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Sakai Y, Matsumura M, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Culture methods focusing on bile canalicular formation using primary human hepatocytes in a short time. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:606-614. [PMID: 37682508 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of models for predicting hepatotoxicity is warranted, as the hepatotoxicity risk of 38-51% of compounds is undetectable in nonclinical studies. Cholestatic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a condition in which bile acids are abnormally excreted into the capillary bile canaliculi and are accumulated in hepatocytes, caused by the inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP), a transporter that is mainly associated with excretion of bile acids. Although laboratory animals are used as models, the use of human-derived cells is required owing to species differences. Unfortunately, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) show rapid loss of function in culture and difficulties in forming bile canaliculi. Therefore, we aimed to develop an in vitro culture method for the efficient formation of bile canaliculi and for assessing the function of BSEP in PHHs. Here, PHHs were cultured from 1 h after thawing to day 2 with Z-VAD-FMK, a total caspase inhibitor, and RevitaCell™ supplement, an irreversible Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, in combination with RM-101. The PHHs formed bile canaliculi and showed BSEP function on day 6 of culture. Our findings suggest that cultured PHHs may improve the prediction accuracy of the risks of cholestatic DILI-contained toxicity on bile canaliculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masanari Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lee W, Koyama S, Morita K, Kiriake A, Kikuchi R, Chu X, Lee N, Scialis RJ, Shen H, Kimoto E, Tremaine L, Ishiguro N, Lotz R, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Cell-to-Medium Concentration Ratio Overshoot in the Uptake of Statins by Human Hepatocytes in Suspension, but Not in Monolayer: Kinetic Analysis Suggesting a Partial Loss of Functional OATP1Bs. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:133. [PMID: 33063163 PMCID: PMC7561564 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Suspended human hepatocytes (SHH) have long been used in assessing hepatic drug uptake, while plated human hepatocytes in short-term monolayer culture (PHH) have gained use in recent years. This study aimed to cross-evaluate SHH and PHH in measuring the hepatic uptake mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide 1Bs (OATP1Bs). We compared the time courses of cell-to-medium (C/M) concentration ratios and initial uptake clearance values of the OATP1B substrates (pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, cerivastatin, pravastatin, dehydropravastatin, and SC-62807) between SHH and PHH. For all compounds except cerivastatin, the C/M ratios in SHH displayed an apparent overshoot (an initial increase followed by a decrease) during the 180-min uptake experiment, but not in PHH. Based on the literature evidence suggesting the possible internalization of OATP1Bs in primary hepatocytes, separate experiments measured the drug uptake after varying lengths of pre-incubation in the drug-free medium. The initial uptake clearances of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin declined in SHH beyond an apparent threshold time of 20-min drug-free pre-incubation, but not in PHH. Kinetic modeling quantitatively captured the decline in the active uptake clearance in SHH, and more than half of the active uptake clearances of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin were prone to loss during the 180-min uptake experiment. These results suggested a partial, time-delayed loss of the functional OATP1Bs in SHH upon prolonged incubation. Our results indicate that PHH is more appropriate for experiments where a prolonged incubation is required, such as estimation of unbound hepatocyte-to-medium concentration ratio (Kp,uu) at the steady-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoe Morita
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aya Kiriake
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Merck & Co., Inc, North Wales, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nora Lee
- Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Hong Shen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emi Kimoto
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Larry Tremaine
- Tremaine DMPK Consulting LLC, Merritt Island, Florida, USA
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ralf Lotz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Utility of Three-Dimensional Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes (Spheroids) as Pharmacokinetic Models. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100374. [PMID: 32977664 PMCID: PMC7598599 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the usefulness, current status, and potential of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) in three-dimensional (3D) cultures, also known as spheroids, in the field of pharmacokinetics (PK). Predicting PK and toxicity means pharmaceutical research can be conducted more efficiently. Various in vitro test systems using human hepatocytes have been proposed as tools to detect hepatic toxicity at an early stage in the drug development process. However, such evaluation requires long-term, low-level exposure to the test compound, and conventional screening systems such as PHHs in planar (2D) culture, in which the cells can only survive for a few days, are unsuitable for this purpose. In contrast, spheroids consisting of PHH are reported to retain the functional characteristics of human liver for at least 35 days. Here, we introduce a fundamental PK and toxicity assessment model of PHH spheroids and describe their applications for assessing species-specific metabolism, enzyme induction, and toxicity, focusing on our own work in these areas. The studies outlined in this paper may provide important information for pharmaceutical companies to reduce termination of development of drug candidates.
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Hurrell T, Segeritz CP, Vallier L, Lilley KS, Cromarty AD. A proteomic time course through the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3270. [PMID: 30824743 PMCID: PMC6397265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous in vitro models endeavour to mimic the characteristics of primary human hepatocytes for applications in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical science. Mature hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are one such in vitro model. Due to insufficiencies in transcriptome to proteome correlation, characterising the proteome of HLCs is essential to provide a suitable framework for their continual optimization. Here we interrogated the proteome during stepwise differentiation of hiPSCs into HLCs over 40 days. Whole cell protein lysates were collected and analysed using stabled isotope labelled mass spectrometry based proteomics. Quantitative proteomics identified over 6,000 proteins in duplicate multiplexed labelling experiments across two different time course series. Inductive cues in differentiation promoted sequential acquisition of hepatocyte specific markers. Analysis of proteins classically assigned as hepatic markers demonstrated trends towards maximum relative abundance between differentiation day 30 and 32. Characterisation of abundant proteins in whole cells provided evidence of the time dependent transition towards proteins corresponding with the functional repertoire of the liver. This data highlights how far the proteome of undifferentiated precursors have progressed to acquire a hepatic phenotype and constructs a platform for optimisation and improved maturation of HLC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Hurrell
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa. .,Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom.
| | - Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.,University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.,University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Allan D Cromarty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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Ogihara T, Hosono M, Kojima H. [Further investigation of 3D culture spheroid models of human hepatocytes]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:235-241. [PMID: 31092757 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultured hepatocyte capable of maintaining liver-specific function in an in vivo state over a relatively long period of time have drawn attention as a new method for evaluating the metabolic process, hepatotoxicity and enzyme induction potential of drugs. When human hepatocytes were seeded on a plate for spheroid formation, and cell morphology and albumin secretion were examined, hepatocyte spheroid was stably maintained for at least 21 days after seeding. As a result of drug exposure to this spheroid, sequential metabolic reactions by Phase I and Phase II enzymes and metabolic reactions peculiar to only humans were observed. Moreover, when several drugs were exposed to spheroids and hepatotoxicity was evaluated, stable values were obtained for the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of albumin secretion at 14 and 21 days. The IC50 values of most of the tested drugs were lower than in conventional assays, suggesting that the reported evaluation methods might underestimate hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, examination of mRNA expression level and activity of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) after exposure of typical inducers of CYPs to hepatocyte spheroid resulted in a significant increase in the expression level and activity of each. From these results, it was shown that this 3D hepatocyte spheroid system is suitable for follow-up of metabolic processes, long-term tests of hepatotoxicity and enzyme activity induction potential of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Ogihara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Mayu Hosono
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Hurrell T, Lilley KS, Cromarty AD. Proteomic responses of HepG2 cell monolayers and 3D spheroids to selected hepatotoxins. Toxicol Lett 2019; 300:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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