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Loryan I, Reichel A, Feng B, Bundgaard C, Shaffer C, Kalvass C, Bednarczyk D, Morrison D, Lesuisse D, Hoppe E, Terstappen GC, Fischer H, Di L, Colclough N, Summerfield S, Buckley ST, Maurer TS, Fridén M. Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain-a Game Changing Parameter for CNS Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1321-1341. [PMID: 35411506 PMCID: PMC9246790 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More than 15 years have passed since the first description of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) by Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, which was enabled by advancements in experimental methodologies including cerebral microdialysis. Since then, growing knowledge and data continue to support the notion that the unbound (free) concentration of a drug at the site of action, such as the brain, is the driving force for pharmacological responses. Towards this end, Kp,uu,brain is the key parameter to obtain unbound brain concentrations from unbound plasma concentrations. METHODS To understand the importance and impact of the Kp,uu,brain concept in contemporary drug discovery and development, a survey has been conducted amongst major pharmaceutical companies based in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the results from this survey which consisted of 47 questions addressing: 1) Background information of the companies, 2) Implementation, 3) Application areas, 4) Methodology, 5) Impact and 6) Future perspectives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS From the responses, it is clear that the majority of the companies (93%) has established a common understanding across disciplines of the concept and utility of Kp,uu,brain as compared to other parameters related to brain exposure. Adoption of the Kp,uu,brain concept has been mainly driven by individual scientists advocating its application in the various companies rather than by a top-down approach. Remarkably, 79% of all responders describe the portfolio impact of Kp,uu,brain implementation in their companies as 'game-changing'. Although most companies (74%) consider the current toolbox for Kp,uu,brain assessment and its validation satisfactory for drug discovery and early development, areas of improvement and future research to better understand human brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics translation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Bo Feng
- DMPK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaffer
- External Innovation, Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory Kalvass
- DMPK-BA, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Hoppe
- DMPK, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Fischer
- Translational PK/PD and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Scott Summerfield
- Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Noguchi S, Nishimura T, Mukaida S, Benet LZ, Nakashima E, Tomi M. Cellular Uptake of Levocetirizine by Organic Anion Transporter 4. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2895-2898. [PMID: 28385546 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of cetirizine, a nonsedating antihistamine, is profoundly affected by transporter-mediated membrane transport in the kidney. In this study, we aimed to investigate the transport mechanism of levocetirizine, the pharmacologically active enantiomer of cetirizine, via human organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4) expressed in the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules and the basal plasma membrane of placental syncytiotrophoblasts. In cells expressing human OAT4 under the control of tetracycline, levocetirizine uptake was increased by tetracycline treatment. On the other hand, OAT4 expression did not facilitate efflux of preloaded levocetirizine from the cells, either in the presence or absence of extracellular Cl-. The OAT4-mediated levocetirizine uptake was concentration-dependent with a Km of 38 μM. The uptake rate of levocetirizine via OAT4 was approximately twice that of racemic cetirizine, indicating stereoselective uptake of levocetirizine. On the other hand, OAT4-mediated [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate uptake was inhibited by dextrocetirizine and levocetirizine. Overall, our findings indicate that OAT4 mediates levocetirizine uptake but is unlikely to mediate the efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Saya Mukaida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0912
| | - Emi Nakashima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan.
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Waraich GS, Sidhu PK, Daundkar PS, Kaur G, Sharma SK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid following subcutaneous administration in domestic goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:429-438. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Waraich
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Science; Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; Ludhiana India
| | - P. K. Sidhu
- Animal Disease Research Centre; College of Veterinary Science; Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; Ludhiana India
| | - P. S. Daundkar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Science; Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; Ludhiana India
| | - G. Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology; College of Veterinary Science; Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; Ludhiana India
| | - S. K. Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Science; Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; Ludhiana India
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Hwang JH, Kim SE, Gupta MK, Lee H. Gnotobiotic Miniature Pig Interbreed Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer for Xenotransplantation. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:207-13. [PMID: 27459580 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animal producing technology has improved consistently over the last couple of decades. Among the available methods, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology was officially the most popular. However, SCNT has low efficiency and requires a highly skilled individual. Additionally, the allo-SCNT nuclear reprogramming mechanism is poorly understood in the gnotobiotic miniature pig, which is a candidate for xenotransplantation, making sampling in oocytes very difficult compared to commercial hybrid pigs. Therefore, interbreed SCNT (ibSCNT), which is a combination of miniature pig and commercial pig (Landrace based), was analyzed and was found to be similar to SCNT in terms of the rate of blastocyst formation (12.6% ± 2.9% vs. 15.5% ± 2.2%; p > 0.05). However, a significantly lower fusion rate was observed in the ibSCNT compared to normal SCNT with Landrace pig somatic cells (29.6% ± 0.8% vs. 65.0% ± 4.9%). Thus, the optimization of fusion parameters was necessary for efficient SCNT. Our results further revealed that ibSCNT by the whole-cell intracytoplasmic injection (WCICI) method had a significantly higher blastocyst forming efficiency than the electrofusion method (31.1 ± 8.5 vs. 15.5% ± 2.2%). The nuclear remodeling and the pattern of changes in acetylation at H3K9 residue were similar in both SCNT and ibSCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Hwang
- 1 Bio-Organ Research Center, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- 2 Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Gupta
- 4 Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, India
| | - HoonTaek Lee
- 1 Bio-Organ Research Center, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ramalingam B, Sidhu PK, Kaur G, Venkatachalam D, Rampal S. Mutant prevention concentration, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration, and modeling of enrofloxacin data established in diseased buffalo calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:529-36. [PMID: 25776301 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of enrofloxacin data using mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of enrofloxacin was conducted in febrile buffalo calves to optimize dosage regimen and to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The serum peak concentration (Cmax ), terminal half-life (t1/2 K10) , apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area) /F), and mean residence time (MRT) of enrofloxacin were 1.40 ± 0.27 μg/mL, 7.96 ± 0.86 h, 7.74 ± 1.26 L/kg, and 11.57 ± 1.01 h, respectively, following drug administration at dosage 12 mg/kg by intramuscular route. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and MPC of enrofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida were 0.055, 0.060, and 1.45 μg/mL, respectively. Modeling of ex vivo growth inhibition data to the sigmoid Emax equation provided AUC24 h /MIC values to produce effects of bacteriostatic (33 h), bactericidal (39 h), and bacterial eradication (41 h). The estimated daily dosage of enrofloxacin in febrile buffalo calves was 3.5 and 8.4 mg/kg against P. multocida/pathogens having MIC90 ≤0.125 and 0.30 μg/mL, respectively, based on the determined AUC24 h /MIC values by modeling PK/PD data. The lipopolysaccharide-induced fever had no direct effect on the antibacterial activity of the enrofloxacin and alterations in PK of the drug, and its metabolite will be beneficial for its use to treat infectious diseases caused by sensitive pathogens in buffalo species. In addition, in vitro MPC data in conjunction with in vivo PK data indicated that clinically it would be easier to eradicate less susceptible strains of P. multocida in diseased calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ramalingam
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P K Sidhu
- Animal Disease Research Centre, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - G Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - D Venkatachalam
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - S Rampal
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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6
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Rankovic Z. CNS Drug Design: Balancing Physicochemical Properties for Optimal Brain Exposure. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2584-608. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501535r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Rankovic
- Eli Lilly and Company, 893 South
Delaware Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Hiraoka K, Tashiro M, Grobosch T, Maurer M, Oda K, Toyohara J, Ishii K, Ishiwata K, Yanai K. Brain histamine H1 receptor occupancy measured by PET after oral administration of levocetirizine, a non-sedating antihistamine. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 14:199-206. [PMID: 25466429 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.989831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histamine H1 receptor (H1R) antagonists often have sedative side effects, which are caused by the blockade of the neural transmission of the histaminergic neurons. We examined the brain H1R occupancy (H1RO) and the subjective sleepiness of levocetirizine, a new second-generation antihistamine, comparing fexofenadine, another non-sedating antihistamine, as a negative active control. METHODS Eight healthy volunteers underwent positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with [(11)C]doxepin, a PET tracer that specifically binds to H1Rs, after a single oral administration of levocetirizine (5 mg), fexofenadine (60 mg) or placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Binding potential ratios and H1ROs in the cerebral cortices regions were calculated using placebo. Subjective sleepiness was assessed with the Line Analogue Rating Scale and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the mean brain H1RO after levocetirizine administration (8.1%; 95% CI: -9.8 to 26.0%) and fexofenadine administration (-8.0%; 95% CI: -26.7 to 10.6%). Similarly, subjective sleepiness was not significantly different between the two antihistamines and placebo. Neither subjective sleepiness nor plasma concentrations was significantly correlated with the brain H1RO of the two antihistamines. CONCLUSION At therapeutic dose, levocetirizine does not bind significantly to the brain H1Rs and does not induce significant sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hiraoka
- Tohoku University, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine , 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 , Japan
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Ali I, Al-Othman ZA, Al-Warthan A, Alam SD, Farooqi JA. Enantiomeric Separation and Simulation Studies of Pheniramine, Oxybutynin, Cetirizine, and Brinzolamide Chiral Drugs on Amylose-Based Columns. Chirality 2014; 26:136-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) New Delhi; India
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A. Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Dilshad Alam
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) New Delhi; India
| | - Javed A. Farooqi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences; Indira Gandhi National Open University; New Delhi India
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9
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Balaje R, Sidhu P, Kaur G, Rampal S. Mutant prevention concentration and PK–PD relationships of enrofloxacin for Pasteurella multocida in buffalo calves. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1114-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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The bioanalytical challenge of determining unbound concentration and protein binding for drugs. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:3033-50. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge regarding unbound concentrations is of vital importance when exploring the PK and PD of a drug. The accurate and reproducible determination of plasma protein binding and unbound concentrations for a compound/drug is a serious challenge for the bioanalytical laboratory. When the drug is in equilibrium with the binding protein(s), this equilibrium will shift when physiological conditions are not met. Furthermore, the true unbound fraction/concentration is unknown, and there are numerous publications in the scientific literature reporting and discussing data that have been produced without sufficient control of the parameters influencing the equilibrium. In this Review, different parameters affecting the equilibrium and analysis are discussed, together with suggestions on how to control these parameters in order to produce as trustworthy results for unbound concentrations/fractions as possible.
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Kitayama-Sugiyama C, Mochizuki N, Murata H, Katsura M, Kamei C. Attenuation of histamine-induced airway effects by intranasal application of levocetirizine in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:545-8. [PMID: 23855419 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.812653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the histamine-induced airway effect of levocetirizine, an active enantiomer of cetirizine, by intranasal application using ddY mice. Nasal rubbing and sneezing after histamine application into the nasal cavity were used as an index of histamine-induced airway effect in mice. Intranasal application of levocetirizine inhibited both nasal rubbing and sneezing concentration-dependently, and the ED50 values were 0.62 (0.51-0.77) and 0.70 (0.51-1.02) %/site for nasal rubbing and sneezing, respectively. ED50 values of cetirizine were 1.24 (1.02-1.59) and 1.35 (1.02-2.08) %/site for nasal rubbing and sneezing, respectively. Levocetirizine also inhibited nasal rubbing and sneezing when administered orally. These results clearly indicate that levocetirizine was about two times more potent than cetirizine by intranasal application, similar to the findings of the former's affinity for human histamine H1 receptors. In addition, the present findings raise the expectation of the development of levocetirizine nasal drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kitayama-Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yasuda Women's University , 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-Ku, Hiroshima 731-0153 , Japan
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Zhang C, Cui X, Yang Y, Gao F, Sun Y, Gu J, Fawcett JP, Yang W, Wang W. Pharmacokinetics of felbinac after intravenous administration of felbinac trometamol in rats. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:340-8. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.544422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Active-site concentrations of chemicals - are they a better predictor of effect than plasma/organ/tissue concentrations? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:215-20. [PMID: 20050843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Active-site concentrations can be defined as the concentrations of unbound, pharmacologically active substances at the site of action. In contrast, the total concentrations of the drug in plasma/organ/tissue also include the protein- or tissue-bound molecules that are pharmacologically inactive. Plasma and whole tissue concentrations are used as predictors of effects and side effects because of their ease of sampling, while the concentrations of unbound drug in tissue are more difficult to measure. However, with the introduction of microdialysis and subsequently developed techniques, it has become possible to test the free drug hypothesis. The brain is an interesting organ in this regard because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier with its tight junctions and active efflux and influx transporters. We have proposed that research into brain drug delivery be divided into three main areas: the rate of delivery (PS, CL(in)), the extent of delivery (K(p,uu)) and the non-specific affinity of the drug to brain tissue, described by the volume of distribution of unbound drug in the brain (V(u,brain)). In this way, the concentration of unbound drug at the target site can be estimated from the total brain concentration and the plasma concentration after measuring the fraction of unbound drug. Results so far fully support the theory that active site concentrations are the best predictors when active transport is present. However, there is an urgent need to collect more relevant data for predicting active site concentrations in tissues with active transporters in their plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sappal R, Chaudhary RK, Sandhu HS, Sidhu PK. Pharmacokinetics, urinary excretion and plasma protein binding of danofloxacin following intravenous administration in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Escuder-Gilabert L, Martínez-Gómez MA, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Microseparation techniques for the study of the enantioselectivity of drug-plasma protein binding. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:225-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bielory L, Leonov A. Stereoconfiguration of antiallergic and immunologic drugs. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:1-8; quiz 8-11, 36. [PMID: 18254475 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the concept of chirality and its current role in the pharmacology of antiallergic, antiasthmatic, and immunologic agents. DATA SOURCES Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed databases from 1950 to the present time were searched. STUDY SELECTION Articles that described the pharmacology of chiral antiallergic, antiasthmatic, and immunologic medications were used for this review. RESULTS Stereoselectivity affects the pharmacologic profiles of medications in different ways from class to class and within the classes. This summary illustrates that enantiomers differ not only in potency in receptor binding and physiologic effects but also in pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, metabolism, and clearance. Different enantiomers may produce unrelated pharmacologic effects as well. This review summarizes the variety of possible effects that different stereoisomers may produce and further underlines the importance of the purification and in-depth analysis of chiral compounds. CONCLUSION Chirality plays an important role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various pharmaceutical agents. The importance of stereoisomeric purity in the pharmacologic industry has increased during the past decade as demonstrated by the increased number of studies that examined the in vivo and in vitro effects produced by changes in stereoconfiguration of pharmaceutical agents. This review highlights such effects in certain frequently used medications used in the treatment of asthma and various allergic and immunologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bielory
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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Strolin Benedetti M, Whomsley R, Mathy FX, Jacques P, Espie P, Canning M. Stereoselective renal tubular secretion of levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine, the two enantiomers of the H1-antihistamine cetirizine. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:19-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2007.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu X, Chen C, Smith BJ. Progress in Brain Penetration Evaluation in Drug Discovery and Development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:349-56. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.130294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Olsén L, Ingvast-Larsson C, Bondesson U, Broström H, Tjälve H, Larsson P. Cetirizine in horses: pharmacokinetics and effect of ivermectin pretreatment. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:194-200. [PMID: 17472650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of the histamine H(1)-antagonist cetirizine and the effects of pretreatment with the antiparasitic macrocyclic lactone ivermectin on the pharmacokinetics of cetirizine were studied in horses. After oral administration of cetirizine at 0.2 mg/kg bw, the mean terminal half-life was 3.4 h (range 2.9-3.7 h) and the maximal plasma concentration 132 ng/mL (101-196 ng/mL). The time to reach maximal plasma concentration was 0.7 h (0.5-0.8 h). Ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg bw) given orally 1.5 h before cetirizine did not affect its pharmacokinetics. However, ivermectin pretreatment 12 h before cetirizine increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve by 60%. The maximal plasma concentration, terminal half-life and mean residence time also increased significantly following the 12 h pretreatment. Ivermectin is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, which is a major drug efflux transporter in cellular membranes at various sites. The elevated plasma levels of cetirizine following the pretreatment with ivermectin may mainly be due to decreased renal secretion, related to inhibition of the P-glycoprotein in the proximal tubular cells of the kidney. The pharmacokinetic properties of cetirizine have characteristics which are suitable for an antihistamine, and this substance may be a useful drug in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Olsén
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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