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Leung C, Liu J, Cunico K, Johnson K, Yan Z, Cai J. An Integrated Hepatocyte Stability Assay for Simultaneous Metabolic Stability Assessment and Metabolite Profiling. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:377-389. [PMID: 38438166 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The determination of metabolic stability is critical for drug discovery programs, allowing for the optimization of chemical entities and compound prioritization. As such, it is common to perform high-volume in vitro metabolic stability experiments early in the lead optimization process to understand metabolic liabilities. Additional metabolite identification experiments are subsequently performed for a more comprehensive understanding of the metabolic clearance routes to aid medicinal chemists in the structural design of compounds. Collectively, these experiments require extensive sample preparation and a substantial amount of time and resources. To overcome the challenges, a high-throughput integrated assay for simultaneous hepatocyte metabolic stability assessment and metabolite profiling was developed. This assay platform consists of four parts: 1) an automated liquid-handling system for sample preparation and incubation, 2) a liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based system to simultaneously monitor the parent compound depletion and metabolite formation, 3) an automated data analysis and report system for hepatic clearance assessment; and 4) streamlined autobatch processing for software-based metabolite profiling. The assay platform was evaluated using eight control compounds with various metabolic rates and biotransformation routes in hepatocytes across three species. Multiple sample preparation and data analysis steps were evaluated and validated for accuracy, repeatability, and metabolite coverage. The combined utility of an automated liquid-handling instrument, a high-resolution mass spectrometer, and multiple streamlined data processing software improves the process of these highly demanding screening assays and allows for simultaneous determination of metabolic stability and metabolite profiles for more efficient lead optimization during early drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Metabolic stability assessment and metabolite profiling are pivotal in drug discovery to fully comprehend metabolic liabilities for chemical entity optimization and lead selection. Process of these assays can be repetitive and resource demanding. Here, we developed an integrated hepatocyte stability assay that combines automation, high-resolution mass spectrometers, and batch-processing software to improve and combine the workflow of these assays. The integrated approach allows simultaneous metabolic stability assessment and metabolite profiling, significantly accelerating screening and lead optimization in a resource-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leung
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine Cunico
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Pope JD, Drummer OH, Schneider HG. False-Positive Amphetamines in Urine Drug Screens: A 6-Year Review. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:263-270. [PMID: 36367744 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoassays are routinely used to provide rapid urine drug screening results in the clinical setting. These screening tests are prone to false-positive results and ideally require confirmation by mass spectrometry. In this study, we have examined a large number of urine specimens where drugs other than amphetamines may have caused a false-positive amphetamine immunoassay screening result. Urine drug screens (12,250) in a clinical laboratory that used the CEDIA amphetamine/ecstasy method were reviewed for false-positive results over a 6-year period (2015-2020). An additional 3,486 referred samples, for which confirmatory--mass spectrometry was requested, were also reviewed. About 86 in-house samples and 175 referral samples that were CEDIA false-positive screens were further analyzed by an LC-QTOF general unknown screen. Potential cross-reacting drugs were identified, and their molecular similarities to the CEDIA targets were determined. Commercial standards were also analyzed for cross-reactivity in the amphetamine/ecstasy CEDIA screen. Positive amphetamine results in 3.9% of in-house samples and 9.9% of referred tests for confirmatory analysis were false positive for amphetamines. Of these false-positive specimens, on average, 6.8 drugs were detected by the LC-QTOF screen. Several drugs were identified as possible cross-reacting drugs to the CEDIA amphetamine/ecstasy assay. Maximum common substructure scores for 70 potential cross-reacting compounds were calculated. This was not helpful in identifying cross-reacting drugs. False-positive amphetamine screens make up to 3.9-9.9% of positive amphetamine screens in the clinical laboratory. Knowledge of cross-reacting drugs may be helpful when mass spectrometry testing is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Pope
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Hans G Schneider
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Characterization of the Stereoselective Disposition of Bupropion and Its Metabolites in Rat Plasma and Brain. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:171-187. [PMID: 36823342 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid; its use is associated with wide intersubject variability in efficacy and safety. Knowledge of the brain pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its pharmacologically active metabolites is considered important for understanding the cause-effect relationships driving this variability. METHODS Brain concentrations from rats administered a 10 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of racemic bupropion were analyzed using a stereoselective LC/MS-MS method. A 2 mg/kg dose of (S,S)-hydroxybupropion, which has comparable pharmacologic potency to bupropion, was administered to a separate group of rats. Plasma exposure and unbound concentrations in both matrices from companion equilibrium dialysis experiments were determined to assess potential carrier-mediated transport at the blood-brain barrier. RESULTS Exposures to unbound forms of bupropion enantiomers were similar in plasma; this was also true in brain. This trend held for reductive diastereomer metabolite pairs in the two matrices. Unbound (R,R)-hydroxybupropion exposure was 1.5-fold higher than (S,S)-hydroxybupropion exposure in plasma and brain following bupropion administration. Unbound concentration ratios (Kp,uu) of a given molecular form decreased over time: between 4 and 6 h, these were < 1 for the two bupropion enantiomers, and they were ~ 1 for metabolites that formed. Administration of preformed (S,S)-hydroxybupropion also demonstrated a declining Kp,uu. CONCLUSIONS The temporal shift in Kp,uu among the different molecular forms provides evidence regarding the operation of carrier-mediated transport and/or within-brain metabolism of bupropion, and, thereby, fresh insight regarding the causes of intersubject variability in the safety and efficacy of bupropion therapy.
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Kharasch ED, Neiner A, Kraus K, Blood J, Stevens A, Miller JP, Lenze EJ. Stereoselective Steady-State Disposition and Bioequivalence of Brand and Generic Bupropion in Adults. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:1036-1048. [PMID: 32386065 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant bupropion is stereoselectively metabolized and metabolite enantiomers have differential pharmacologic effects, but steady-state enantiomeric disposition is unknown. Controversy persists about bupropion XL 300 mg generic equivalence to brand product, and whether generics might have different stereoselective disposition leading to enantiomeric non-bioequivalence and, thus, clinical nonequivalence. This preplanned follow-on analysis of a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, crossover study of brand and 3 generic bupropion XL 300 mg products measured steady-state enantiomeric plasma and urine parent bupropion and primary and secondary metabolite concentrations and evaluated bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics. Steady-state plasma and urine bupropion disposition was markedly stereoselective, with up to 40-fold differences in plasma concentrations of the active metabolite S,S-hydroxybupropion vs. R,R,-hydroxybupropion. Urine metabolite glucuronides were prominent, but glucuronidation was metabolite-specific and enantioselective. There were no differences between any generic and brand, or between generics, in plasma enantiomer concentrations of bupropion or the major metabolites. All generic products satisfied formal bioequivalence criteria (peak plasma concentration (Cmax ) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve over 24 hours (AUC0-24 )) using enantiomers for bupropion as well as for metabolites, and generics were comparable to each other, and were considered bioequivalent, based on enantiomeric analysis. Enantiomeric bioequivalence explains the previously observed therapeutic equivalence of bupropion generics and brand in treating major depression. These results have important implications for understanding the clinical therapeutic effects of bupropion based on complex and stereoselective metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alicia Neiner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristin Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jane Blood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Angela Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J Philip Miller
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Bhattacharya C, Kirby D, Van Stipdonk M, Stratford RE. Comparison of In Vitro Stereoselective Metabolism of Bupropion in Human, Monkey, Rat, and Mouse Liver Microsomes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:261-274. [PMID: 30298475 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid associated with wide intersubject variability. This study compared the formation kinetics of three phase I metabolites (hydroxybupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion) in human, marmoset, rat, and mouse liver microsomes. The objective was to establish suitability and limitations for subsequent use of nonclinical species to model bupropion central nervous system (CNS) disposition in humans. METHODS Hepatic microsomal incubations were conducted separately for the R- and S-bupropion enantiomers, and the formation of enantiomer-specific metabolites was determined using LC-MS/MS. Intrinsic formation clearance (CLint) of metabolites across the four species was determined from the formation rate versus substrate concentration relationship. RESULTS The total clearance of S-bupropion was higher than that of R-bupropion in monkey and human liver microsomes. The contribution of hydroxybupropion to the total racemic bupropion clearance was 38%, 62%, 17%, and 96% in human, monkey, rat, and mouse, respectively. In the same species order, threohydrobupropion contributed 53%, 23%, 17%, and 3%, and erythrohydrobupropion contributed 9%, 14%, 66%, and 1.3%, respectively, to racemic bupropion clearance. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that phase I metabolism in monkeys best approximates that observed in humans, and support the preferred use of this species to investigate possible pharmacokinetic factors that influence the CNS disposition of bupropion and contribute to its high intersubject variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrali Bhattacharya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Danielle Kirby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Michael Van Stipdonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA. .,Indiana University School of Medicine, Research II, Suite 480, 950 W. Walnut St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5188, USA. .,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Shen Y, Yu Y, Lai W, Li S, Xu Z, Jin J, Yan X, Xing H, Chen X, Xiong A, Xia C, He J, Hong K. Evaluation of a Potential Clinical Significant Drug-Drug Interaction between Digoxin and Bupropion in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Pharm Res 2018; 36:1. [PMID: 30402714 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A three-period digoxin-bupropion drug-drug interaction study was performed in cynomolgus monkeys to assess the effect of bupropion and its metabolites on digoxin disposition. METHODS Monkeys were administered either an i.v. infusion (0.1 mg/kg) or an oral dose of digoxin (0.2 mg/kg) as control. In single-dosing period, monkeys received an i.v. infusion of bupropion at 1.5 mg/kg together with an infusion or oral dosing of digoxin, respectively. During multiple-dosing period, bupropion was orally administered q.d. at 7.72 mg/kg for 12-day. Then it was co-administered with an i.v. infusion or oral dosing of digoxin, respectively. Renal expression of OATP4C1 and P-gp was examined. RESULTS Bupropion significantly increased i.v. digoxin CLrenal0-48h by 1 fold in single-dosing period. But it had no effect on the systemic disposition of digoxin. In multiple-dosing period, bupropion significantly increased oral digoxin CLrenal0-48h, CLtotal0-48h, CLnon-renal0-48h and decreased its plasma exposure. Bupropion and its metabolites did not alter creatinine clearance. OATP4C1 was located at the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells, while P-gp was on the apical membrane. CONCLUSIONS The effect of multiple dosing with bupropion on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin is more pronounced. The magnitude of increase in digoxin CLrenal0-48h contributed to the decrease in AUC of digoxin in some extent, but certainly is not the major driving force. The lack of systemic exposure after a single dose but a significant decrease in exposure mediated by an increase in the digoxin CLnon-renal0-48h with repeated dosing is likely to be the more clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China.,The Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China.,Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Department of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue No. 461, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiejing Jin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China
| | - Han Xing
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Department of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue No. 461, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China.
| | - Jiake He
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Kui Hong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi,, China.,The Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Minde Road No.1, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
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Bishop-Freeman SC, Hensel EM, Feaster MS, Winecker RE. Degradation of Bupropion: Implications for Interpretation of Postmortem Case Data. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:525-536. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bishop-Freeman
- North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Raleigh, NC, USA
- UNC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erin M Hensel
- North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marc S Feaster
- North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ruth E Winecker
- North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Raleigh, NC, USA
- UNC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Connarn JN, Flowers S, Kelly M, Luo R, Ward KM, Harrington G, Moncion I, Kamali M, McInnis M, Feng MR, Ellingrod V, Babiskin A, Zhang X, Sun D. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of Bupropion in Three Different Formulations with Different Release Kinetics in Healthy Human Volunteers. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1513-1522. [PMID: 28685396 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this pharmacokinetics (PK) study was to investigate whether different release kinetics from bupropion hydrochloride (HCl) immediate release (IR), sustained release (SR), and extended release (ER) formulations alter its metabolism and to test the hypothesis that the unsuccessful bioequivalence (BE) study of the higher strength (300 mg) of bupropion HCl ER tablets based on the successful BE study of the lower strength (150 mg) was due to metabolic saturation in the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen. A randomized six-way crossover study was conducted in healthy volunteers. During each period, subjects took a single dose of IR (75/100 mg), SR (100/150 mg), or ER (150/300 mg) formulations of bupropion HCl; plasma samples for PK analysis were collected from 0-96 h for all formulations. In addition, each subject's whole blood was collected for the genotyping of various single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of bupropion's major metabolic enzymes. The data indicates that the relative bioavailability of the ER formulations was 72.3-78.8% compared with IR 75 mg. No differences were observed for ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) of metabolite to AUC of parent for the three major metabolites. The pharmacogenomics analysis suggested no statistically significant correlation between polymorphisms and PK parameters of the various formulations. Altogether, these data suggested that the different release kinetics of the formulations did not change metabolites-to-parent ratio. Therefore, the differing BE result between the 150 and 300 mg bupropion HCl ER tablets was unlikely due to the metabolic saturation in the GI lumen caused by different release patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Connarn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - Stephanie Flowers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marisa Kelly
- Prechter Bipolar Research Group, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruijuan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - Kristen M Ward
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gloria Harrington
- Prechter Bipolar Research Group, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ila Moncion
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - Masoud Kamali
- Prechter Bipolar Research Group, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melivin McInnis
- Prechter Bipolar Research Group, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Meihua R Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - Vicki Ellingrod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA.
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Connarn JN, Luo R, Windak J, Zhang X, Babiskin A, Kelly M, Harrington G, Ellingrod VL, Kamali M, McInnis M, Sun D. Identification of non-reported bupropion metabolites in human plasma. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:550-560. [PMID: 27723114 PMCID: PMC5132048 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bupropion and its three active metabolites exhibit clinical efficacy in the treatment of major depression, seasonal depression and smoking cessation. The pharmacokinetics of bupropion in humans is highly variable. It is not known if there are any non‐reported metabolites formed in humans in addition to the three known active metabolites. This paper reports newly identified and non‐reported metabolites of bupropion in human plasma samples. Human subjects were dosed with a single oral dose of 75 mg of an immediate release bupropion HCl tablet. Plasma samples were collected and analysed by LC–MS/MS at 0, 6 and 24 h. Two non‐reported metabolites (M1 and M3) were identified with mass‐to‐charge (m/z) ratios of 276 (M1, hydration of bupropion) and 258 (M3, hydroxylation of threo/erythrohydrobupropion) from human plasma in addition to the known hydroxybupropion, threo/erythrohydrobupropion and the glucuronidation products of the major metabolites (M2 and M4–M7). These new metabolites may provide new insight and broaden the understanding of bupropion's variability in clinical pharmacokinetics. © 2016 The Authors Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Connarn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ruijuan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jim Windak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Marisa Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Gloria Harrington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Vicki L Ellingrod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Masoud Kamali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Melvin McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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