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A Systematic Review of Studies on Genotoxicity and Related Biomarkers in Populations Exposed to Pesticides in Mexico. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110272. [PMID: 34822663 PMCID: PMC8624200 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In agricultural activities, pest control is essential, and the most effective method is the use of chemical agents that also represent an important source of exposure to potentially toxic compounds. Pesticides constitute a heterogeneous group of compounds designed specifically to control different pests. Besides measuring their levels or that of their metabolites in air, plasma, serum, blood, urine, etc., some studies reported increased DNA damage levels after occupational or environmental pesticides exposure, evidenced by several cytogenetic biomarkers such as chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), micronuclei frequency (MN) together with other nuclear abnormalities (NA), alkaline comet assay, but also changes in oxidative stress parameters and miRNA levels. Single or combined, these techniques have also been used in genotoxic biomonitoring studies of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides in Mexico. Despite being a country with great agricultural activity and reported excessive pesticide use, genotoxic studies have been relatively few and, in some cases, contradictory. A review was made of the studies available (published until the end of 2020 on PubMed, Web of Science, Redalyc and Scielo, both in English and Spanish) in the scientific literature that evaluated occupational exposure of human samples to pesticides assessed with DNA damage and related biomarkers in Mexico.
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Tamkeen N, AlOmar SY, Alqahtani SAM, Al-Jurayyan A, Farooqui A, Tazyeen S, Ahmad N, Ishrat R. Identification of the Key Regulators of Spina Bifida Through Graph-Theoretical Approach. Front Genet 2021; 12:597983. [PMID: 33889172 PMCID: PMC8056047 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.597983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spina Bifida (SB) is a congenital spinal cord malformation. Efforts to discern the key regulators (KRs) of the SB protein-protein interaction (PPI) network are requisite for developing its successful interventions. The architecture of the SB network, constructed from 117 manually curated genes was found to self-organize into a scale-free fractal state having a weak hierarchical organization. We identified three modules/motifs consisting of ten KRs, namely, TNIP1, TNF, TRAF1, TNRC6B, KMT2C, KMT2D, NCOA3, TRDMT1, DICER1, and HDAC1. These KRs serve as the backbone of the network, they propagate signals through the different hierarchical levels of the network to conserve the network’s stability while maintaining low popularity in the network. We also observed that the SB network exhibits a rich-club organization, the formation of which is attributed to our key regulators also except for TNIP1 and TRDMT1. The KRs that were found to ally with each other and emerge in the same motif, open up a new dimension of research of studying these KRs together. Owing to the multiple etiology and mechanisms of SB, a combination of several biomarkers is expected to have higher diagnostic accuracy for SB as compared to using a single biomarker. So, if all the KRs present in a single module/motif are targetted together, they can serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of SB. Our study puts forward some novel SB-related genes that need further experimental validation to be considered as reliable future biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naaila Tamkeen
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Jurayyan
- Immunology and HLA Section, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anam Farooqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Safia Tazyeen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Nadeem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Romana Ishrat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Moreno-Godínez ME, Galarce-Sosa C, Cahua-Pablo JÁ, Rojas-García AE, Huerta-Beristain G, Alarcón-Romero LDC, Cruz M, Valladares-Salgado A, Antonio-Véjar V, Ramírez-Vargas MA, Flores-Alfaro E. Genotypes of Common Polymorphisms in the PON1 Gene Associated with Paraoxonase Activity as Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Arch Med Res 2019; 49:486-496. [PMID: 30853125 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1(PON1) exhibits hydrolytic activity and prevents the oxidation of high and low-density lipoproteins. Polymorphisms in the PON1 gene have been associated with variations in paraoxonase activity and with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). AIM OF THE STUDY This study analyzed the association between the frequencies of genotypes of the L55 M and Q192 R SNPs in the PON1 gene with the PON1 activity and with CAD risk factors. METHODS Women, determined by body composition, biochemical markers, and arylesterase (AREase) and paraoxonase (CMPase) activities were studied. Genotyping of L55 M and Q192 R polymorphisms was performed by TaqMan. Seventeen studies were used in the meta-analysis. RESULTS A significant decrease in PON1 activity in carrying the LM/MM and QQ genotypes is identified, correlations are found between the AREase activity with glucose, cholesterol and atherogenic risk index. Carriers of the LM or MM genotype were related with obesity (OR = 1.6; p = 0.039), and the MQ haplotype has an effect on the decrease in AREase (β = ‒22.4; p <0.001) and CMPase (β = ‒3.8; p <0.001). In addition, a lower proportion of Native American admixture was observed in women with LM or MM genotype, while it was higher for the European proportion compared with the LL genotype (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The LL-L55 M and QR-Q192 R genotypes are identified as the most frequently in the different states or cities of the country, and genotypic proportions are different, probably depending on the genetic structure of the populations. The association that is reported more frequently in the different studies is with enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Elena Moreno-Godínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Claudia Galarce-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México; Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - José Ángel Cahua-Pablo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Gerardo Huerta-Beristain
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adán Valladares-Salgado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Verónica Antonio-Véjar
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Marco Antonio Ramírez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México; Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México.
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Machado RA, de Oliveira Silva C, Persuhn DC, de Melo Cavalcanti Dantas V, de Almeida Reis SR, Wu T, Line SR, Martelli-Junior H, Graner E, Coletta RD. Interactions between superoxide dismutase and paraoxonase polymorphic variants in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Brazilian population. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:185-196. [PMID: 30240501 DOI: 10.1002/em.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During development, oxidative stress is hypothesized to mediate embryotoxicity, which may be intensified by exposition to environmental factors and by genetic variations in the enzymes involved in protecting cells from these damaging effects, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and paraoxonase (PON). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes associated with the neutralization of oxidative stress (SOD and PON family members) in the risk of nonsyndromic oral cleft in the Brazilian population. Initially, we tested for association between 28 SNP in SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, PON1, PON2, and PON3 among 325 nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P) case-parent trios. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to explore gene, GxG and GxE, involving factors that induce oxidative stress accumulation during pregnancy. Signals still significant after both Bonferroni correction and in permutation test were subsequently confirmed in an ancestry-structured case-control analysis with 722 NSCL±P and 866 controls from the same population. In the trio sample, transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) (allele and haplotype) and GxE analysis showed no significant associations, but multiple pairwise GxG interactions involving 10 SNP in PON1, PON2, and PON3 were detected and further examined in the case-control sample. The PON1 rs2237583 and PON2 rs17166879 yielded significant evidence of SNP-SNP interactions after adjustment for multiple tests (both Bonferroni correction and 10,000 permutation test). The C allele and the CT genotype of PON1 rs2237583 were associated with significant protective effects against NSCL±P, while rs3917490 showed a significant association only in the sample composed of patients displaying high African ancestry. Our results reveal associations between rs2237583 and rs3917490 in PON1 and GxG interactions containing rs2237583 and rs17166879 with the susceptibility of NSCL±P in the Brazilian population. Furthermore, this study underlines the recent tendency of taking into account potential GxG interactions to clarify the underlying mechanisms associated with the etiology of this common malformation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60: 185-196, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Darlene Camati Persuhn
- Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sergio Roberto Line
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hercilio Martelli-Junior
- Stomatology Clinic, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil and Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of José Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edgard Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mohd-Zin SW, Marwan AI, Abou Chaar MK, Ahmad-Annuar A, Abdul-Aziz NM. Spina Bifida: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, and Genes in Mice and Humans. SCIENTIFICA 2017; 2017:5364827. [PMID: 28286691 PMCID: PMC5327787 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5364827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spina bifida is among the phenotypes of the larger condition known as neural tube defects (NTDs). It is the most common central nervous system malformation compatible with life and the second leading cause of birth defects after congenital heart defects. In this review paper, we define spina bifida and discuss the phenotypes seen in humans as described by both surgeons and embryologists in order to compare and ultimately contrast it to the leading animal model, the mouse. Our understanding of spina bifida is currently limited to the observations we make in mouse models, which reflect complete or targeted knockouts of genes, which perturb the whole gene(s) without taking into account the issue of haploinsufficiency, which is most prominent in the human spina bifida condition. We thus conclude that the need to study spina bifida in all its forms, both aperta and occulta, is more indicative of the spina bifida in surviving humans and that the measure of deterioration arising from caudal neural tube defects, more commonly known as spina bifida, must be determined by the level of the lesion both in mouse and in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti W. Mohd-Zin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed I. Marwan
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Colorado Fetal Care Center, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Azlina Ahmad-Annuar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraishah M. Abdul-Aziz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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García-González I, Mendoza-Alcocer R, Pérez-Mendoza GJ, Rubí-Castellanos R, González-Herrera L. Distribution of genetic variants of oxidative stress metabolism genes: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and Glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1/GSTT1) in a population from Southeastern Mexico. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 43:554-562. [PMID: 26620773 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1126353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Variation in the enzyme concentration and activity suggests individual differences for the degree of protection against oxidative stress. AIM This study analysed the distribution of SNPs Q192R, L55M (PON1) and variants in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in a population from Southeastern Mexico. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty-one Mexican Mestizo healthy volunteers were included. PON1 polymorphisms were determined by Taqman allele discrimination real time-PCR, whereas GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were determined with a multiplex PCR-based method. RESULTS All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for GSTM1. The genotypic distributions of Q192R and L55M were 22% QQ, 48% QR, 30% RR, 62% LL, 34% LM and 4% MM, respectively, whereas the allele frequencies were 0.46 (Q), 0.54 (R), 0.79 (L) and 0.21 (M). The most frequent haplotype was R/L (46.7%). It was found that 31% and 9% of the individuals had the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype, respectively. The frequency of the combined null genotype GSTM1*0/GSTT1*0 was 4.64%. CONCLUSION The results showed that the frequencies of polymorphisms of PON1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 in the Yucatán population differ to those observed in other ethnic groups and provide useful data for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-González
- a Laboratorio de Genética , Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . Mérida, Yucatán , Mexico and
| | - R Mendoza-Alcocer
- b Centro Estatal de la Transfusión Sanguínea, Secretaria de Salud de Yucatán , Mérida, Yucatán , Mexico
| | - G J Pérez-Mendoza
- a Laboratorio de Genética , Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . Mérida, Yucatán , Mexico and
| | - R Rubí-Castellanos
- a Laboratorio de Genética , Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . Mérida, Yucatán , Mexico and
| | - L González-Herrera
- a Laboratorio de Genética , Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . Mérida, Yucatán , Mexico and
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González-Herrera L, Gamas-Trujillo PA, Medina-Escobedo G, Oaxaca-Castillo D, Pérez-Mendoza G, Williams-Jacquez D, Canto-Cetina T, Vargas-García RD. The Paraoxonase 1 Gene c.-108C>T SNP in the Promoter Is Associated with Risk for Glioma in Mexican Patients, but Not the p.L55M or p.Q192R Polymorphisms in the Coding Region. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:494-9. [PMID: 26154629 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms c.-108C>T, p.L55M, and p.Q192R with the risk of glioma in Southeast Mexico. Decreased PON1 activity caused by polymorphisms has been observed in gliomas, thus supporting the theory that PON1 is involved in tumorigenesis in the brain. METHODS Sixty-seven glioma patients and 58 control individuals were included. Three PON1 polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time PCR allelic discrimination using TaqMan probes: c.-108C>T in the promoter region, p.Q192R and p.L55M, both of which were in the coding region. Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies were assessed in cases and controls to test for statistical associations (STATA 10.2 package). RESULTS Significant differences were found for the PON1 c.-108C>T polymorphism between the cases and controls. Compared to the controls the cases were more likely to be CT heterozygous (p = 0.002) or TT homozygous (p = 0.036); similarly cases were more likely to possess a T allele (p = 0.032). In contrast, the p.L55M and p.Q192R polymorphisms did not show significant differences between the glioma cases and controls (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The PON1 c.-108C>T polymorphism in the promoter region is associated with genetic risk for glioma. Conversely, p.L55M and p.Q192R polymorphisms in the coding region do not seem to have an influence in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth González-Herrera
- 1 Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Merida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pablo Alejandro Gamas-Trujillo
- 1 Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Merida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Medina-Escobedo
- 2 Departamento de Patología, Unidad Médica de alta especialidad del Hospital Regional "Dr. Ignacio García Téllez" del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Merida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - David Oaxaca-Castillo
- 1 Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Merida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Pérez-Mendoza
- 1 Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Merida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Thelma Canto-Cetina
- 1 Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Merida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Liu YL, Yang J, Zheng J, Liu DW, Liu T, Wang JM, Wang CN, Wang MW, Tian QB. Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms L55M and Q192R were not risk factors for Parkinson's disease: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Gene 2012; 501:188-92. [PMID: 22521594 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been studied as a potential candidate gene for Parkinson's disease risk, but direct evidence from genetic association studies remains inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis pooling data from all relevant studies in order to determine the effects of two PON 1 polymorphisms (L55M and Q192R) on Parkinson's disease. METHODS We applied a random effects to combine odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Q statistic was used to evaluate the homogeneity, and Egger's test and Funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. In secondary analyses, we examined dominant and recessive models as well. RESULTS Concerning the PON1 L55M polymorphism, we identified 9 eligible studies (a total of 2582 cases and 3997 controls). The random effects pooled OR was OR=1.29, (0.90, 1.84). Concerning the Q192R polymorphism, we identified 7 eligible studies (a total of 2582 cases and 3997 controls). The random effects pooled OR was OR=1.08(0.81, 1.43). Analysis with dominant and recessive genetic models yielded the same inferences as genotype-based comparisons for both of the two polymorphisms. CONCLUSION The results of this meta-analysis suggested that both PON1 L55M and Q192R were not responsible for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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