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Yang M, Xu X. Important roles of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of anti-viral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:483-505. [PMID: 35975669 PMCID: PMC9506706 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleoside analogs are an important class of antiviral agents. Due to the high hydrophilicity and limited membrane permeability of antiviral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (AVNAs), transporters play critical roles in AVNA pharmacokinetics. Understanding the properties of these transporters is important to accelerate translational research for AVNAs. AREAS COVERED The roles of key transporters in the pharmacokinetics of 25 approved AVNAs were reviewed. Clinically relevant information that can be explained by the modulation of transporter functions is also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Although the roles of transporters in the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of AVNAs have been well identified, more research is warranted to understand their roles in the distribution of AVNAs, especially to immune privileged compartments where treatment of viral infection is challenging. P-gp, MRP4, BCRP, and nucleoside transporters have shown extensive impacts in the disposition of AVNAs. It is highly recommended that the role of transporters should be investigated during the development of novel AVNAs. Clinically, co-administered inhibitors and genetic polymorphism of transporters are the two most frequently reported factors altering AVNA pharmacokinetics. Physiopathology conditions also regulate transporter activities, while their effects on pharmacokinetics need further exploration. Pharmacokinetic models could be useful for elucidating these complicated factors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbi Yang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Hafey MJ, Aleksunes LM, Bridges CC, Brouwer KR, Chien HC, Leslie EM, Hu S, Li Y, Shen J, Sparreboom A, Sprowl J, Tweedie D, Lai Y. Transporters and Toxicity: Insights from the International Transporter Consortium Workshop 4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:527-539. [PMID: 35546260 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, significant progress been made in elucidating the role of membrane transporters in altering drug disposition, with important toxicological consequences due to changes in localized concentrations of compounds. The topic of "Transporters and Toxicity" was recently highlighted as a scientific session at the International Transporter Consortium (ITC) Workshop 4 in 2021. The current white paper is not intended to be an extensive review on the topic of transporters and toxicity but an opportunity to highlight aspects of the role of transporters in various toxicities with clinically relevant implications as covered during the session. This includes a review of the role of solute carrier transporters in anticancer drug-induced organ injury, transporters as key players in organ barrier function, and the role of transporters in metal/metalloid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hafey
- ADME and Discovery Toxicology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christy C Bridges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Departments of Physiology and Lab Med and Path, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Division of Outcomes and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jinshan Shen
- Relay Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason Sprowl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
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Jouan E, Moreau A, Bruyere A, Alim K, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. Differential Inhibition of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (ENT1) Activity by Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 46:625-635. [PMID: 34275128 PMCID: PMC8286641 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 is a widely-expressed drug transporter, handling nucleoside analogues as well as endogenous nucleosides. ENT1 has been postulated to be inhibited by some marketed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). To obtain insights into this point, the interactions of 24 TKIs with ENT1 activity have been analyzed. Methods Inhibition of ENT1 activity was investigated in vitro through quantifying the decrease of [3H]-uridine uptake caused by TKIs in HAP1 ENT2-knockout cells, exhibiting selective ENT1 expression. TKI effects towards ENT1-mediated transport were additionally characterized in terms of their in vivo relevance and of their relationship to TKI molecular descriptors. Putative transport of the TKI lorlatinib by ENT1/ENT2 was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results Of 24 TKIs, 12 of them, each used at 10 µM, were found to behave as moderate or strong inhibitors of ENT1, i.e., they decreased ENT1 activity by at least 35%. This inhibition was concentration-dependent for at least the strongest ones (IC50 less than 10 µM) and was correlated with some molecular descriptors, especially with atom-type E-state indices. Lorlatinib was notably a potent in vitro inhibitor of ENT1/ENT2 (IC50 values around 1.0–2.5 µM) and was predicted to inhibit these nucleoside transporters at relevant clinical concentrations, without, however, being a substrate for them. Conclusion Our data unambiguously add ENT1 to the list of drug transporters inhibited by TKIs, especially by lorlatinib. This point likely merits attention in terms of possible drug–drug interactions, notably for nucleoside analogues, whose ENT1-mediated uptake into their target cells may be hampered by co-administrated TKIs such as lorlatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyere
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Karima Alim
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Placental Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:505-548. [PMID: 31571173 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is the only organ linking two different individuals, mother and fetus, termed as blood-placental barrier. The functions of the blood-placental barrier are to regulate material transfer between the maternal and fetal circulation. The main functional units are the chorionic villi within which fetal blood is separated by only three or four cell layers (placental membrane) from maternal blood in the surrounding intervillous space. A series of drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-GP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP4A1, OATP1A2, OATP1B3, and OATP3A1), organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN1 and OCTN2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1 and ENT2) have been demonstrated on the apical membrane of syncytiotrophoblast, some of which also expressed on the basolateral membrane of syncytiotrophoblast or fetal capillary endothelium. These transporters are involved in transport of most drugs in the placenta, in turn, affecting drug distribution in fetus. Moreover, expressions of these transporters in the placenta often vary along with the gestational ages and are also affected by pathophysiological factor. This chapter will mainly illustrate function and expression of these transporters in placentas, their contribution to drug distribution in fetus, and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Nishimura T, Sano Y, Takahashi Y, Noguchi S, Uchida Y, Takagi A, Tanaka T, Katakura S, Nakashima E, Tachikawa M, Maruyama T, Terasaki T, Tomi M. Quantification of ENT1 and ENT2 Proteins at the Placental Barrier and Contribution of These Transporters to Ribavirin Uptake. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3917-3922. [PMID: 31520644 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study are to quantify the protein levels of nucleoside transporters in placental microvillous membranes (MVMs) and to clarify the contributions of these transporters to ribavirin uptake at the placental barrier. Placental MVMs of human and rat expressed equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 protein, whereas the expression of ENT2 protein was obscure. Maternal-to-fetal transfer of [3H]ribavirin in rats was much higher than that of [14C]sucrose. The uptake of [3H]ribavirin by rat placental trophoblast TR-TBT 18 d-1 cells, which functionally express both ENT1 and ENT2 proteins, was saturable, and was significantly inhibited by 0.1 μM nitrobenzylthioinosine, which selectively abolishes ENT1-mediated uptake. Dipyridamole at 10 μM is capable of inhibiting ENT2 as well as ENT1, but a degree of inhibition by 10 μM dipyridamole on [3H]ribavirin uptake was not much different from that by 0.1 μM nitrobenzylthioinosine (ENT1-specific inhibitor). Therefore, ENT2 may contribute little to [3H]ribavirin uptake by these cells. Rat ENT1 cRNA-injected oocytes showed increased [3H]ribavirin uptake compared with water-injected oocytes, while rat ENT2 cRNA-injected oocytes did not. In conclusion, ENT1 protein expressed in placental MVMs appears to play a predominant role in the uptake of ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishimura
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sano
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Saki Noguchi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akinori Takagi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Laboratory of Applied Therapeutics, Center for Education and Research on Clinical Pharmacy, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Satomi Katakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Emi Nakashima
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maruyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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Transport of ribavirin across the rat and human placental barrier: Roles of nucleoside and ATP-binding cassette drug efflux transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nitrobenzylthioinosine mimics adenosine to attenuate the epileptiform discharge of hippocampal neurons from epileptic rats. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35573-35582. [PMID: 28415676 PMCID: PMC5482599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), a specific inhibitor of type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter, could regulate the extracellular adenosine concentration and have protective roles in seizures. However, the protection mechanism of NBTI in seizures remains poorly understood. Here, the expression pattern and subcellular distribution of adenosine A1 receptor were detected by Western blot analysis and double-labeling immunofluorescence staining in Lithium Chloride-Pilocarpine induced epileptic rat model. At 24 h after pilocarpine induced rat seizures, hippocampal slices were prepared and the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) amplitude of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1 region was recorded using whole-cell patch clamp. In vivo, compared to control group, Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of adenosine A1 receptor protein was increased at 24 h and 72 h after seizure, didn't change at 0 min and 1 w, and decreased at 2 w. Double-label immunofluorescence revealed that adenosine A1 receptor was mainly expressed in the membrane and cytoplasm of neurons. In Vitro, adenosine decreased the eEPSCs amplitude of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1 region, NBTI also had the same effect. Meantime, NBTI could further inhibit eEPSCs amplitude on the basis of lower concentration adenosine (50μM), and adenosine A1 receptor inhibitor DPCPX partially reversed this effect. Taken together, we confirmed that the expression of adenosine A1 receptor protein was increased in the early seizures and decreased in the late seizures. At the same time, NBTI mimics adenosine to attenuate the epileptiform discharge through adenosine A1 receptor, which might provide a novel therapeutic approach toward the control of epilepsy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) is a fundamental pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter driven predominantly by passive processes and physicochemical properties of the compound. Human Vdss can be estimated using in silico mechanistic methods or empirically scaled from Vdss values obtained from preclinical species. In this study the accuracy and the complementarity of these two approaches are analyzed leveraging a large data set (over 150 marketed drugs). METHODS For all the drugs analyzed in this study experimental in vitro measurements of LogP, plasma protein binding and pKa are used as input for the mechanistic in silico model to predict human Vdss. The software used for predicting human tissue partition coefficients and Vdss based on the method described by Rodgers and Rowland is made available as supporting information. RESULTS This assessment indicates that overall the in silico mechanistic model presented by Rodgers and Rowland is comparably accurate or superior to empirical approaches based on the extrapolation of in vivo data from preclinical species. CONCLUSIONS These results illustrate the great potential of mechanistic in silico models to accurately predict Vdss in humans. This in silico method does not rely on in vivo data and is, consequently, significantly time and resource sparing. The success of this in silico model further suggests that reasonable predictability of Vdss in preclinical species could be obtained by a similar process.
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The Placental Barrier: the Gate and the Fate in Drug Distribution. Pharm Res 2018; 35:71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Miura T, Tachikawa M, Ohtsuka H, Fukase K, Nakayama S, Sakata N, Motoi F, Naitoh T, Katayose Y, Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T, Unno M. Application of Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics to Profile Protein Expression Changes of Hepatic Transporters and Metabolizing Enzymes During Cholic Acid-Promoted Liver Regeneration. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2499-2508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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