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Solomon HM, Murzyn S, Rendemonti J, Chapman S, Cheng SH, Jucker BM, Stanislaus D, Gehman A, Alsaid H. Concordance between alizarin red stained skeleton and micro-CT skeleton evaluation methods: A case study in New Zealand White rabbits. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1284-1293. [PMID: 37140214 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the fetal skeletons using both alizarin red stain and micro-computed tomography (CT) images; investigate differences, and to determine if the conclusions of the study were the same regardless of the examination method. METHODS A candidate drug was given orally by gavage to pregnant New Zealand White rabbits on gestation day (GD) 7 to GD 19 (mating = GD 0) at doses of 0 (control), 0.02, 0.5, 5, and 15 mg/kg/day. Maternal toxicity was evident at ≥0.02 mg/kg/day. The 199 fetal skeletons (totaling 50,546 skeletal elements) obtained at cesarean delivery on GD29 were first stained with Alizarin Red S, then imaged by a Siemens Inveon micro-CT scanner. All fetal skeletons were examined by both methods, without knowledge of dose group, and the results were compared. RESULTS In total, 33 types of skeletal abnormalities were identified. There was 99.8% concordance of results comparing stain to micro-CT. Ossification of the middle phalanx of the forepaw digit 5 showed the greatest difference between the two methods. CONCLUSION Overall, micro-CT imaging is a realistic, and robust alternative to skeletal staining to examine fetal rabbit skeletons in developmental toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Solomon
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacia Murzyn
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joyce Rendemonti
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon Chapman
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Beat M Jucker
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dinesh Stanislaus
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Gehman
- Research & MDS Statistics, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Maronpot RR, Nyska A, Troth SP, Gabrielson K, Sysa-Shah P, Kalchenko V, Kuznetsov Y, Harmelin A, Schiffenbauer YS, Bonnel D, Stauber J, Ramot Y. Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece*: Imaging Applications in Toxicologic Pathology-Recommendations for Use in Regulated Nonclinical Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2018. [PMID: 28641506 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317710014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Available imaging systems for use in preclinical toxicology studies increasingly show utility as important tools in the toxicologic pathologist's armamentarium, permit longitudinal evaluation of functional and morphological changes in tissues, and provide important information such as organ and lesion volume not obtained by conventional toxicology study parameters. Representative examples of practical imaging applications in toxicology research and preclinical studies are presented for ultrasound, positron emission tomography/single-photon emission computed tomography, optical, magnetic resonance imaging, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry imaging. Some of the challenges for making imaging systems good laboratory practice-compliant for regulatory submission are presented. Use of imaging data on a case-by-case basis as part of safety evaluation in regulatory submissions is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Nyska
- 2 Toxicologic Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Timrat, Israel
| | - Sean P Troth
- 3 Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- 4 Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Polina Sysa-Shah
- 4 Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- 5 Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuri Kuznetsov
- 5 Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- 5 Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Yuval Ramot
- 8 Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Solomon HM, Murzyn S, Rendemonti J, Chapman S, Skedzielewski T, Jucker BM, Stanislaus D, Alsaid H. The use of micro-CT imaging to examine and illustrate fetal skeletal abnormalities in Dutch Belted rabbits and to prove concordance with Alizarin Red stained skeletal examination. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:276-298. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard M. Solomon
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Stacia Murzyn
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Joyce Rendemonti
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon Chapman
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Tinamarie Skedzielewski
- Bioimaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Beat M. Jucker
- Bioimaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Dinesh Stanislaus
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Bioimaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
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4
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Solomon HM, Makris SL, Alsaid H, Bermudez O, Beyer BK, Chen A, Chen CL, Chen Z, Chmielewski G, DeLise AM, de Schaepdrijver L, Dogdas B, French J, Harrouk W, Helfgott J, Henkelman RM, Hesterman J, Hew KW, Hoberman A, Lo CW, McDougal A, Minck DR, Scott L, Stewart J, Sutherland V, Tatiparthi AK, Winkelmann CT, Wise LD, Wood SL, Ying X. Micro-CT imaging: Developing criteria for examining fetal skeletons in regulatory developmental toxicology studies - A workshop report. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:100-8. [PMID: 26930635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades the use and refinements of imaging modalities have markedly increased making it possible to image embryos and fetuses used in pivotal nonclinical studies submitted to regulatory agencies. Implementing these technologies into the Good Laboratory Practice environment requires rigorous testing, validation, and documentation to ensure the reproducibility of data. A workshop on current practices and regulatory requirements was held with the goal of defining minimal criteria for the proper implementation of these technologies and subsequent submission to regulatory agencies. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is especially well suited for high-throughput evaluations, and is gaining popularity to evaluate fetal skeletons to assess the potential developmental toxicity of test agents. This workshop was convened to help scientists in the developmental toxicology field understand and apply micro-CT technology to nonclinical toxicology studies and facilitate the regulatory acceptance of imaging data. Presentations and workshop discussions covered: (1) principles of micro-CT fetal imaging; (2) concordance of findings with conventional skeletal evaluations; and (3) regulatory requirements for validating the system. Establishing these requirements for micro-CT examination can provide a path forward for laboratories considering implementing this technology and provide regulatory agencies with a basis to consider the acceptability of data generated via this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L Makris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | - Oscar Bermudez
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Antong Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Connie L Chen
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Zhou Chen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Anthony M DeLise
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | | | - Belma Dogdas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Julian French
- Morphology Consulting Ltd., Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Wafa Harrouk
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - R Mark Henkelman
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Kok-Wah Hew
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Deerfield, IL, United States
| | - Alan Hoberman
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrew McDougal
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Daniel R Minck
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lelia Scott
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Horsham, PA, United States
| | | | - Vicki Sutherland
- National Toxicology Program/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | - L David Wise
- Independent Teratologist, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sandra L Wood
- Merck Research Laboratories, Upper Gwynedd, PA, United States
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5
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Johnson CA, Winkelmann CT, Wise LD. Considerations for conducting imaging studies in support of developmental toxicology studies for regulatory submission. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:41-3. [PMID: 24863470 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical imaging technologies are increasingly being applied to developmental toxicology studies in drug development to determine potential compound toxicity. Although most of these studies are conducted in a non-regulatory setting, there is interest in performing these imaging studies under applicable regulations, for example Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), to support regulatory decisions concerning drug safety. This manuscript will describe regulations and processes to consider when bringing an imaging technology into GLP compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colena A Johnson
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States.
| | | | - L David Wise
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
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6
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French JM. Imaging and morphology in reproductive toxicology - progress to date and future directions. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:37-40. [PMID: 24681297 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review looks at the recent development and application of imaging techniques for the morphological examination of fetuses from preclinical regulatory reproductive toxicology studies. Full replacement of the examination methods currently used in routine studies (microdissection, Bouin's fluid fixation/sectioning and alizarin red S/alcian blue preparations) by imaging techniques has yet to be achieved. Progress, especially in the application of micro-CT for skeletal examination, has been made but challenges, particularly the financial investment required, remain. Despite this apparent lack of progress the application of imaging techniques to "non-routine" preclinical reproductive toxicology studies has been used to good effect. The ability to acquire multiple images over a time course i.e. longitudinally has enabled the fate, particularly of skeletal features, to be determined. The additional evidence gained from such studies can be used to better inform the prenatal developmental hazard assessment of test compounds.
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7
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Wise LD, Winkelmann CT, Dogdas B, Bagchi A. Micro-computed tomography imaging and analysis in developmental biology and toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:71-82. [PMID: 23897592 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a high resolution imaging technique that has expanded and strengthened in use since it was last reviewed in this journal in 2004. The technology has expanded to include more detailed analysis of bone, as well as soft tissues, by use of various contrast agents. It is increasingly applied to questions in developmental biology and developmental toxicology. Relatively high-throughput protocols now provide a powerful and efficient means to evaluate embryos and fetuses subjected to genetic manipulations or chemical exposures. This review provides an overview of the technology, including scanning, reconstruction, visualization, segmentation, and analysis of micro-CT generated images. This is followed by a review of more recent applications of the technology in some common laboratory species that highlight the diverse issues that can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Wise
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Imaging, and Informatics IT, West Point, PA, USA.
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Campion SN, Davenport SJ, Nowland WS, Cappon GD, Bowman CJ, Hurtt ME. Sensitive windows of skeletal development in rabbits determined by hydroxyurea exposure at different times throughout gestation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:238-49. [PMID: 22495808 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The critical periods of axial skeletal development in rats and mice have been well characterized, however the timing of skeletal development in rabbits is not as well known. It is important to have a more precise understanding of this timing of axial skeletal development in rabbits due to the common use of this species in standard nonclinical studies to assess embryo-fetal developmental toxicity. Hydroxyurea, a teratogen known to induce a variety of fetal skeletal malformations, was administered to New Zealand White rabbits as a single dose (500 mg/kg) on individual days during gestation (gestation day, GD 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 19) and fetal external, visceral, and skeletal morphology was examined following cesarean sections on GD 29. A wide range of fetal skeletal effects was observed following hydroxyurea treatment, with a progression of malformations from anterior to posterior structures over time, as well as from proximal to distal structures over time. The sensitive window of axial skeletal development was determined to be GD 8 to 13, while disruption of appendicular and cranio-facial skeletal development occurred primarily from GD 11 to 16 and GD 11 to 12, respectively. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the critical developmental window for different segments of the rabbit skeleton, which will aid in the design of window studies to investigate teratogenicity in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Campion
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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9
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Campion SN, Bowman CJ, Cappon GD, Harrison A, Finch GL, Hurtt ME. Developmental Toxicity of Lersivirine in Rabbits when Administered throughout Organogenesis and when Limited to Sensitive Windows of Axial Skeletal Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:250-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Campion
- Drug Safety Research and Development; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; CT
| | - Christopher J. Bowman
- Drug Safety Research and Development; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; CT
| | - Gregg D. Cappon
- Drug Safety Research and Development; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; CT
| | - Anthony Harrison
- Pharmacokinetics; Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Sandwich; UK
| | - Gregory L. Finch
- Drug Safety Research and Development; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; CT
| | - Mark E. Hurtt
- Drug Safety Research and Development; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; CT
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Zhang Q, Wang H, Udagawa J, Otani H. Morphological and morphometric study on sphenoid and basioccipital ossification in normal human fetuses. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2011; 51:138-48. [PMID: 21848997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2011.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the brain frequently correspond to cranial base anomalies, and a detailed description of morphology and individual variations in the developing cranial base is of clinical importance for diagnosing anomalies. Development of the human cranial base has been studied using dissection, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. We here examined development of the normal human fetal cranial base using bone staining, which allows for direct observation of the ossification centers and precise three-dimensional measurements. We observed alizarin red S-stained sphenoids and basiocciputs of 22 normal formalin-fixed human fetuses with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 115-175 mm. We defined landmarks and measured sphenoids and basiocciputs using a fine caliper. Growth patterns of these ossifying bones were obtained, and we found similarities and differences among the growth patterns. We also observed individual variations in the ossification patterns, in particular, single- or double-ossification center patterns for the basisphenoid. The orbitosphenoid and basisphenoid widths and ratios of the widths to the total cranial base width were significantly different between the two pattern groups, whereas the other measurements and their ratios to the total cranial base did not differ between the groups. We measured the cerebrum and pons in different sets of 22 human fetuses with CRLs of 105-186 mm and found close relationships with the development of corresponding parts of the cranial base. The results contribute to the quantitative and qualitative information about the growth patterns and variations during human fetal cranial base development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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11
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Chang DW, Kim B, Shin JH, Yun YM, Je JH, Hwu YK, Yoon JH, Seong JK. Real time observation of mouse fetal skeleton using a high resolution X-ray synchrotron. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:107-13. [PMID: 21586868 PMCID: PMC3104163 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-ray synchrotron is quite different from conventional radiation sources. This technique may expand the capabilities of conventional radiology and be applied in novel manners for special cases. To evaluate the usefulness of X-ray synchrotron radiation systems for real time observations, mouse fetal skeleton development was monitored with a high resolution X-ray synchrotron. A non-monochromatized X-ray synchrotron (white beam, 5C1 beamline) was employed to observe the skeleton of mice under anesthesia at embryonic day (E)12, E14, E15, and E18. At the same time, conventional radiography and mammography were used to compare with X-ray synchrotron. After synchrotron radiation, each mouse was sacrificed and stained with Alizarin red S and Alcian blue to observe bony structures. Synchrotron radiation enabled us to view the mouse fetal skeleton beginning at gestation. Synchrotron radiation systems facilitate real time observations of the fetal skeleton with greater accuracy and magnification compared to mammography and conventional radiography. Our results show that X-ray synchrotron systems can be used to observe the fine structures of internal organs at high magnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Chang
- Department of Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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12
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Wise LD, Xue D, Winkelmann CT. Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of fetal skeletal changes induced by all-trans-retinoic acid in rats and rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 89:408-17. [PMID: 20836124 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory has been conducting positive control studies to evaluate the utility of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for qualitative evaluation of fetal skeletal morphology. All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) was used to produce a different spectrum of defects compared to our previous studies with boric acid and hydroxyurea. METHODS Groups of five mated Crl:CD(SD) female rats each were administered vehicle or atRA (2.5-50 mg/kg) on GD 10, and groups of four mated Dutch Belted rabbits each were dosed with vehicle or atRA (6.25-25 mg/kg) on GD 9. Cesarean sections were performed on GD 21 and 28, respectively. Following external examination the viscera were removed and fetuses scanned in a micro-CT imaging system. Fetuses were subsequently stained with alizarin red. Skeletal morphology was evaluated by each method without the knowledge of treatment group. Total bone mineral content (BMC) of each fetus was quantitated using the micro-CT images. RESULTS In rats there were dose-related increases in the incidence of extra lumbar vertebra and non-dose-related increases in supernumerary ribs at all dose levels. There were decreases in mean number of ossified sacrocaudal vertebra at ≥ 5 mg/kg, and increases in skull bone malformations at ≥ 10 mg/kg. Rabbits were less sensitive on a mg/kg basis since skeletal malformations and a decrease in mean number of ossified sacrocaudal vertebra were observed only in the 25-mg/kg group. Micro-CT evaluation detected essentially the same incidence of skeletal abnormalities as seen in alizarin red-stained rat and rabbit fetuses. BMC analysis showed a trend toward slight decreases in atRA-treated rats, but no notable changes in rabbits. CONCLUSIONS These results add support to our previous work that demonstrates that micro-CT imaging can effectively assess rat and rabbit fetal skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Wise
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Peterson RA, Gabrielson KL, Allan Johnson G, Pomper MG, Coatney RW, Winkelmann CT. Continuing education course #1: non-invasive imaging as a problem-solving tool and translational biomarker strategy in toxicologic pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 39:267-72. [PMID: 21147931 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310390392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The continuing education course "Non-Invasive Imaging as a Problem-Solving Tool and Translational Biomarker Strategy in Toxicologic Pathology" provided a thorough overview of commonly used imaging modalities and the logistics required for integration of small animal imaging into toxicologic pathology. Non-invasive imaging (NIN) is gaining acceptance as an important modality in toxicologic pathology. This technology allows nonterminal, time-course evaluation of functional and morphologic endpoints and can be used to translate biomarkers between preclinical animal models and human patients. NIN can support drug development as well as basic research in academic or industrial environments. An initial overview of theoretical principles was followed by focused presentations on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), positron emission tomography (PET)/single proton emission computed tomography (SPECT), ultrasonography (US, primarily focused on echocardiography), optical (bioluminescent) imaging, and computed tomography (CT). The choice of imaging modality will depend on the research question and the needed resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Peterson
- GlaxoSmithKline Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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14
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Wise LD, Buschmann J, Feuston MH, Fisher JE, Hew KW, Hoberman AM, Lerman SA, Ooshima Y, Stump DG. Embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study design for pharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:418-28. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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