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Conrad JV, Meyer S, Ramesh PS, Neira JA, Rusteika M, Mamott D, Duffin B, Bautista M, Zhang J, Hiles E, Higgins EM, Steill J, Freeman J, Ni Z, Liu S, Ungrin M, Rancourt D, Clegg DO, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Chu LF. Efficient derivation of transgene-free porcine induced pluripotent stem cells enables in vitro modeling of species-specific developmental timing. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2328-2343. [PMID: 37949072 PMCID: PMC10724057 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) has served as a superb large mammalian model for biomedical studies because of its comparable physiology and organ size to humans. The derivation of transgene-free porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (PiPSCs) will, therefore, benefit the development of porcine-specific models for regenerative biology and its medical applications. In the past, this effort has been hampered by a lack of understanding of the signaling milieu that stabilizes the porcine pluripotent state in vitro. Here, we report that transgene-free PiPSCs can be efficiently derived from porcine fibroblasts by episomal vectors along with microRNA-302/367 using optimized protocols tailored for this species. PiPSCs can be differentiated into derivatives representing the primary germ layers in vitro and can form teratomas in immunocompromised mice. Furthermore, the transgene-free PiPSCs preserve intrinsic species-specific developmental timing in culture, known as developmental allochrony. This is demonstrated by establishing a porcine in vitro segmentation clock model that, for the first time, displays a specific periodicity at ∼3.7 h, a timescale recapitulating in vivo porcine somitogenesis. We conclude that the transgene-free PiPSCs can serve as a powerful tool for modeling development and disease and developing transplantation strategies. We also anticipate that they will provide insights into conserved and unique features on the regulations of mammalian pluripotency and developmental timing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vanessa Conrad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Susanne Meyer
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Pranav S Ramesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jaime A Neira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Margaret Rusteika
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Daniel Mamott
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Bret Duffin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Monica Bautista
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jue Zhang
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Emily Hiles
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Eve M Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John Steill
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jack Freeman
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Zijian Ni
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Derrick Rancourt
- Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dennis O Clegg
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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2
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Yoshioka-Kobayashi K, Kageyama R. Imaging and manipulating the segmentation clock. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1221-1231. [PMID: 33015720 PMCID: PMC11072046 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the processes that control how cells differentiate and interact to form particular tissues and organs with precise timing and shape are of fundamental importance. One prominent example of such processes is vertebrate somitogenesis, which is governed by a molecular oscillator called the segmentation clock. The segmentation clock system is initiated in the presomitic mesoderm in which a set of genes and signaling pathways exhibit coordinated spatiotemporal dynamics to establish regularly spaced boundaries along the body axis; these boundaries provide a blueprint for the development of segment-like structures such as spines and skeletal muscles. The highly complex and dynamic nature of this in vivo event and the design principles and their regulation in both normal and abnormal embryogenesis are not fully understood. Recently, live-imaging has been used to quantitatively analyze the dynamics of selected components of the circuit, particularly in combination with well-designed experiments to perturb the system. Here, we review recent progress from studies using live imaging and manipulation, including attempts to recapitulate the segmentation clock in vitro. In combination with mathematical modeling, these techniques have become essential for disclosing novel aspects of the clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Yoshioka-Kobayashi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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3
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An In Vitro Human Segmentation Clock Model Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2247-2255.e5. [PMID: 31461642 PMCID: PMC6814198 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in somitogenesis result in vertebral malformations at birth known as spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO). Somites are formed with a species-specific periodicity controlled by the “segmentation clock,” which comprises a group of oscillatory genes in the presomitic mesoderm. Here, we report that a segmentation clock model derived from human embryonic stem cells shows many hallmarks of the mammalian segmentation clock in vivo, including a dependence on the NOTCH and WNT signaling pathways. The gene expression oscillations are highly synchronized, displaying a periodicity specific to the human clock. Introduction of a point of mutation into HES7, a specific mutation previously associated with clinical SCDO, eliminated clock gene oscillations, successfully reproducing the defects in the segmentation clock. Thus, we provide a model for studying the previously inaccessible human segmentation clock to better understand the mechanisms contributing to congenital skeletal defects. The segmentation clock is a molecular oscillator regulating the tempo of somite formation in a species-specific manner. Chu et al. report an embryonic-stem-cell-derived model system displaying a human-specific gene oscillation periodicity, which can shed light on human somitogenesis and model skeletal developmental disorders.
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4
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Bearce EA, Grimes DT. On being the right shape: Roles for motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in body and spine morphology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:104-112. [PMID: 32693941 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How developing and growing organisms attain their proper shape is a central problem of developmental biology. In this review, we investigate this question with respect to how the body axis and spine form in their characteristic linear head-to-tail fashion in vertebrates. Recent work in the zebrafish has implicated motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in axial morphogenesis and spinal straightness. We begin by introducing motile cilia, the fluid flows they generate and their roles in zebrafish development and growth. We then describe how cilia control body and spine shape through sensory cells in the spinal canal, a thread-like extracellular structure called the Reissner fiber, and expression of neuropeptide signals. Last, we discuss zebrafish mutants in which spinal straightness breaks down and three-dimensional curves form. These curves resemble the common but little-understood human disease Idiopathic Scoliosis. Zebrafish research is therefore poised to make progress in our understanding of this condition and, more generally, how body and spine shape is acquired and maintained through development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bearce
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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5
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Al Dhaheri N, Wu N, Zhao S, Wu Z, Blank RD, Zhang J, Raggio C, Halanski M, Shen J, Noonan K, Qiu G, Nemeth B, Sund S, Dunwoodie SL, Chapman G, Glurich I, Steiner RD, Wohler E, Martin R, Sobreira NL, Giampietro PF. KIAA1217: A novel candidate gene associated with isolated and syndromic vertebral malformations. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1664-1672. [PMID: 32369272 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vertebral malformations (VMs) are caused by alterations in somitogenesis and may occur in association with other congenital anomalies. The genetic etiology of most VMs remains unknown and their identification may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic and prevention strategies. Exome sequencing was performed on both the discovery cohort of nine unrelated probands from the USA with VMs and the replication cohort from China (Deciphering Disorders Involving Scoliosis & COmorbidities study). The discovery cohort was analyzed using the PhenoDB analysis tool. Heterozygous and homozygous, rare and functional variants were selected and evaluated for their ClinVar, HGMD, OMIM, GWAS, mouse model phenotypes, and other annotations to identify the best candidates. Genes with candidate variants in three or more probands were selected. The replication cohort was analyzed by another in-house developed pipeline. We identified rare heterozygous variants in KIAA1217 in four out of nine probands in the discovery cohort and in five out of 35 probands in the replication cohort. Collectively, we identified 11 KIAA1217 rare variants in 10 probands, three of which have not been described in gnomAD and one of which is a nonsense variant. We propose that genetic variations of KIAA1217 may contribute to the etiology of VMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Al Dhaheri
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Nan Wu
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sen Zhao
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianguo Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cathy Raggio
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jianxiong Shen
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ken Noonan
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Blaise Nemeth
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah Sund
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ingrid Glurich
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert D Steiner
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wohler
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renan Martin
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nara Lygia Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Mackel CE, Jada A, Samdani AF, Stephen JH, Bennett JT, Baaj AA, Hwang SW. A comprehensive review of the diagnosis and management of congenital scoliosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:2155-2171. [PMID: 30078055 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide the reader with a comprehensive but concise understanding of congenital scoliosis METHODS: We have undertaken to summarize available literature on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and management of congenital scoliosis. RESULTS Congenital scoliosis represents 10% of pediatric spine deformity and is a developmental error in segmentation, formation, or a combination of both leading to curvature of the spine. Treatment options are complicated by balancing growth potential with curve severity. Often associated abnormalities of cardiac, genitourinary, or intraspinal systems are concurrent and should be evaluated as part of the diagnostic work-up. Management balances the risk of progression, growth potential, lung development/function, and associated risks. Surgical treatment options involve growth-permitting systems or fusions. CONCLUSION Congenital scoliosis is a complex spinal problem associated with many other anomalous findings. Treatment options are diverse but enable optimization of management and care of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mackel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children, 800 Washington St, Boston, 02111, MA, USA
| | - Ajit Jada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Box 99, 525 E 68th St, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Amer F Samdani
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Philadelphia, 3551 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - James H Stephen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - James T Bennett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, 19140, PA, USA
| | - Ali A Baaj
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Box 99, 525 E 68th St, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Steven W Hwang
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Philadelphia, 3551 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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7
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Duan Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Gao J, Yang J, Wu Z, Fan Y, Xing Y, Li L, Xiao S, Hou Y, Ren J, Huang L. VRTN is Required for the Development of Thoracic Vertebrae in Mammals. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:667-681. [PMID: 29904281 PMCID: PMC6001657 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertnin (VRTN) variants are associated with thoracic vertebral number (TVN) in pigs. However, the biological function of VRTN remains poorly understood. Here we first conducted a range of experiments to demonstrate that VRTN is a responsible gene for TVN and two causative variants in the regulatory region of VRTN additively regulate TVN. Then, we show that VRTN is a novel DNA-binding transcription factor as it localizes exclusively in the nucleus, binds to DNA on a genome-wide scale and regulates the transcription of a set of genes that harbor VRTN binding motifs. Next, we illustrate that VRTN is essential for the development of thoracic vertebrae. Vrtn-null embryos display somitogenesis defect with the failure of axial rotation and fewer somites at the thoracic somite stage. Half of Vrtn heterozygous mice show abnormal spinal development with fewer thoracic vertebrae and ribs than their wild-type littermates. Lastly, we reveal that VRTN could modulate somite segmentation via the Notch signaling pathway. The findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of thoracic vertebrate in mammals, and VRTN causative variants provide a robust tool to improve pork production by selecting the alleles increasing the number of thoracic vertebrae and ribs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yuyun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Shijun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
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8
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Giampietro PF, Dunwoodie SL, Kusumi K, Pourquié O, Tassy O, Offiah AC, Cornier AS, Alman BA, Blank RD, Raggio CL, Glurich I, Turnpenny PD. Molecular diagnosis of vertebral segmentation disorders in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:1107-21. [PMID: 23496422 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.10.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebral malformations contribute substantially to the pathophysiology of kyphosis and scoliosis, common health problems associated with back and neck pain, disability, cosmetic disfigurement and functional distress. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the current understanding of vertebral malformations, at both the clinical level and the molecular level, and factors that contribute to their occurrence. METHODS The literature related to the following was reviewed: recent advances in the understanding of the molecular embryology underlying vertebral development and relevance to elucidation of etiologies of several known human vertebral malformation syndromes; outcomes of molecular studies elucidating genetic contributions to congenital and sporadic vertebral malformations; and complex interrelationships between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of isolated syndromic and non-syndromic congenital vertebral malformations. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Expert opinions extend to discussion of the importance of establishing improved classification systems for vertebral malformation, future directions in molecular and genetic research approaches to vertebral malformation and translational value of research efforts to clinical management and genetic counseling of affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Giampietro
- Marshfield Clinic, Department of Genetic Services, 1000 N. Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA +1 715 221 7410 ; +1 715 389 4399 ;
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9
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Venters SJ, Ordahl CP. Somite unit chronometry to analyze teratogen phase specificity in the paraxial mesoderm. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 798:103-123. [PMID: 22130834 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-343-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phase specificity, the temporal and tissue restriction of teratogen-induced defects during embryonic -development, is a poorly understood but common property of teratogens, an important source of human birth defects. Somite counting and somite units are novel chronometric tools used here to identify stages of paraxial mesoderm development that are sensitive to pulse-chase exposure (2 to >16 h) to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In all cases, it was the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) that was sensitive to BrdU induced segmentation anomalies. At high concentration (1.0 × 10(-2) M BrdU), PSM presegment stages ss-IV and earlier were irreversibly inhibited from completing segmentation. At low concentration (2.6 × 10(-6) M), BrdU induced periodic focal defects that predominantly trace back to PSM presegments between ss-V and ss-IX. Phase specificity is characteristic of both types of segmentation anomalies. Focal segmentation defects are phase-specific because they result from disruption of 2-3 presegments in the PSM while adjacent -rostral and caudal presegments are (apparently) unaffected. Irreversible inhibition of segmentation is also phase-specific because only PSM presegments ss-IV or earlier were affected while older segments (ss-III to ss-I) were able to complete segmentation. The presegments predominantly affected have not yet passed the determination front, the point at which the segmentation clock establishes somite rostro-caudal -polarity. Somite unit chronometry provides a means to identify specific PSM presegment stages that are susceptible to induced segmentation defects and the biological processes that underlie that vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Venters
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Jacobs-McDaniels NL, Albertson RC. Chd7 plays a critical role in controlling left-right symmetry during zebrafish somitogenesis. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2272-80. [PMID: 21901784 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Somitogenesis is a complex process during early vertebrate development involving interactions between many factors to form a bilateral somite series. A role for chromatin remodelers in somitogenesis has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we investigate the function of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (chd7) during zebrafish somitogenesis. We show that Chd7 deficiency leads to asymmetric segmentation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), as revealed by expression of the somitogenesis genes, cdx1a, dlc, her7, mespa, and ripply1. Moreover, we show that abrogation of Chd7 results in the loss of asymmetric expression of spaw in the lateral plate mesoderm, which is consistent with more general laterality defects. Based on the observation that insufficient Chd7 leads to left-right asymmetry defects during PSM segmentation, and because CHD7 has been linked to human spinal deformities, we suggest that zebrafish chd7 morphants may be a good in vivo model to examine the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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11
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He X, Yan YL, Eberhart JK, Herpin A, Wagner TU, Schartl M, Postlethwait JH. miR-196 regulates axial patterning and pectoral appendage initiation. Dev Biol 2011; 357:463-77. [PMID: 21787766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate Hox clusters contain protein-coding genes that regulate body axis development and microRNA (miRNA) genes whose functions are not yet well understood. We overexpressed the Hox cluster microRNA miR-196 in zebrafish embryos and found four specific, viable phenotypes: failure of pectoral fin bud initiation, deletion of the 6th pharyngeal arch, homeotic aberration and loss of rostral vertebrae, and reduced number of ribs and somites. Reciprocally, miR-196 knockdown evoked an extra pharyngeal arch, extra ribs, and extra somites, confirming endogenous roles of miR-196. miR-196 injection altered expression of hox genes and the signaling of retinoic acid through the retinoic acid receptor gene rarab. Knocking down rarab mimicked the pectoral fin phenotype of miR-196 overexpression, and reporter constructs tested in tissue culture and in embryos showed that the rarab 3'UTR is a miR-196 target for pectoral fin bud initiation. These results show that a Hox cluster microRNA modulates development of axial patterning similar to nearby protein-coding Hox genes, and acts on appendicular patterning at least in part by modulating retinoic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun He
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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12
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The mouse notches up another success: understanding the causes of human vertebral malformation. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:362-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chapman G, Sparrow DB, Kremmer E, Dunwoodie SL. Notch inhibition by the ligand Delta-Like 3 defines the mechanism of abnormal vertebral segmentation in spondylocostal dysostosis. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:905-16. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Sparrow DB, Sillence D, Wouters MA, Turnpenny PD, Dunwoodie SL. Two novel missense mutations in HAIRY-AND-ENHANCER-OF-SPLIT-7 in a family with spondylocostal dysostosis. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:674-9. [PMID: 20087400 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is an inherited disorder with abnormal vertebral segmentation that results in extensive hemivertebrae, truncal shortening and abnormally aligned ribs. It arises during embryonic development by a disruption of formation of somites (the precursor tissue of the vertebrae, ribs and associated tendons and muscles). Four genes causing a subset of autosomal recessive forms of this disease have been identified: DLL3 (SCDO1: MIM 277300), MESP2 (SCDO2: MIM 608681), LFNG (SCDO3: MIM609813) and HES7 (SCDO4). These genes are all essential components of the Notch signalling pathway, which has multiple roles in development and disease. Previously, only a single SCD-causative missense mutation was described in HES7. In this study, we have identified two new missense mutations in the HES7 gene in a single family, with only individuals carrying both mutant alleles being affected by SCD. In vitro functional analysis revealed that one of the mutant HES7 proteins was unable to repress gene expression by DNA binding or protein heterodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- ] Developmental Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Rosa RFM, Zen PRG, Rosa RCM, Graziadio C, Paskulin GA. Disostose espôndilo-costal associada a defeitos de fechamento do tubo neural. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822009000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Salientar a relação dos defeitos de fechamento do tubo neural com a disostose espôndilo-costal (DEC) por meio da descrição de três pacientes. DESCRIÇÃO DOS CASOS: Paciente 1: menina branca, 22 meses, nascida com mielomeningocele lombar. Na avaliação, apresentava hipotonia, baixa estatura, dolicocefalia, fendas palpebrais oblíquas para cima, pregas epicânticas e tronco curto com tórax assimétrico. A avaliação radiográfica revelou hemivértebras múltiplas, vértebras em borboleta e fusão e ausência de algumas costelas. Paciente 2: menina branca, 22 meses, com moderado atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, baixa estatura, olhos profundos, pregas epicânticas, pescoço e tronco curtos com assimetria do tórax, abdome protruso, hemangioma plano na altura da transição lombossacra e fosseta sacral profunda no dorso. A avaliação radiográfica identificou hemivértebras, fusão incompleta de vértebras e vértebras em borboleta, malformações de costelas e espinha bífida oculta em L5/S1. Paciente 3: menina branca, 9 dias de vida, com fendas palpebrais oblíquas para cima, ponte nasal alargada, orelhas baixo implantadas e rotadas posteriormente, tronco curto, tórax assimétrico e meningocele tóraco-lombar. A avaliação radiográfica evidenciou hemivértebras, malformação e ausência de algumas costelas e agenesia diafragmática à esquerda. A tomografia computadorizada de encéfalo mostrou estenose de aqueduto. COMENTÁRIOS: Vários defeitos de fechamento do tubo neural, de espinha bífida oculta a grandes mielomeningoceles, são observados em pacientes com DEC, indicando que tais pacientes devem ser cuidadosamente avaliados quanto à possível presença desses defeitos.
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Luther KB, Schindelin H, Haltiwanger RS. Structural and mechanistic insights into lunatic fringe from a kinetic analysis of enzyme mutants. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:3294-3305. [PMID: 19028689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch receptor is critical for proper development where it orchestrates numerous cell fate decisions. The Fringe family of beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases are regulators of this pathway. Fringe enzymes add N-acetylglucosamine to O-linked fucose on the epidermal growth factor repeats of Notch. Here we have analyzed the reaction catalyzed by Lunatic Fringe (Lfng) in detail. A mutagenesis strategy for Lfng was guided by a multiple sequence alignment of Fringe proteins and solutions from docking an epidermal growth factor-like O-fucose acceptor substrate onto a homology model of Lfng. We targeted three main areas as follows: residues that could help resolve where the fucose binds, residues in two conserved loops not observed in the published structure of Manic Fringe, and residues predicted to be involved in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) donor specificity. We utilized a kinetic analysis of mutant enzyme activity toward the small molecule acceptor substrate 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside to judge their effect on Lfng activity. Our results support the positioning of O-fucose in a specific orientation to the catalytic residue. We also found evidence that one loop closes off the active site coincident with, or subsequent to, substrate binding. We propose a mechanism whereby the ordering of this short loop may alter the conformation of the catalytic aspartate. Finally, we identify several residues near the UDP-GlcNAc-binding site, which are specifically permissive toward UDP-GlcNAc utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin B Luther
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Hermann Schindelin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215.
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Luther KB, Haltiwanger RS. Role of unusual O-glycans in intercellular signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:1011-24. [PMID: 18952191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, our knowledge of the role of glycans in development and signal transduction has expanded enormously. While most work has focused on the importance of N-linked or mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, recent work has highlighted the importance of several more unusual forms of glycosylation that are the focus of this review. In particular, the ability of O-fucose glycans on the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats of Notch to modulate signaling places glycosylation alongside phosphorylation as a means to modulate protein-protein interactions and their resultant downstream signals. The recent discovery that O-glucose modification of Notch EGF repeats is also required for Notch function has further expanded the range of glycosylation events capable of modulating Notch signaling. The prominent role of Notch during development and in later cell-fate decisions underscores the importance of these modifications in human biology. The role of glycans in intercellular signaling events is only beginning to be understood and appears ready to expand into new areas with the discovery that thrombospondin type 1 repeats are also modified with O-fucose glycans. Finally, a rare form of glycosylation called C-mannosylation modifies tryptophans in some signaling competent molecules and may be a further layer of complexity in the field. We will review each of these areas focusing on the glycan structures produced, the consequence of their presence, and the enzymes responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin B Luther
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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Sparrow DB, Guillen-Navarro E, Fatkin D, Dunwoodie SL. Mutation of HAIRY-AND-ENHANCER-OF-SPLIT-7 in humans causes spondylocostal dysostosis. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3761-6. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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