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Lee SJ, Joo SA, Kim H, Lee Y, Chung SJ, Chae YJ, Maeng HJ. Involvement of CYP3A4 and MDR1 in altered metabolism and transport of indinavir in 1,25(OH) 2D 3-treated Caco-2 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106396. [PMID: 36736464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Altered drug concentrations may induce unexpected toxicity or treatment failure; thus, understanding the factors that alter the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs is crucial for optimal disease treatment. Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, regulates the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), which are crucial determinants of drug pharmacokinetics. In this study, we investigated the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], a VDR ligand, on the metabolism, transport, and pharmacokinetics of indinavir, a dual substrate of CYP3A4 and MDR1. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment for three days upregulated the expression levels of CYP3A4 and MDR1 in Caco-2 cells and consequently led to an increase in the level of a metabolite formed via CYP3A4 (indinavir M6) and the efflux ratio of indinavir in transport study. The increase in the metabolic reaction was also confirmed through a metabolism assay performed using the lysate of 1,25(OH)2D3-treated Caco-2 cells. In the Ussing chamber study conducted with the rat intestine, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment did not alter the transport of indinavir into the basolateral side but increased indinavir M6 formation. Similarly, plasma levels of the metabolite increased in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats; however, systemic exposure to indinavir led to insignificant alterations. Considering the overlapping substrate specificities for CYP3A4 and MDR1 and their significant roles in drug pharmacokinetics, VDR may play an important role in drug interactions of CYP3A4 and MDR1 substrates for accessing more effective and safe disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Seul-A Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Heejeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Korea.
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
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Noh K, Chow ECY, Quach HP, Groothuis GMM, Tirona RG, Pang KS. Significance of the Vitamin D Receptor on Crosstalk with Nuclear Receptors and Regulation of Enzymes and Transporters. AAPS J 2022; 24:71. [PMID: 35650371 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), in addition to other nuclear receptors, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), is involved in the regulation of enzymes, transporters and receptors, and therefore intimately affects drug disposition, tissue health, and the handling of endogenous and exogenous compounds. This review examines the role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol, the natural VDR ligand, on activation of the VDR and its crosstalk with other nuclear receptors towards the regulation of enzymes and transporters, notably many of the cytochrome P450s including CYP3A4 and sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) as well as cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Moreover, the VDR upregulates the intestinal channel, TRPV6, for calcium absorption, LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in brain for β-amyloid peptide efflux and influx, the sodium phosphate transporters (NaPi), the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and organic solute transporters (OSTα-OSTβ) for bile acid absorption and efflux, respectively, the renal organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) and several of the ATP-binding cassette protein transporters-the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). Hence, the role of the VDR is increasingly being recognized for its therapeutic potential and pharmacologic activity, giving rise to drug-drug interactions (DDI). Therapeutically, ligand-activated VDR shows anti-inflammatory effects towards the suppression of inflammatory mediators, improves cognition by upregulating amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide clearance in brain, and maintains phosphate, calcium, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) balance and kidney function and bone health, demonstrating the crucial roles of the VDR in disease progression and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly P Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of ergothioneine, an endogenous organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 substrate, in rats. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022; 52:341-351. [PMID: 35291466 PMCID: PMC8911105 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the expression levels of organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) as well as the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of ergothioneine, an OCTN1 substrate, in rats. Methods Rats pretreated with 1,25(OH)2D3 (2.56 nmol/kg/day) for four days were administered ergothioneine (2 mg/kg) intravenously. The expression levels of rat OCTN1 (rOCTN1) in organs were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Ergothioneine levels in plasma, urine, and organs (with and without intravenous injection of exogenous ergothioneine) were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results 1,25(OH)2D3 pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in rOCTN1 mRNA expression levels in the kidney and brain, a significant increase in basal plasma levels of ergothioneine (from 48 h), and a significant decrease in the tissue-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) in all tissues (except the heart and lungs) and the basal urine levels of ergothioneine. After intravenous administration, the pharmacokinetic profiles of ergothioneine were consistent with the basal levels of endogenous ergothioneine, with an increase in AUC∞ by 85%, a significant decrease in total clearance by 49%, and a decrease in Vss by 32% in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats. The Kp value and urinary recovery of ergothioneine also decreased in the 1,25(OH)2D3-treated group. Conclusion This study showed the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the expression and function of rOCTN1 by investigating the interaction between 1,25(OH)2D3 and ergothioneine. Dose adjustment and possible changes in bioavailability should be considered before the co-administration of vitamin D or its active forms and OCTN1 substrates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40005-022-00563-1.
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Balla A, Jeong YS, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Chung SJ, Chae YJ, Maeng HJ. Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on the Pharmacokinetics of Procainamide and Its Metabolite N-Acetylprocainamide, Organic Cation Transporter Substrates, in Rats with PBPK Modeling Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081133. [PMID: 34452094 PMCID: PMC8402143 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, possible changes in the expression of rat organic cationic transporters (rOCTs) and rat multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (rMATEs) following treatment with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) were investigated. Rats received intraperitoneal administrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 for four consecutive days, and the tissues of interest were collected. The mRNA expression of rOCT1 in the kidneys was significantly increased in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats compared with the control rats, while the mRNA expressions of rOCT2 and rMATE1 in the kidneys, rOCT1 and N-acetyltransferase-II (NAT-II) in the liver, and rOCT3 in the heart were significantly decreased. Changes in the protein expression of hepatic rOCT1 and renal rOCT2 and rMATE1 were confirmed by western blot analysis. We further evaluated the pharmacokinetics of procainamide (PA) hydrochloride and its major metabolite N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA) in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. When PA hydrochloride was administered intravenously at a dose 10 mg/kg to 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats, a significant decrease in renal and/or non-renal clearance of PA and NAPA was observed. A physiological model for the pharmacokinetics of PA and NAPA in rats was useful for linking changes in the transcriptional and translational expressions of rOCTs and rMATE1 transporters to the altered pharmacokinetics of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Balla
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Yoo-Seong Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-S.J.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Yun-Jong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.-S.J.); (S.-J.C.)
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1424 (Y.-J.C.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1424 (Y.-J.C.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
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Pharmaceutical Formulations with P-Glycoprotein Inhibitory Effect as Promising Approaches for Enhancing Oral Drug Absorption and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071103. [PMID: 34371794 PMCID: PMC8309061 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is crucial in the active transport of various substrates with diverse structures out of cells, resulting in poor intestinal permeation and limited bioavailability following oral administration. P-gp inhibitors, including small molecule drugs, natural constituents, and pharmaceutically inert excipients, have been exploited to overcome P-gp efflux and enhance the oral absorption and bioavailability of many P-gp substrates. The co-administration of small molecule P-gp inhibitors with P-gp substrates can result in drug–drug interactions and increased side effects due to the pharmacological activity of these molecules. On the other hand, pharmaceutically inert excipients, including polymers, surfactants, and lipid-based excipients, are safe, pharmaceutically acceptable, and are not absorbed from the gut. Notably, they can be incorporated in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance drug solubility, absorption, and bioavailability due to the formulation itself and the P-gp inhibitory effects of the excipients. Different formulations with inherent P-gp inhibitory activity have been developed. These include micelles, emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, microspheres, dendrimers, and solid dispersions. They can bypass P-gp by different mechanisms related to their properties. In this review, we briefly introduce P-gp and P-gp inhibitors, and we extensively summarize the current development of oral drug delivery systems that can bypass and inhibit P-gp to improve the oral absorption and bioavailability of P-gp substrates. Since many drugs are limited by P-gp-mediated efflux, this review is helpful for designing suitable formulations of P-gp substrates to enhance their oral absorption and bioavailability.
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Doan TNK, Vo DK, Kim H, Balla A, Lee Y, Yoon IS, Maeng HJ. Differential Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on the Expressions and Functions of Hepatic CYP and UGT Enzymes and Its Pharmacokinetic Consequences In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111129. [PMID: 33238436 PMCID: PMC7700423 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The compound 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is the active form of vitamin D3 and a representative ligand of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Previous studies have described the impacts of 1,25(OH)2D3 on a small number of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, but comparatively little is known about interactions between several important CYP and UGT isoforms and 1,25(OH)2D3 in vitro and/or in vivo. Thus, we investigated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the gene and protein expressions and functional activities of selected CYPs and UGTs and their impacts on drug pharmacokinetics in rats. The mRNA/protein expressions of Cyp2b1 and Cyp2c11 were downregulated in rat liver by 1,25(OH)2D3. Consistently, the in vitro metabolic kinetics (Vmax and CLint) of BUP (bupropion; a Cyp2b1 substrate) and TOL (tolbutamide; a Cyp2c11 substrate) were significantly changed by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in liver microsomes, but the kinetics of acetaminophen (an Ugt1a6/1a7/1a8 substrate) remained unaffected, consistent with Western blotting data for Ugt1a6. In rat pharmacokinetic studies, the total body clearance (CL) and nonrenal clearance (CLNR) of BUP were significantly reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3, but unexpectedly, the total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC) of hydroxybupropion (HBUP) was increased probably due to a marked reduction in the renal clearance (CLR) of HBUP. Additionally, the AUC, CL, and CLNR for TOL and the AUC for 4-hydroxytolbutamide (HTOL) were unaffected by 1,25(OH)2D3 in vivo. Discrepancies between observed in vitro metabolic activity and in vivo pharmacokinetics of TOL were possibly due to a greater apparent distribution volume at the steady-state (Vss) and lower plasma protein binding in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats. Our results suggest possible drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions and provide additional information concerning safe drug combinations and dosing regimens for patients taking VDR ligand drugs including 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Nguyen Kieu Doan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea; (T.N.K.D.); (D.-K.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Dang-Khoa Vo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea; (T.N.K.D.); (D.-K.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Hyojung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Anusha Balla
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea; (T.N.K.D.); (D.-K.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-S.Y.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2806 (I.-S.Y.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea; (T.N.K.D.); (D.-K.V.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (I.-S.Y.); (H.-J.M.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2806 (I.-S.Y.); +82-32-820-4935 (H.-J.M.)
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Stevens LJ, Donkers JM, Dubbeld J, Vaes WHJ, Knibbe CAJ, Alwayn IPJ, van de Steeg E. Towards human ex vivo organ perfusion models to elucidate drug pharmacokinetics in health and disease. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:438-454. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1772280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne J. Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dubbeld
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. J. Vaes
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Catherijne A. J. Knibbe
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ian P. J. Alwayn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
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Effects of vitamin D on drugs: Response and disposal. Nutrition 2020; 74:110734. [PMID: 32179384 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D deficiency are common in clinical experience and in daily life. Vitamin D not only promotes calcium absorption and immune regulation, but also changes drug effects (pharmacodynamics and adverse reactions) and drug disposal in vivo when combined with various commonly used clinical drugs. The extensive physiological effects of vitamin D may cause synergism effects or alleviation of adverse reactions, and vitamin D's affect on drugs in vivo disposal through drug transporters or metabolic enzymes may also lead to changes in drug effects. Herein, the effects of vitamin D combined with commonly used drugs were reviewed from the perspective of drug efficacy and adverse reactions. The effects of vitamin D on drug transport and metabolism were summarized and analyzed. Hopefully, more attention will be paid to vitamin D supplementation and deficiency in clinical treatment and drug research and development.
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Administration of Vitamin D Metabolites Affects RNA Expression of Xenobiotic Metabolising Enzymes and Function of ABC Transporters in Rats. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/1279036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From studies on different species and in cell culture systems, it has been suggested that vitamin D metabolites might affect the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics. Although most studies performed on rodents and cell cultures report an upregulation of respective enzymes and transporters, data from the literature are inconsistent. Especially results obtained with sheep differ from these observations. As vitamin D metabolites are widely used as feed additives or therapeutics in livestock animals, we aimed to assess whether these differences indicate species-specific responses or occurred due to the very high dosages used in the rodent studies. Therefore, we applied treatment protocols to rats that had been used previously in sheep or cattle. Forty-eight female rats were divided into three treatment and corresponding placebo groups: (1) a single intraperitoneal injection of 1,25-(OH)2D3 or placebo 12 h before sacrifice; (2) daily supplementation with 25-OHD3 by oral gavage or placebo for 10 days; and (3) a single intramuscular injection of vitamin D3 10 days before sacrifice. In contrast to a previous study using sheep, treatment of rats with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 did not result in an upregulation of cytochrome P450 3A isoenzymes (CYP3A), but a decrease was found in hepatic and intestinal expressions. In addition, a downregulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein was found in the brain. Taken together, the stimulating effects of vitamin D metabolites on the expression of genes involved in the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics reported previously for rodents and sheep could not be reproduced. In contrast, we even observed a negative impact on the expression of CYP3A enzymes and their most important regulator, the pregnane X receptor. Most interestingly, we could demonstrate an effect of treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 on the functional activity of ileal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using the Ussing chamber technique.
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Rigalli JP, Tocchetti GN, Weiss J. Modulation of ABC Transporters by Nuclear Receptors: Physiological, Pathological and Pharmacological Aspects. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1079-1112. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170920141707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABC transporters are membrane proteins mediating the efflux of endo- and xenobiotics. Transporter expression is not static but instead is subject to a dynamic modulation aiming at responding to changes in the internal environment and thus at maintaining homeostatic conditions. Nuclear receptors are ligand modulated transcription factors that get activated upon changes in the intracellular concentrations of the respective agonists and bind to response elements within the promoter of ABC transporters, thus modulating their expression and, consequently, their activity. This review compiles information about transporter regulation by nuclear receptors classified according to the perpetrator compounds and the biological effects resulting from the regulation. Modulation by hormone receptors is involved in maintaining endocrine homeostasis and may also lead to an altered efflux of other substrates in cases of altered hormonal levels. Xenobiotic receptors play a key role in limiting the accumulation of potentially harmful compounds. In addition, their frequent activation by therapeutic agents makes them common molecular elements mediating drug-drug interactions and cancer multidrug resistance. Finally, lipid and retinoid receptors are usually activated by endogenous molecules, thus sensing metabolic changes and inducing ABC transporters to counteract potential alterations. Furthermore, the axis nuclear receptor-ABC transporter constitutes a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several disease states like cancer, atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. In the current work, we summarize the information available on the pharmacological potential of nuclear receptor modulators and discuss their applicability in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rigalli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology. University of Heidelberg. Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guillermo Nicolás Tocchetti
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology. University of Heidelberg. Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology. University of Heidelberg. Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Therapeutic targets of vitamin D receptor ligands and their pharmacokinetic effects by modulation of transporters and metabolic enzymes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xue Y, Ma C, Hanna I, Pan G. Intestinal Transporter-Associated Drug Absorption and Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:361-405. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Maeng HJ, Doan TNK, Yoon IS. Differential regulation of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 : Effects on in vivo oral absorption and disposition of buspirone in rats. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:333-342. [PMID: 30537097 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (also called 1,25(OH)2 D3 or calcitriol) is the biologically active form of vitamin D, which functions as a ligand to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). It was previously reported that intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) expression was altered by 1,25(OH)2 D3 -mediated VDR activation. However, to clarify whether the change in CYP3A subfamily expression by VDR activation can affect metabolic function, further evidence is needed to prove the effect of 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment on CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Here, we report the effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 on CYP3A activity and in vivo pharmacokinetics of buspirone in Sprague-Dawley rats. CYP3A mRNA expression and CYP3A-mediated testosterone metabolism were enhanced in the intestine but were unaffected in the livers of rats treated with 1,25(OH)2 D3 . Notably, the oral pharmacokinetic profile of buspirone (CYP3A substrate drug) and 6'-hydroxybuspirone (major active metabolite of buspirone formed via CYP3A-mediated metabolism) was significantly altered, while its intravenous pharmacokinetic profile was not affected by 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first reported data regarding the effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment on the in vivo pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral buspirone in rats, by the differential modulation of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A activity. Our present results could lead to further studies in clinically significant CYP3A-mediated drug-nutrient interactions with 1,25(OH)2 D3 , including 1,25(OH)2 D3 -buspirone interaction. Preclinical Research & Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Yoon IS, Son JH, Kim SB, Choi MK, Maeng HJ. Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Intestinal Absorption and Disposition of Adefovir Dipivoxil and Its Metabolite, Adefovir, in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1732-7. [PMID: 26521823 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), an active form of vitamin D, on the oral absorption and disposition of adefovir dipivoxil (P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate) and its major active metabolite, adefovir (multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (Mrp4) substrate), in rats. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous adefovir and oral adefovir dipivoxil was evaluated in control and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats. The intestinal absorption of adefovir dipivoxil was investigated through an in situ closed loop study, and the tissue distribution of adefovir after oral administration of adefovir dipivoxil was evaluated in the two groups. There was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenous adefovir between the two groups. Importantly, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) of adefovir after oral administration of adefovir dipivoxil were significantly higher in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats than in control rats. In the in situ closed loop study, there was no significant difference in the remaining fraction of adefovir dipivoxil in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum loops between the two groups. In the tissue distribution study after oral administration of adefovir dipivoxil, the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients of adefovir in the liver, brain, kidney, and intestine were significantly lower in the 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats than in control rats. The present study indicates that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment can enhance the oral absorption of adefovir dipivoxil, likely via the induction of basolateral Mrp4 function in rat intestine. However, the impact of 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous adefovir was limited. These results could lead to further studies in clinically significant P-gp and/or MRP4-mediated 1,25(OH)2D3-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University
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15
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Abstract
The properties of intestinal folate absorption were documented decades ago. However, it was only recently that the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) was identified and its critical role in folate transport across the apical brush-border membrane of the proximal small intestine established by the loss-of-function mutations identified in the PCFT gene in subjects with hereditary folate malabsorption and, more recently, by the Pcft-null mouse. This article reviews the current understanding of the properties of PCFT-mediated transport and how they differ from those of the reduced folate carrier. Other processes that contribute to the transport of folates across the enterocyte, along with the contribution of the enterohepatic circulation, are considered. Important unresolved issues are addressed, including the mechanism of intestinal folate absorption in the absence of PCFT and regulation of PCFT gene expression. The impact of a variety of ions, organic molecules, and drugs on PCFT-mediated folate transport is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Visentin
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; , , ,
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16
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Kim YC, Kim IB, Noh CK, Quach HP, Yoon IS, Chow ECY, Kim M, Jin HE, Cho KH, Chung SJ, Pang KS, Maeng HJ. Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 , the natural vitamin D receptor ligand, on the pharmacokinetics of cefdinir and cefadroxil, organic anion transporter substrates, in rat. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3793-3805. [PMID: 25266751 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Evidence in the literature suggests that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3 ], the vitamin D receptor ligand, down-regulated the expression of the rat renal organic anion (renal organic anion transporter, rOAT) and oligopeptide (rPEPT) transporters, but increased intestinal rPEPT1 expression. We investigated, in rats, the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of 2 mg/kg cefdinir and cefadroxil, two cephalosporins that are eliminated via renal OAT1/OAT3 and are substrates of PEPT1/PEPT2, with and without 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of cefdinir or cefadroxil after 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment was increased significantly because of decreased clearance (CL). Both kidney uptake and cumulative urinary recovery were significantly decreased, whereas liver uptake and fecal recovery remained unchanged in 1,25(OH)2 D3 -treated rats. Similar changes in AUC and CL were observed for both drugs upon coadministration of probenecid, the OAT inhibitor. Oral availability of cefdinir and cefadroxil remained unchanged with 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment, suggesting lack of a role for intestinal rPEPT1. Rather, reduction of rOAT1/rOAT3 mRNA expression in kidney with 1,25(OH)2 D3 -treatment was observed, confirmed by decreased function in MDCKII cells overexpressing human OAT1 and OAT3. These composite results suggest that 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment reduces cefdinir and cefadroxil clearances by diminution of renal OAT1/OAT3 expression, implicating a role for 1,25(OH)2 D3 in eliciting transporter-based drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chul Kim
- C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Kyoung Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Holly P Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myungsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea.
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Cheng J, Fang ZZ, Kim JH, Krausz KW, Tanaka N, Chiang JYL, Gonzalez FJ. Intestinal CYP3A4 protects against lithocholic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in intestine-specific VDR-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:455-65. [PMID: 24343899 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m044420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates vitamin D signaling involved in bone metabolism, cellular growth and differentiation, cardiovascular function, and bile acid regulation. Mice with an intestine-specific disruption of VDR (Vdr(ΔIEpC)) have abnormal body size, colon structure, and imbalance of bile acid metabolism. Lithocholic acid (LCA), a secondary bile acid that activates VDR, is among the most toxic of the bile acids that when overaccumulated in the liver causes hepatotoxicity. Because cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a target gene of VDR-involved bile acid metabolism, the role of CYP3A4 in VDR biology and bile acid metabolism was investigated. The CYP3A4 gene was inserted into Vdr(ΔIEpC) mice to produce the Vdr(ΔIEpC)/3A4 line. LCA was administered to control, transgenic-CYP3A4, Vdr(ΔIEpC), and Vdr(ΔIEpC)/3A4 mice, and hepatic toxicity and bile acid levels in the liver, intestine, bile, and urine were measured. VDR deficiency in the intestine of the Vdr(ΔIEpC) mice exacerbates LCA-induced hepatotoxicity manifested by increased necrosis and inflammation, due in part to over-accumulation of hepatic bile acids including taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid. Intestinal expression of CYP3A4 in the Vdr(ΔIEpC)/3A4 mouse line reduces LCA-induced hepatotoxicity through elevation of LCA metabolism and detoxification, and suppression of bile acid transporter expression in the small intestine. This study reveals that intestinal CYP3A4 protects against LCA hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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18
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Intestinal drug transporters: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1340-56. [PMID: 23041352 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of drug transporters as one of the determinants of pharmacokinetics has become increasingly evident. While much research has been conducted focusing the role of drug transporters in the liver and kidney less is known about the importance of uptake and efflux transporters identified in the intestine. Over the past years the effects of intestinal transporters have been studied using in vivo models, in situ organ perfusions, in vitro tissue preparations and cell lines. This review aims to describe up to date findings regarding the importance of intestinal transporters on drug absorption and bioavailability, highlighting areas in need of further research. Wu and Benet proposed a Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) that allows the prediction of transporter effects on the drug disposition of orally administered drugs. This review also discusses BDDCS predictions with respect to the role of intestinal transporters and intestinal transporter-metabolizing enzyme interplay on oral drug pharmacokinetics.
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Role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters in the brain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:361-72. [PMID: 23769624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette membrane-associated drug efflux transporters and solute carrier influx transporters, expressed at the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and in brain parenchyma, are important determinants of drug disposition in the central nervous system. Targeting the regulatory pathways that govern the expression of these transporters could provide novel approaches to selectively alter drug permeability into the brain. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors which regulate the gene expression of several metabolic enzymes and drug efflux/influx transporters. Although efforts have primarily been focused on investigating these regulatory pathways in peripheral organs (i.e., liver and intestine), recent findings demonstrate their significance in the brain. This review addresses the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporter functional expression in the brain. An in-depth understanding of these pathways could guide the development of novel pharmacotherapy with either enhanced efficacy in the central nervous system or minimal associated neurotoxicity.
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Eloranta JJ, Hiller C, Jüttner M, Kullak-Ublick GA. The SLCO1A2 gene, encoding human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2, is transactivated by the vitamin D receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:37-46. [PMID: 22474172 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.077909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) (gene symbol, SLCO1A2) mediates cellular uptake of a wide range of endogenous substrates, as well as drugs and xenobiotics. OATP1A2 is expressed in several tissues, including apical membranes of small intestinal epithelial cells. Given its role in intestinal drug absorption, a detailed analysis of the mechanisms that regulate SLCO1A2 gene expression is potentially of great pharmacological relevance. We show here that treatment of human intestine-derived Caco-2 cells with vitamin D(3) markedly increased endogenous OATP1A2 mRNA and protein levels. Suppression of endogenous vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression with siRNAs significantly reduced this induction. Two alternative promoter regions exist in genomic databases for the SLCO1A2 gene. One putative VDR response element (VDRE) that was predicted to interact efficiently with VDR-retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) was identified in silico within SLCO1A2 promoter variant 1. This VDRE served as a strong binding site for the recombinant VDR-RXRα heterodimers in vitro and was potently activated by VDR in the presence of vitamin D(3) in heterologous promoter assays. In reporter assays using native promoter constructs, SLCO1A2 promoter variant 1 was strongly induced by VDR, and site-directed mutagenesis of a single VDRE within this region abolished this activation. Native VDR-RXRα also interacted with this element both in vitro and in living cells. We showed that expression of the SLCO1A2 gene is induced by vitamin D(3) at the transcriptional level through the VDR. Our results suggest that pharmacological administration of vitamin D(3) may allow modulation of intestinal absorption of OATP1A2 transport substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki J Eloranta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on transport and metabolism of adefovir dipivoxil and its metabolites in Caco-2 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:149-66. [PMID: 22387228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), natural ligand of the VDR, on the fates of adefovir dipivoxil (P-gp substrate) and its metabolites, mono(POM)-PMEA and adefovir (MRP4 substrate), were investigated in Caco-2 cells. After 1,25(OH)2D3-treatment, higher apical efflux of adefovir was observed after a 60 min incubation of adefovir divipoxil. Changes in these washout studies were predicted by a catenary model for the Caco-2 monolayer that described a higher MRP4 activity with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, as confirmed by Western blotting. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment (100 nM for 3 days) resulted in increased basolateral (B) to apical (A) (B-to-A) transport of adefovir dipivoxil but an unchanged A-to-B flux, rendering an elevated efflux ratio (EfR) (from 1.97 to 3.19). The EfR values in control and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated groups in these transport studies were reduced to 1.32 and 1.57, respectively, in the presence of verapamil (50 μM), the P-gp inhibitor. The B-to-A transport of the metabolite, adefovir, was increased in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells in the presence of verapamil, whereas the A-to-B and B-to-A transport of mono(POM)-PMEA remained unchanged. But the verapamil and 1,25(OH)2D3 treatments failed to alter rates of sequential metabolism of adefovir dipivoxil in cell lysate. The composite data established that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment increased both P-gp and MRP4 transport activities without affecting the metabolism of adefovir dipivoxil by esterases. Moreover, an asymmetric appearance of metabolites, being higher with apical application, was observed. According to the catenary model, the asymmetry is suggestive that esterases are predominantly localized on the apical membrane and within the cell.
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