to estimate the oral absorption of sustained-release formulations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Hamada
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Iida
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Sano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Nakamura K, Otake M. [Current progress of research and use of microminipigs in drug development]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 152:202-207. [PMID: 30298842 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of minipigs has been increasing in the areas of pharmacology researches and drug development. The microminipig developed by Fuji Micra Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan) inherits characteristics of other pig strains showing several similarities to humans in anatomy, physiology, omnivorousness and diurnal, but at the same time has several advantages over other pig strains because of its small size which allows easy keeping, handling and dosing, and saving of test substances. The microminipig weighs about 10 kg at the age of 6 months. Canine cages can be used to keep the animal. Swine leukocyte antigens (SLA) are defined in each individual animal which is useful for testing immunological reactions. As there are many similarities in metabolic enzymes and transporters to those in humans, the microminipig is a powerful animal model for toxicokinetic studies. Unfortunately as in other minipigs the microminipig is not appropriate for embryo-fetal development studies of antibody drugs due to its poor placental transfer, but can be used for other reproductive and developmental studies. Repeat dose toxicity, safety pharmacology, immunotoxicity and local tolerance studies should be also other arenas of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Masayoshi Otake
- Swine and Poultry Department, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Swine and Poultry Research Center
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Kondo T, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Kawai YK, Mizukawa H, Mitani Y, Nomiyama K, Tanabe S, Ishizuka M. Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B Subfamily Interspecies Differences in Carnivores. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:90-100. [PMID: 28453659 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are among the most important xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that conjugate a wide range of chemicals. Previous studies showed that Felidae and Pinnipedia species have very low UGT activities toward some phenolic compounds because of the UGT1A6 pseudogene and small numbers of UGT1A isozymes. In addition to the UGT1As, UGT2Bs isozymes also conjugate various endogenous (eg, estrogens, androgens, and bile acids) and exogenous compounds (opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and environmental pollutants). However UGT2B activity and genetic background are unknown in carnivore species. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate the species differences of UGT2Bs. Using typical substrates for UGT2Bs, UGT activity was measured in vitro. In addition, UGT2B genetic features are analyzed in silico. Results of UGT activity measurement indicate marked species differences between dogs and other carnivores (cats, Northern fur seals, Steller sea lions, Harbor seals, and Caspian seals). Dogs have very high Vmax/Km toward estradiol (17-glucuronide), estrone, lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam. Conversely, cats and pinniped species (especially Caspian seals and Harbor seals) have very low activities toward these substrates. The results of genetic synteny analysis indicate that Felidae and pinniped species have very small numbers of UGT2B isozymes (one or none) compared with dogs, rodents, and humans. Furthermore, Felidae species have the same nonsense mutation in UGT2B, which suggests that Felidae UGT2B31-like is also a pseudogene in addition to UGT1A6. These findings of lower activity of UGT2B suggest that Felidae and some pinniped species have very low UGT activity toward a wide range of chemicals. These results are important for Felidae and Pinnipedia species that are frequently exposed to drugs and environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Kondo
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoko Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Nakajima N, Shibata M, Takahashi K, Sato Y, Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Enya S, Otake M, Kangawa A, da Silva Lopes TJ, Ito H, Hasegawa H, Kawaoka Y. The Microminipig as an Animal Model for Influenza A Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e01716-16. [PMID: 27807225 PMCID: PMC5215345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01716-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered a mixing vessel for the generation of novel pandemic influenza A viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to both avian and human influenza viruses. However, experiments to understand reassortment in pigs in detail have been limited because experiments with regular-sized pigs are difficult to perform. Miniature pigs have been used as an experimental animal model, but they are still large and require relatively large cages for housing. The microminipig is one of the smallest miniature pigs used for experiments. Introduced in 2010, microminipigs weigh around 10 kg at an early stage of maturity (6 to 7 months old) and are easy to handle. To evaluate the microminipig as an animal model for influenza A virus infection, we compared the receptor distribution of 10-week-old male pigs (Yorkshire Large White) and microminipigs. We found that both animals have SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal in their respiratory tracts, with similar distributions of both receptor types. We further found that the sensitivity of microminipigs to influenza A viruses was the same as that of larger miniature pigs. Our findings indicate that the microminipig could serve as a novel model animal for influenza A virus infection. IMPORTANCE The microminipig is one of the smallest miniature pigs in the world and is used as an experimental animal model for life science research. In this study, we evaluated the microminipig as a novel animal model for influenza A virus infection. The distribution of influenza virus receptors in the respiratory tract of the microminipig was similar to that of the pig, and the sensitivity of microminipigs to influenza A viruses was the same as that of miniature pigs. Our findings suggest that microminipigs represent a novel animal model for influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibata
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Enya
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Otake
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kangawa
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tiago Jose da Silva Lopes
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hirotaka Ito
- Ito Business Planning, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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