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Bodenlenz M, Yeoh T, Berstein G, Mathew S, Shah J, Banfield C, Hollingshead B, Steyn SJ, Osgood SM, Beaumont K, Kainz S, Holeček C, Trausinger G, Raml R, Birngruber T. Comparative Study of Dermal Pharmacokinetics Between Topical Drugs Using Open Flow Microperfusion in a Pig Model. Pharm Res 2024; 41:223-234. [PMID: 38158503 PMCID: PMC10879402 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate methods to determine dermal pharmacokinetics are important to increase the rate of clinical success in topical drug development. We investigated in an in vivo pig model whether the unbound drug concentration in the interstitial fluid as determined by dermal open flow microperfusion (dOFM) is a more reliable measure of dermal exposure compared to dermal biopsies for seven prescription or investigational drugs. In addition, we verified standard dOFM measurement using a recirculation approach and compared dosing frequencies (QD versus BID) and dose strengths (high versus low drug concentrations). METHODS Domestic pigs were topically administered seven different drugs twice daily in two studies. On day 7, drug exposures in the dermis were assessed in two ways: (1) dOFM provided the total and unbound drug concentrations in dermal interstitial fluid, and (2) clean punch biopsies after heat separation provided the total concentrations in the upper and lower dermis. RESULTS dOFM showed sufficient intra-study precision to distinguish interstitial fluid concentrations between different drugs, dose frequencies and dose strengths, and had good reproducibility between studies. Biopsy concentrations showed much higher and more variable values. Standard dOFM measurements were consistent with values obtained with the recirculation approach. CONCLUSIONS dOFM pig model is a robust and reproducible method to directly determine topical drug concentration in dermal interstitial fluid. Dermal biopsies were a less reliable measure of dermal exposure due to possible contributions from drug bound to tissue and drug associated with skin appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bodenlenz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gabriel Berstein
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shibin Mathew
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jaymin Shah
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Brett Hollingshead
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stefanus J Steyn
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah M Osgood
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin Beaumont
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sonja Kainz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Holeček
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gert Trausinger
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Reingard Raml
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Weiermair T, Svehlikova E, Magnes C, Boulgaropoulos B, Altendorfer-Kroath T, Hummer J, Eberl A. Implementation and validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG in cerebral interstitial fluid and plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115844. [PMID: 37979522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous endocannabinoids such as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are involved in the patho-biochemistry of several neurological diseases and have been associated with mood-enhancing phenomena. Although they have been intensively studied in recent years, accurate and reliable quantification of these analytes in cerebral interstitial fluid (cISF) to elucidate their neuro-modulatory role is still challenging. Moreover, there is a need for an analytical method that can analyze plasma in addition to cISF and is thus able to address research questions in both preclinical and clinical studies. Aim was to implement a method for simultaneous quantification of AEA and 2-AG in cISF and plasma, to validate it by taking the requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration into account, and to test its usability in three different case studies. A UHPLC-MS/MS method with preceding liquid-liquid extraction to determine AEA and 2-AG in cISF and plasma was successfully implemented, and the parameters selectivity, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, carry-over and stability met the validation criteria. The usability of the analytical method was demonstrated in an in vitro study with cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM), an in vivo cOFM study in rats, and a clinical study in human plasma. The developed method allowed quantification of AEA and 2-AG in the biologically relevant concentration ranges in cISF and plasma. The availability of a reliable, complementary, time-resolved dataset of endocannabinoid concentrations in both matrices can be of considerable future importance for the evaluation of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Weiermair
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Eva Svehlikova
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Magnes
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Beate Boulgaropoulos
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, Graz 8010, Austria; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Altendorfer-Kroath
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Joanna Hummer
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Anita Eberl
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, Graz 8010, Austria.
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Altendorfer-Kroath T, Asslaber M, Hummer J, Boulgaropoulos B, Prietl B, Pieber TR, Bernhart E, Birngruber T. Atraumatic Access to Human Glioblastoma in a Xenograft Animal Model by Cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 393:109893. [PMID: 37217139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic xenograft studies promote the development of targeted/personalized therapies to improve the still poor life expectancy of glioblastoma patients. NEW METHOD We implemented an atraumatic access to glioblastoma with cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion (cOFM) by implantation of xenograft cells in rat brain with intact blood brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent development of a xenograft glioblastoma at the interface between the cOFM probe and surrounding brain tissue. Human glioma U87MG cells were implanted at a well-defined position into immunodeficient Rowett nude rat´s brain via cOFM (cOFM group) and syringe (control group). Characteristics of the mature tumors from both groups were assessed. RESULTS For the first time xenograft cells were successfully introduced into rat brain with intact BBB using cOFM, and the tumor tissue developing around the cOFM probe was unaffected by the presence of the probe. Thereby an atraumatic access to the tumor was created. The success rate of glioblastoma development in the cOFM group was high (>70%). The mature cOFM-induced tumors (20-23 days after cell-implantation) resembled the syringe-induced ones and showed typical features of human glioblastoma. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Examining xenograft tumor microenvironment with currently available methods inevitably causes trauma that could affect the reliability of obtained data. CONCLUSION This novel atraumatic access to human glioblastoma in rat brain provides the possibility to collect interstitial fluid from functional tumor tissue in vivo without trauma generation. Thereby, reliable data can be generated promoting drug research, biomarker identification, and enabling investigation of the BBB of an intact tumor. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Original data are available upon request from the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Altendorfer-Kroath
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies (HEALTH), Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Martin Asslaber
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joanna Hummer
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies (HEALTH), Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Boulgaropoulos
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies (HEALTH), Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Prietl
- CBmed GmbH Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Stiftingtalstrasse 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies (HEALTH), Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; CBmed GmbH Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Stiftingtalstrasse 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cellular Signal Transduction, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Technologies (HEALTH), Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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