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Colazo JM, Hoogenboezem EN, Keech MC, Francini N, Shah V, Yu F, Lo JH, Sorets AG, McCune JT, Cho H, DeJulius CR, Michell DL, Maerz T, Vickers KC, Gibson-Corley KN, Hasty KA, Crofford L, Cook RS, Duvall CL. Albumin-binding RNAi Conjugate for Carrier Free Treatment of Arthritis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.542971. [PMID: 37333210 PMCID: PMC10274717 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.542971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are joint diseases that are associated with pain and lost quality of life. No disease modifying OA drugs are currently available. RA treatments are better established but are not always effective and can cause immune suppression. Here, an MMP13-selective siRNA conjugate was developed that, when delivered intravenously, docks onto endogenous albumin and promotes preferential accumulation in articular cartilage and synovia of OA and RA joints. MMP13 expression was diminished upon intravenous delivery of MMP13 siRNA conjugates, consequently decreasing multiple histological and molecular markers of disease severity, while also reducing clinical manifestations such as swelling (RA) and joint pressure sensitivity (RA and OA). Importantly, MMP13 silencing provided more comprehensive OA treatment efficacy than standard of care (steroids) or experimental MMP inhibitors. These data demonstrate the utility of albumin 'hitchhiking' for drug delivery to arthritic joints, and establish the therapeutic utility of systemically delivered anti-MMP13 siRNA conjugates in OA and RA. Editorial summary Lipophilic siRNA conjugates optimized for albumin binding and "hitchhiking" can be leveraged to achieve preferential delivery to and gene silencing activity within arthritic joints. Chemical stabilization of the lipophilic siRNA enables intravenous siRNA delivery without lipid or polymer encapsulation. Using siRNA sequences targeting MMP13, a key driver of arthritis-related inflammation, albumin hitchhiking siRNA diminished MMP13, inflammation, and manifestations of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis at molecular, histological, and clinical levels, consistently outperforming clinical standards of care and small molecule MMP antagonists.
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Thielen NGM, Neefjes M, Vitters EL, van Beuningen HM, Blom AB, Koenders MI, van Lent PLEM, van de Loo FAJ, Blaney Davidson EN, van Caam APM, van der Kraan PM. Identification of Transcription Factors Responsible for a Transforming Growth Factor-β-Driven Hypertrophy-like Phenotype in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071232. [PMID: 35406794 PMCID: PMC8998018 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During osteoarthritis (OA), hypertrophy-like chondrocytes contribute to the disease process. TGF-β's signaling pathways can contribute to a hypertrophy(-like) phenotype in chondrocytes, especially at high doses of TGF-β. In this study, we examine which transcription factors (TFs) are activated and involved in TGF-β-dependent induction of a hypertrophy-like phenotype in human OA chondrocytes. We found that TGF-β, at levels found in synovial fluid in OA patients, induces hypertrophic differentiation, as characterized by increased expression of RUNX2, COL10A1, COL1A1, VEGFA and IHH. Using luciferase-based TF activity assays, we observed that the expression of these hypertrophy genes positively correlated to SMAD3:4, STAT3 and AP1 activity. Blocking these TFs using specific inhibitors for ALK-5-induced SMAD signaling (5 µM SB-505124), JAK-STAT signaling (1 µM Tofacitinib) and JNK signaling (10 µM SP-600125) led to the striking observation that only SB-505124 repressed the expression of hypertrophy factors in TGF-β-stimulated chondrocytes. Therefore, we conclude that ALK5 kinase activity is essential for TGF-β-induced expression of crucial hypertrophy factors in chondrocytes.
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Shen PC, Chou SH, Lu CC, Huang HT, Chien SH, Huang PJ, Liu ZM, Shih CL, Su SJ, Chen LM, Tien YC. Shockwave Treatment Enhanced Extracellular Matrix Production in Articular Chondrocytes Through Activation of the ROS/MAPK/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Cartilage 2021; 13:238S-253S. [PMID: 34238028 PMCID: PMC8804851 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211012465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shockwave application is a potential treatment for osteoarthritis (OA), but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Oxidative stress and a counterbalancing antioxidant system might be the key to understanding this mechanism. We hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2),which is an important regulator of cellular redox homeostasis, are plausible elements. DESIGN Porcine chondrocytes were cultured in a 3-dimensional pellet model and subjected to shockwaves. The effects of shockwaves with various energy-flux densities on optimal extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis were assessed. ROS, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and the redox activity of Nrf2 were measured. To investigate the signaling mechanism involved in the shockwave treatment in chondrocytes, specific inhibitors of ROS, MAPK signaling, and Nrf2 activity were targeted. RESULTS Shockwaves increased ECM synthesis without affecting cell viability or proliferation. Furthermore, they induced transient ROS production mainly through xanthine oxidase. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 were activated by shockwaves. By contrast, suppression of ROS signaling mitigated shockwave-induced MAPK phosphorylation, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and ECM synthesis. Pretreatment of chondrocytes with the specific inhibitors of MEK1/2 and p38, respectively, mitigated the shockwave-induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and ECM synthesis. Nrf2 inhibition by both small hairpin RNA knockdown and brusatol reduced the shockwave-enhanced ECM synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Shockwaves activated Nrf2 activity through the induction of transient ROS signaling and subsequently enhanced ECM synthesis in chondrocytes. This study provided fundamental evidence confirming the potential of shockwaves for OA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College
of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Cheng-Chang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College
of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Municipal Siaoqang Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Hsuan-Ti Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Song-Hsiung Chien
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Peng-Ju Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Zi-Miao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Chia-Lung Shih
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Shu-Jem Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Science and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin
University, Kaohsiung
| | - Li-Min Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics, E-DA
Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City
| | - Yin-Chun Tien
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College
of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung,Yin-Chun Tien, Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 Tzu-You 1st Road, Kaohsiung
807.
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4
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Bedingfield SK, Colazo JM, Yu F, Liu DD, Jackson MA, Himmel LE, Cho H, Crofford LJ, Hasty KA, Duvall CL. Amelioration of post-traumatic osteoarthritis via nanoparticle depots delivering small interfering RNA to damaged cartilage. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1069-1083. [PMID: 34413494 PMCID: PMC8497446 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The progression of osteoarthritis is associated with inflammation triggered by the enzymatic degradation of extracellular matrix in injured cartilage. Here we show that a locally injected depot of nanoparticles functionalized with an antibody targeting type II collagen and carrying small interfering RNA targeting the matrix metalloproteinase 13 gene (Mmp13), which breaks down type II collagen, substantially reduced the expression of MMP13 and protected cartilage integrity and overall joint structure in acute and severe mouse models of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. MMP13 inhibition suppressed clusters of genes associated with tissue restructuring, angiogenesis, innate immune responses and proteolysis. We also show that intra-articular injections of the nanoparticles led to greater reductions in disease progression than either a single injection or weekly injections of the steroid methylprednisolone. Sustained drug retention by targeting collagen in the damaged extracellular matrix of osteoarthritic cartilage may also be an effective strategy for the treatment of osteoarthritis with other disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K. Bedingfield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351826 Nashville, TN 37235-1826
| | - Juan M. Colazo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351826 Nashville, TN 37235-1826
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351826 Nashville, TN 37235-1826
| | - Danielle D. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351826 Nashville, TN 37235-1826
| | - Meredith A. Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 351826 Nashville, TN 37235-1826
| | - Lauren E. Himmel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. South, Suite C-3322 Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Hongsik Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1211 Union Ave. Suite 520 Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Leslie J. Crofford
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. South, Suite C-3322 Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Karen A. Hasty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1211 Union Ave. Suite 520 Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. South, Suite C-3322 Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.L.D.
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5
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Park S, Bello A, Arai Y, Ahn J, Kim D, Cha KY, Baek I, Park H, Lee SH. Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081139. [PMID: 34452101 PMCID: PMC8400409 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte hypertrophy is one of the key indicators in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, compared with other OA indications, such as cartilage collapse, sclerosis, inflammation, and protease activation, the mechanisms by which chondrocyte hypertrophy contributes to OA remain elusive. As the pathological processes in the OA cartilage microenvironment, such as the alterations in the extracellular matrix, are initiated and dictated by the physiological state of the chondrocytes, in-depth knowledge of chondrocyte hypertrophy is necessary to enhance our understanding of the disease pathology and develop therapeutic agents. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is a factor that induces OA progression; it is also a crucial factor in the endochondral ossification. This review elaborates on this dual functionality of chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression and endochondral ossification through a description of the characteristics of various genes and signaling, their mechanism, and their distinguishable physiological effects. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression leads to a decrease in chondrogenic genes and destruction of cartilage tissue. However, in endochondral ossification, it represents an intermediate stage at the process of differentiation of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells. In addition, this review describes the current therapeutic strategies and their mechanisms, involving genes, proteins, cytokines, small molecules, three-dimensional environments, or exosomes, against the OA induced by chondrocyte hypertrophy. Finally, this review proposes that the contrasting roles of chondrocyte hypertrophy are essential for both OA progression and endochondral ossification, and that this cellular process may be targeted to develop OA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea
| | - Alvin Bello
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Yoshie Arai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Jinsung Ahn
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Kyung-Yup Cha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Inho Baek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.P.); (A.B.); (Y.A.); (J.A.); (D.K.); (K.-Y.C.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5153; Fax: +82-31-961-5108
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6
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He A, Ning Y, Wen Y, Cai Y, Xu K, Cai Y, Han J, Liu L, Du Y, Liang X, Li P, Fan Q, Hao J, Wang X, Guo X, Ma T, Zhang F. Use of integrative epigenetic and mRNA expression analyses to identify significantly changed genes and functional pathways in osteoarthritic cartilage. Bone Joint Res 2018; 7:343-350. [PMID: 29922454 PMCID: PMC5987683 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.75.bjr-2017-0284.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Osteoarthritis (OA) is caused by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic mechanisms control the expression of genes and are likely to regulate the OA transcriptome. We performed integrative genomic analyses to define methylation-gene expression relationships in osteoarthritic cartilage. Patients and Methods Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of articular cartilage from five patients with OA of the knee and five healthy controls was conducted using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, California). Other independent genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of articular cartilage from three patients with OA and three healthy controls were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Integrative pathway enrichment analysis of DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles was performed using integrated analysis of cross-platform microarray and pathway software. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Results We identified 1265 differentially methylated genes, of which 145 are associated with significant changes in gene expression, such as DLX5, NCOR2 and AXIN2 (all p-values of both DNA methylation and mRNA expression < 0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis identified 26 OA-associated pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway (p = 6.25 × 10-4), phosphatidylinositol (PI) signalling system (p = 4.38 × 10-3), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signalling pathway (p = 8.63 × 10-3 pantothenate and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis (p = 0.017), ErbB signalling pathway (p = 0.024), inositol phosphate (IP) metabolism (p = 0.025), and calcium signalling pathway (p = 0.032). Conclusion We identified a group of genes and biological pathwayswhich were significantly different in both DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles between patients with OA and controls. These results may provide new clues for clarifying the mechanisms involved in the development of OA. Cite this article: A. He, Y. Ning, Y. Wen, Y. Cai, K. Xu, Y. Cai, J. Han, L. Liu, Y. Du, X. Liang, P. Li, Q. Fan, J. Hao, X. Wang, X. Guo, T. Ma, F. Zhang. Use of integrative epigenetic and mRNA expression analyses to identify significantly changed genes and functional pathways in osteoarthritic cartilage. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:343–350. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.75.BJR-2017-0284.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A He
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Ning
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - K Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - J Han
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Du
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - X Liang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - P Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Q Fan
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - J Hao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - X Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - X Guo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - T Ma
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - F Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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Marchev AS, Dimitrova PA, Burns AJ, Kostov RV, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Georgiev MI. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in osteoarthritis: can NRF2 counteract these partners in crime? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1401:114-135. [PMID: 28662306 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint degenerative disease associated with pain, joint deformity, and disability. The disease starts with cartilage damage but then progressively involves subchondral bone, causing an imbalance between osteoclast-driven bone resorption and osteoblast-driven remodeling. Here, we summarize the data for the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in OA pathology and discuss how these two processes are integrated during OA progression, as well as their contribution to abnormalities in cartilage/bone metabolism and integrity. At the cellular level, oxidative stress and inflammation are counteracted by transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid p45-related factor 2 (NRF2), and we describe the regulation of NRF2, highlighting its role in OA pathology. We also discuss the beneficial effect of some phytonutrients, including the therapeutic potential of NRF2 activation, in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S Marchev
- Group of Plant Cell Biotechnology and Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Petya A Dimitrova
- Department of Immunology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Andrew J Burns
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rumen V Kostov
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Group of Plant Cell Biotechnology and Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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8
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Prenatal exposure to environmental factors and congenital limb defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:243-273. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Frisch J, Cucchiarini M. Gene- and Stem Cell-Based Approaches to Regulate Hypertrophic Differentiation in Articular Cartilage Disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1495-1512. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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10
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Pavlistova L, Izakova S, Zemanova Z, Bartuskova L, Langova M, Malikova P, Michalova K. Rare congenital chromosomal aberration dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32) in a patient with primary myelofibrosis. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:67. [PMID: 27588041 PMCID: PMC5007838 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutional translocations between sex chromosomes are rather rare in humans with breakpoints at Xp11 and Yq11 as the most frequent. Breakpoints on the short arm of the Y chromosome form one subgroup of t(X;Y), giving rise to a derived chromosome with the centromeres of both the X and Y chromosomes, dic(X;Y). Here, we report a rare congenital chromosomal aberration, 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32)[20]/45,X[10], in an adult male. CASE PRESENTATION Primary myelofibrosis, a malignant haematological disease, was diagnosed in a 63-year-old man following liver transplantation after hepatocellular carcinoma. By the analysis of the bone marrow sample, the karyotype 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32) was detected in all the mitoses analysed and verified with multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH). A cytogenetic examination of stimulated peripheral blood cells revealed the constitutional karyotype 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32)[20]/45,X[10]. The cell line 45,X was confirmed with FISH in 35 % of interphase nuclei. The SRY locus was present on the dicentric chromosome. A CGH/SNP array (Illumina) revealed a gain of 153,7 Mbp of the X chromosome and a 803-kbp microdeletion (including the SHOX gene), which were also confirmed with FISH. SHOX encodes a transcriptional factor that regulates the growth of the long bones. The deletion of the SHOX gene together with the Madelung deformity of the forearm and the short stature of the proband led to a diagnosis of Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD). The gain of almost the whole X chromosome (153,7 Mbp) was considered a variant of Klinefelter syndrome (KS). The levels of gonadotropins and testosterone were consistent with gonadal dysfunction. A malformation of the right external ear was detected. CONCLUSIONS We have reported a structural aberration of the sex chromosomes, dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32). The related genomic imbalance is associated with two known hereditary syndromes, LWD and a KS variant, identified in our proband at an advanced age. Because the breakpoints did not involve cancer genes, we inferred that the two malignancies in the proband were not caused by this abnormality. The possible influence of SHOX haploinsufficiency on the growth regulation of auricular chondrocytes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Pavlistova
- Center of Oncocytogenetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, U Nemocnice 499/2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Izakova
- Center of Oncocytogenetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, U Nemocnice 499/2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Zemanova
- Center of Oncocytogenetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, U Nemocnice 499/2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bartuskova
- Center of Oncocytogenetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, U Nemocnice 499/2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Langova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty Thomayer's Hospital, Vídeňská 800, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Malikova
- Department of Clinical Hematology IKEM, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kyra Michalova
- Center of Oncocytogenetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, U Nemocnice 499/2, Prague 2, 128 08 Czech Republic ; Department of Cytogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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11
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Kerkhofs J, Leijten J, Bolander J, Luyten FP, Post JN, Geris L. A Qualitative Model of the Differentiation Network in Chondrocyte Maturation: A Holistic View of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162052. [PMID: 27579819 PMCID: PMC5007039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of chondrocytes towards hypertrophy is a natural process whose control is essential in endochondral bone formation. It is additionally thought to play a role in several pathophysiological processes, with osteoarthritis being a prominent example. We perform a dynamic analysis of a qualitative mathematical model of the regulatory network that directs this phenotypic switch to investigate the influence of the individual factors holistically. To estimate the stability of a SOX9 positive state (associated with resting/proliferation chondrocytes) versus a RUNX2 positive one (associated with hypertrophy) we employ two measures. The robustness of the state in canalisation (size of the attractor basin) is assessed by a Monte Carlo analysis and the sensitivity to perturbations is assessed by a perturbational analysis of the attractor. Through qualitative predictions, these measures allow for an in silico screening of the effect of the modelled factors on chondrocyte maintenance and hypertrophy. We show how discrepancies between experimental data and the model’s results can be resolved by evaluating the dynamic plausibility of alternative network topologies. The findings are further supported by a literature study of proposed therapeutic targets in the case of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janine N. Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for biomedical technology and technical medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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12
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Hashimoto K, Mori S, Oda Y, Nakano A, Sawamura T, Akagi M. Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1-deficient mice show resistance to instability-induced osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2016; 45:412-22. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2015.1135979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Mori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Oda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Nakano
- Department of Bioscience, National Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Akagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Charlier E, Malaise O, Zeddou M, Neuville S, Cobraiville G, Deroyer C, Sanchez C, Gillet P, Kurth W, de Seny D, Relic B, Malaise MG. Restriction of spontaneous and prednisolone-induced leptin production to dedifferentiated state in human hip OA chondrocytes: role of Smad1 and β-catenin activation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:315-24. [PMID: 26318657 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aetiology of OA is not fully understood although several adipokines such as leptin are known mediators of disease progression. Since leptin levels were increased in synovial fluid compared to serum in OA patients, it was suggested that joint cells themselves could produce leptin. However, exact mechanisms underlying leptin production by chondrocytes are poorly understood. Nevertheless, prednisolone, although displaying powerful anti-inflammatory properties has been recently reported to be potent stimulator of leptin and its receptor in OA synovial fibroblasts. Therefore, we investigated, in vitro, spontaneous and prednisolone-induced leptin production in OA chondrocytes, focusing on transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. DESIGN We used an in vitro dedifferentiation model, comparing human freshly isolated hip OA chondrocytes cultivated in monolayer during 1 day (type II, COL2A1 +; type X, COL10A1 + and type I collagen, COL1A1 -) or 14 days (COL2A1 -; COL10A1 - and COL1A1+). RESULTS Leptin expression was not detected in day1 OA chondrocytes whereas day14 OA chondrocytes produced leptin, significantly increased with prednisolone. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)/ALK5 ratio was shifted during dedifferentiation, from high ALK5 and phospho (p)-Smad2 expression at day1 to high ALK1, endoglin and p-Smad1/5 expression at day14. Moreover, inactive glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and active β-catenin were only found in dedifferentiated OA chondrocytes. Smad1 and β-catenin but not endoglin stable lentiviral silencing led to a significant decrease in leptin production by dedifferentiated OA chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Only dedifferentiated OA chondrocytes produced leptin. Prednisolone markedly enhanced leptin production, which involved Smad1 and β-catenin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Charlier
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - O Malaise
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - M Zeddou
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - S Neuville
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - G Cobraiville
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - C Deroyer
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - C Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - P Gillet
- Orthopedic Surgery Unit, CHU of Liège, Belgium
| | - W Kurth
- Orthopedic Surgery Unit, CHU of Liège, Belgium
| | - D de Seny
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - B Relic
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - M G Malaise
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, CHU de Liège, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
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Sun MMG, Beier F. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in skeletal development, growth, and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:74-82. [PMID: 24677724 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most of our bones form through the process of endochondral ossification, which is tightly regulated by the activity of the cartilage growth plate. Chondrocyte maturation through the various stages of growth plate physiology ultimately results in hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is an essential contributor to longitudinal bone growth, but recent data suggest that these cells also play fundamental roles in signaling to other skeletal cells, thus coordinating endochondral ossification. On the other hand, ectopic hypertrophy of articular chondrocytes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Thus, a better understanding of the processes that control chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate as well as in articular cartilage is required for improved management of both skeletal growth disorders and osteoarthritis. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulation of hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation, the cellular mechanisms involved in hypertrophy, and the role of chondrocyte hypertrophy in skeletal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Man-Ger Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, and Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Zhang Y, Yang TL, Li X, Guo Y. Functional analyses reveal the essential role of SOX6 and RUNX2 in the communication of chondrocyte and osteoblast. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:553-61. [PMID: 25212673 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study provides novel evidence that sex determining region Y (SRY)-box (SOX6) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) play essential roles in the communication of chondrocyte and osteoblast. Our findings open a new avenue to the limited understanding of the coordination effect between chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. INTRODUCTION Sox6 and Runx2 are two new susceptibility genes for osteoporosis identified by genome-wide association studies, but the functions of these genes in osteogenesis remain unclear. Both genes are essential transcription factors in chondrogenesis, which reminds us that SOX6 and RUNX2 might be involved in the coordination of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the functions of SOX6 and RUNX2 in the coupling regulation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. METHODS We established a chondrogenic differentiation model of ATDC5 cell and profiled the expression of SOX6 and RUNX2 during chondroblast differentiation. We co-cultured osteoblast cells with ATDC5 cells in different differentiation stages and examined the proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and differentiation of osteoblast cells. SOX6 or RUNX2 was knocked down using specific siRNA and the effect was examined. RESULTS During chondrogenic differentiation, SOX6 and RUNX2 expressed sequentially in the proliferating and hypertrophic stages. Proliferative ATDC5 cells stimulated the multiplication of osteoblasts and promoted more osteoblasts to enter S-phase. Hypertrophic ATDC5 cells enhanced the differentiation of osteoblasts. Yet, the apoptosis of osteoblasts was neither affected by proliferating nor hypertrophic ATDC5 cells. Knockdown of SOX6 in proliferating ATDC5 cells significantly repressed the stimulation of osteoblast multiplication, whereas depletion of RUNX2 in hypertrophic ATDC5 cells retarded the expression of osteoblastic markers. CONCLUSIONS Our study first reveals that SOX6 and RUNX2 play important roles in the chondrogenesis-osteogenesis coordination. This finding enriches the limited understanding about this coordination and unravels the novel function of SOX6 and RUNX2 in the endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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16
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Sun MMG, Beier F. Liver X Receptor activation delays chondrocyte hypertrophy during endochondral bone growth. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:996-1006. [PMID: 24852699 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of the Liver X Receptor (LXR) has recently been identified as a therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis (OA). Human OA articular cartilage explants show decreased LXR expression, and LXRβ-null mice display OA-like symptoms. LXR agonist administration to OA articular cartilage explants suppresses proteoglycan degradation and restores LXR-activated transcription. We aimed to investigate the effect of LXR activation on chondrocyte differentiation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind its protection against OA. METHOD The specific LXR agonist, GW3965, was used to examine the effect of LXR activation on chondrocyte differentiation. Tibia organ cultures were used to examine the effect of LXR activation on bone growth and growth plate morphology, followed by immunohistochemical analysis. In ATDC5 and micromass cultures, chondrocyte differentiation was examined through cellular staining and proliferation assays. Various chondrogenic markers were analyzed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in micromass RNA. RESULTS Chondrocyte hypertrophy was suppressed by GW3965 treatment, as shown by decreased hypertrophic zone length in the tibial growth plate, decreased alkaline phosphatase staining in ATDC5 and micromass cultures, and down regulation of Col10a1, Mmp13 and Runx2 expression. Increased proliferation in treated ATDC5 cells and up-regulation of Col2a1 expression in treated micromass cultures suggest hypertrophy is suppressed secondary to prolonged proliferation. Decreased p57 levels in treated growth plates suggest this to be due to cell-cycle exit delay. CONCLUSION Our findings regarding LXR's role in cartilage development provide insight into how LXR activation prevents cartilage breakdown, further solidifying its potential as a therapeutic target of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M-G Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.
| | - F Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.
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Expression profiling and functional implications of a set of zinc finger proteins, ZNF423, ZNF470, ZNF521, and ZNF780B, in primary osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:318793. [PMID: 24976683 PMCID: PMC4058293 DOI: 10.1155/2014/318793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes are responsible for the maintenance of healthy articulations; indeed, dysregulation of their functions, including the production of matrix proteins and matrix-remodeling proteases, may result in fraying of the tissue and development of osteoarthritis (OA). To explore transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of chondrocyte homeostasis and may be implicated in OA development, we compared the gene expression profile of a set of zinc finger proteins potentially linked to the control of chondrocyte differentiation and/or functions (ZNF423, ZNF470, ZNF521, and ZNF780B) in chondrocytes from patients affected by OA and from subjects not affected by OA. This analysis highlighted a significantly lower expression of the transcript encoding ZNF423 in chondrocytes from OA, particularly in elderly patients. Interestingly, this decrease was mirrored by the similarly reduced expression of PPARγ, a known target of ZNF423 with anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties. The ZNF521 mRNA instead was abundant in all primary chondrocytes studied; the RNAi-mediated silencing of this gene significantly altered the COL2A/COL1 expression ratio, associated with the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, in chondrocytes cultivated in alginate beads. These results suggest a role for ZNF423 and ZNF521 in the regulation of chondrocyte homeostasis and warrant further investigations to elucidate their mechanism of action.
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Pesesse L, Sanchez C, Walsh DA, Delcour JP, Baudouin C, Msika P, Henrotin Y. Bone sialoprotein as a potential key factor implicated in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:547-56. [PMID: 24530278 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously identified an association between bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocyte hypertrophy but the precise role of BSP in ostearthritis (OA) has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to confirm the association between BSP and OA chondrocyte hypertrophy, to define its effect on molecules produced by chondrocytes and to analyse its association with cartilage degradation and vascular density at the osteochondral junction. METHOD Human OA chondrocytes were cultivated in order to increase hypertrophic differentiation. The effect of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), interleukin (IL)-1β or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α on BSP was analysed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. The effects of BSP on OA chondrocytes production of inflammatory response mediators (IL-6, nitric oxide), major matrix molecule (aggrecan), matrix metalloprotease-3 and angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, IL-8, and thrombospondin-1) were investigated. BSP was detected by immunohistochemistry and was associated with cartilage lesions severity and vascular density. RESULTS PTHrP significantly decreased BSP, confirming its association with chondrocyte hypertrophy. In presence of IL-1β, BSP stimulated IL-8 synthesis, a pro-angiogenic cytokine but decreased the production of TSP-1, an angiogenesis inhibitor. The presence of BSP-immunoreactive chondrocytes in cartilage was associated with the severity of histological cartilage lesions and with vascular density at the osteochondral junction. CONCLUSION This study supports the implication of BSP in the pathology of OA and suggests that it could be a key mediator of the hypertrophic chondrocytes-induced angiogenesis. To control chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation is promising in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pesesse
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - C Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - D A Walsh
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - J-P Delcour
- Bois de l'Abbaye Hospital, Seraing, Belgium.
| | - C Baudouin
- Expanscience Laboratories, IRD Direction, Epernon, France.
| | - P Msika
- Expanscience Laboratories, IRD Direction, Epernon, France.
| | - Y Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium.
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Pesesse L, Sanchez C, Delcour JP, Bellahcène A, Baudouin C, Msika P, Henrotin Y. Consequences of chondrocyte hypertrophy on osteoarthritic cartilage: potential effect on angiogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1913-23. [PMID: 23973427 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the link between the hypertrophic phenotype of chondrocytes and angiogenesis in osteoarthritis (OA) and more particularly to demonstrate that OA hypertrophic chondrocytes potentially express a phenotype promoting angiogenesis through the expression of factors controlling endothelial cells migration, invasion and adhesion. METHOD Human OA chondrocytes were cultivated in alginate beads in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) to induce chondrocyte hypertrophy. The hypertrophic phenotype was characterized throughout 28 days of culture by measuring the expression of specific genes and by a microscopic observation of cellular morphology. The effect of media conditioned by OA hypertrophic chondrocyte on endothelial cells migration, invasion and adhesion was evaluated in functional assays. Moreover, hypertrophic OA chondrocytes were tested for the expression of angiogenic factors by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Specific markers of hypertrophy and observation of cellular morphology attested of the hypertrophic phenotype of chondrocytes in our culture model. Functional angiogenesis assays showed that factors produced by hypertrophic chondrocytes stimulated migration, invasion and adhesion of endothelial cells. Among the evaluated angiogenic factors, bone sialoprotein (BSP) was the most highly upregulated in hypertrophic chondrocytes. The inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion by a GRGDS peptide confirmed the implication of RGD domain proteins, like BSP, in hypertrophic chondrocyte-induced adhesion of endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocyte may promote angiogenesis. Our findings established the relation of BSP with OA chondrocyte hypertrophy and suggested that this factor could constitute a potential target to control cartilage neovascularisation in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pesesse
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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20
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Shapiro IM, Layfield R, Lotz M, Settembre C, Whitehouse C. Boning up on autophagy: the role of autophagy in skeletal biology. Autophagy 2013; 10:7-19. [PMID: 24225636 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the major function of bone is to provide stable sites for muscle attachment and affording protection of vital organs, especially the heart and lungs (ribs) and spinal cord (vertebrae and intervertebral discs). However, bone has a considerable number of other functions: serving as a store for mineral ions, providing a site for blood cell synthesis and participating in a complex system-wide endocrine system. Not surprisingly, bone and cartilage cell homeostasis is tightly controlled, as is the maintenance of tissue structure and mass. While a great deal of new information is accruing concerning skeletal cell homeostasis, one relatively new observation is that the cells of bone (osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteocytes) and cartilage (chondrocytes) exhibit autophagy. The focus of this review is to examine the significance of this process in terms of the functional demands of the skeleton in health and during growth and to provide evidence that dysregulation of the autophagic response is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases of bone (Paget disease of bone) and cartilage (osteoarthritis and the mucopolysaccharidoses). Delineation of molecular changes in the autophagic process is uncovering new approaches for the treatment of diseases that affect the axial and appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving M Shapiro
- Jefferson Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham UK
| | - Martin Lotz
- Arthritis Research; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM); Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TXUSA and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX USA; Medical Genetics; Department of Translational and Medical Science; Federico II University; Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Whitehouse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Kings College London; London UK
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Kerkhofs J, Roberts SJ, Luyten FP, Van Oosterwyck H, Geris L. Relating the chondrocyte gene network to growth plate morphology: from genes to phenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34729. [PMID: 22558096 PMCID: PMC3340393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, chondrocyte growth and differentiation is controlled by many local signalling pathways. Due to crosstalks and feedback mechanisms, these interwoven pathways display a network like structure. In this study, a large-scale literature based logical model of the growth plate network was developed. The network is able to capture the different states (resting, proliferating and hypertrophic) that chondrocytes go through as they progress within the growth plate. In a first corroboration step, the effect of mutations in various signalling pathways of the growth plate network was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J. Roberts
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Rheumatology Department, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Rheumatology Department, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics section, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
In this article, development of articular cartilage and endochondral ossification is reviewed, from the perspective of both morphologic aspects of histogenesis and molecular biology, particularly with respect to key signaling molecules and extracellular matrix components most active in cartilage development. The current understanding of the roles of transforming growth factor β and associated signaling molecules, bone morphogenic proteins, and molecules of the Wnt-β catenin system in chondrogenesis are described. Articular cartilage development is a highly conserved complex biological process that is dynamic and robust in nature, which proceeds well without incident or failure in all joints of most young growing individuals.
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van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoarthritis: role in initiation and progression of cartilage degeneration? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:223-32. [PMID: 22178514 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the role and regulation of chondrocyte terminal differentiation (hypertrophy-like changes) in osteoarthritis (OA) and to integrate this in a conceptual model of primary OA development. METHODS Papers investigating chondrocyte terminal differentiation in human OA cartilage and experimental models of OA were recapitulated and discussed. Focus has been on the occurrence of hypertrophy-like changes in chondrocytes and the factors described to play a role in regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes in OA. RESULTS Chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes are reported in both human OA and experimental OA models by most investigators. These changes play a crucial part in the OA disease process by protease-mediated cartilage degradation. We propose that altered chondrocyte behavior and concomitant cartilage degradation result in a disease-amplifying loop, leading to a mixture of disease stages and cellular responses within an OA joint. CONCLUSION Chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes play a role in early and late stage OA. Since not all cells in an OA joint are synchronized, inhibition of hypertrophy-like changes might be a therapeutic target to slow down further OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University, Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bobick BE, Cobb J. Shox2 regulates progression through chondrogenesis in the mouse proximal limb. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:6071-83. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, loss of SHOX gene function is responsible for the mesomelic short stature characteristic of Turner syndrome, Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, and Langer dysplasia. In a mouse model of SHOX deficiency, Prrx1-Cre-driven limb-specific deletion of the paralogous gene Shox2 results in severe rhizomelia. In this study, we show that Col2a1-Cre-driven deletion of Shox2 in developing chondrocytes also results in shortening of the stylopodial skeleton (i.e. humerus, femur) and that this rhizomelia is due to precocious chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy. We demonstrate, using the micromass culture model system, that increased BMP activity triggers accelerated maturation and hypertrophy in Col2a1-Cre Shox2 mutant chondrocytes and we confirm in vivo that elevated transcript levels and expanded expression domains of Bmp2 and 4 are associated with premature formation of the hypertrophic zone in mutant humeri. In micromass cultures of Prrx1-Cre Shox2 mutant limb cells, we find that Shox2 deletion in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells results in increased BMP activity that enhances early chondrogenesis, but is insufficient to provoke chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy. Similarly, shRNA-mediated Shox2 knockdown in multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells and primary mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells results in spontaneous chondrogenesis in the absence of chondrostimulation, but again fails to induce progression through the later stages of chondrogenic differentiation. Importantly, exogenous BMP supplementation can overcome the block to maturation and hypertrophy caused by Shox2 depletion prior to overt chondrogenesis. Thus, we provide evidence that Shox2 regulates progression through chondrogenesis at two distinct stages – the onset of early differentiation and the transition to maturation and hypertrophy.
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Orfanidou T, Iliopoulos D, Malizos KN, Tsezou A. Involvement of SOX-9 and FGF-23 in RUNX-2 regulation in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 13:3186-94. [PMID: 20196777 PMCID: PMC4516476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes’ hypertrophy includes metabolic changes, matrix remodelling, proliferation and apoptosis, characteristics associated with the progression of osteoarthritis. We investigated a possible association among Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), SOX-9 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 mRNA expressions in articular chondrocytes in order to elucidate their contribution in the osteoarthritic hypertrophic cartilage. SOX-9, FGF-23, RUNX-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA expressions were evaluated in osteoarthritic and normal chondrocytes by real-time PCR whereas MMP-13 protein expression by immunofluorescense. RUNX-2, FGF-23 and SOX-9 were down-regulated using small interfering RNA technology and transfection with liposomes. The effect of human recombinant FGF-23 (hrFGF-23) on SOX-9 and RUNX-2 expression was tested in normal chondrocytes. We found higher expression of RUNX-2 and FGF-23 and a decreased expression of SOX-9 mRNA in osteoarthritic chondrocytes compared to normal (P < 0.0001). RUNX-2 down-regulation resulted in reduced MMP-13 expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and inhibition of SOX-9 in increased RUNX-2 and MMP-13 mRNA expression in normal chondrocytes, whereas inhibition of FGF-23 resulted in reduced RUNX-2 mRNA expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes (all P < 0.0001). Silencing of RUNX-2 or FGF-23 did not affect SOX-9 mRNA levels in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Moreover simultaneous down-regulation of SOX-9 and up-regulation of FGF-23 mRNA expressions in normal chondrocytes resulted in additive up-regulation of RUNX-2 mRNA expression. Treatment of normal chondrocytes with hrFGF-23 resulted in increased RUNX-2 mRNA expression, whereas it had no effect on SOX-9 mRNA expression. We demonstrated convincing associations among RUNX-2, SOX-9 and FGF-23 in relation to MMP-13 expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, contributing to a better understanding of the abnormal gene expression and cartilage degeneration processes associated with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoklia Orfanidou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, University of Thessaly, Medical School, Larissa, Greece
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26
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Mirtz TA, Chandler JP, Eyers CM. The effects of physical activity on the epiphyseal growth plates: a review of the literature on normal physiology and clinical implications. J Clin Med Res 2011; 3:1-7. [PMID: 22043265 PMCID: PMC3194019 DOI: 10.4021/jocmr477w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children need physical activity and generally do this through the aspect of play. Active play in the form of organized sports can appear to be a concern for parents. Clinicians should have a general physiological background on the effects of exercise on developing epiphyseal growth plates of bone. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the effects of physical activity on the developing epiphyseal growth plates of children. Methods A National Library of Medicine (Pubmed) search was initiated using the keywords and combinations of keywords "growth plate", "epiphyseal plate", "child", "exercise", and "physical activity." Discussion Bone is a dynamic tissue with a balance of osteoblast and osteoclast formation. The normal functioning of the epiphyseal growth plate is an important clinical aspect. Much of the physiology of the epiphyseal growth plate in response to exercise includes the important mechanical component. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, estrogen, androgen, vitamin D, and leptin are seen as key physiological factors. While there is a need for children to participate in physical activity, clinical consideration needs to be given to how the epiphyseal growth plate functions. Conclusions Mechanical loading of the bone is important for epiphyseal plate physiology. Exercise has a healthy function on the normal growth of this important biomechanical feature. Clinically, over-exertion in the form of increased load bearing on the epiphyseal growth plate creates an ideal injury. There is a paucity of research on inactivity on the epiphyseal growth plate resulting in stress deprivation. Further research should take into consideration what lack of exercise and lessened mechanical load bearing has on the function of the epiphyseal growth plate. Keywords Child; Physical activity; Epiphyseal growth plates; Bone; Exercise; Mechanical loading
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Mirtz
- Division of Health Physical Education and Recreation, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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27
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Wang Y, Cheng Z, ElAlieh HZ, Nakamura E, Nguyen MT, Mackem S, Clemens TL, Bikle DD, Chang W. IGF-1R signaling in chondrocytes modulates growth plate development by interacting with the PTHrP/Ihh pathway. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1437-46. [PMID: 21312270 PMCID: PMC3530140 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic derangements and perinatal death of generalized insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) knockout mice preclude definitive assessment of IGF-1R actions in growth-plate (GP) chondrocytes. We generated cartilage-specific Igf1r knockout ((Cart) Igf1r(-/-)) mice to investigate local control of chondrocyte differentiation in the GP by this receptor. These mice died shortly after birth and showed disorganized chondrocyte columns, delayed ossification and vascular invasion, decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and increased expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (Pthrp) RNA and protein in their GPs. The increased Pthrp expression in the knockout GPs likely was due to an increase in gene transcription, as determined by the increased activity of a LacZ reporter that was inserted downstream of the endogenous PTHrP promoter and bred into the knockout mice. To circumvent the early death of (Cart) Igf1r(-/-) mice and investigate the role of IGF-1R during postnatal growth, we made tamoxifen (Tam)-inducible, cartilage-specific Igf1r knockout ((TamCart) Igf1r(-/-)) mice. At 2 weeks of age and 7 to 8 days after Tam injection, the (TamCart) Igf1r(-/-) mice showed growth retardation with a disorganized GP, reduced chondrocyte proliferation, decreased type 2 collagen and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) expression, but increased expression of PTHrP. Consistent with in vivo observations, in vitro knockout of the Igf1r gene by adenoviral expression of Cre recombinase suppressed cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and increased Pthrp expression. Our data indicate that the IGF-1R in chondrocytes controls cell growth, survival, and differentiation in embryonic and postnatal GPs in part by suppression of Pthrp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Wang
- Endocrine Unit, University of California, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Endocrine Unit, University of California, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hashem Z ElAlieh
- Endocrine Unit, University of California, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eiichiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Minh-Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Unit, University of California, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Unit, University of California, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Emons J, Dutilh BE, Decker E, Pirzer H, Sticht C, Gretz N, Rappold G, Cameron ER, Neil JC, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Wit JM, Post JN, Karperien M. Genome-wide screening in human growth plates during puberty in one patient suggests a role for RUNX2 in epiphyseal maturation. J Endocrinol 2011; 209:245-54. [PMID: 21307122 PMCID: PMC5268842 DOI: 10.1530/joe-10-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In late puberty, estrogen decelerates bone growth by stimulating growth plate maturation. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of estrogen action using two pubertal growth plate specimens of one girl at Tanner stage B2 and Tanner stage B3. Histological analysis showed that progression of puberty coincided with characteristic morphological changes: a decrease in total growth plate height (P=0.002), height of the individual zones (P<0.001), and an increase in intercolumnar space (P<0.001). Microarray analysis of the specimens identified 394 genes (72% upregulated and 28% downregulated) that changed with the progression of puberty. Overall changes in gene expression were small (average 1.38-fold upregulated and 1.36-fold downregulated genes). The 394 genes mapped to 13 significantly changing pathways (P<0.05) associated with growth plate maturation (e.g. extracellular matrix, cell cycle, and cell death). We next scanned the upstream promoter regions of the 394 genes for the presence of evolutionarily conserved binding sites for transcription factors implicated in growth plate maturation such as estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor, ELK1, STAT5B, cyclic AMP response element (CREB), and RUNX2. High-quality motif sites for RUNX2 (87 genes), ELK1 (43 genes), and STAT5B (31 genes), but not ER, were evolutionarily conserved, indicating their functional relevance across primates. Moreover, we show that some of these sites are direct target genes of these transcription factors as shown by ChIP assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Emons
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Chondrocyte differentiation in the growth plate is an important process for the longitudinal growth of endochondral bones. Sox9 and Runx2 are the most often-studied transcriptional regulators of the chondrocyte differentiation process, but the importance of additional factors is also becoming apparent. Mafs are a subfamily of the basic ZIP (bZIP) transcription factor superfamily, which act as key regulators of tissue-specific gene expression and terminal differentiation in many tissues. There is increasing evidence that c-Maf and its splicing variant Lc-Maf play a role in chondrocyte differentiation in a temporal-spatial manner. This review summarizes the functions of c-Maf in chondrocyte differentiation and discusses the possible role of c-Maf in osteoarthritis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominik R. Haudenschild
- Dominik R. Haudenschild, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4635 Second Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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30
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Developmental mechanisms in articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS 2010; 2011:683970. [PMID: 22046522 PMCID: PMC3199933 DOI: 10.1155/2011/683970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritic condition, which involves progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. The most recent accomplishments have significantly advanced our understanding on the mechanisms of the disease development and progression. The most intriguing is the growing evidence indicating that extracellular matrix destruction in osteoarthritic articular cartilage resembles that in the hypertrophic zone of fetal growth plate during endochondral ossification. This suggests common regulatory mechanisms of matrix degradation in OA and in the development and can provide new approaches for the treatment of the disease by targeting reparation of chondrocyte phenotype.
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31
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Tryfonidou MA, Hazewinkel HAW, Riemers FM, Brinkhof B, Penning LC, Karperien M. Intraspecies disparity in growth rate is associated with differences in expression of local growth plate regulators. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E1044-52. [PMID: 20858751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00170.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disparities in longitudinal growth within a species can be partly explained by endocrinological differences. We hypothesized that regulatory networks acting locally in the growth plate may also be important. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the IGF/IGFBP expression, the vitamin D pathway, and the PTHrP-Indian hedgehog (IHH) feedback loop in rib growth plates from 10- and 21-wk-old small- (Miniature Poodles, MP) and large-breed dogs (Great Danes, GD) using immunohistochemistry and quantitative (q)PCR. The rib growth plates of GD were 1.7 times thicker compared with those of MP, with larger proliferative (in absolute terms) and larger hypertrophic (in absolute and relative terms) zones. IGF/IGFBP gene expression profiling of the growth plates revealed decreased gene expression of igfbp2, -4, and -6 and an unaltered expression of igf-I and igf-II and their respective receptors in GD vs. MP. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR findings showed that the vitamin D pathway was more active in GD than in MP. Staining for 1α- and 24-hydroxylase was more abundant and intense in GD and the gene expressions of 1α-hydroxylase and the vitamin D receptor-driven 24-hydroxylase were six- and eightfold higher in GD vs. MP, respectively. Consistent with the immunohistochemistry findings, the expression of mRNA for components of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-IHH loop was different in GD compared with MP, with there being a relative threefold downregulation of Pthrp and a tenfold upregulation of Ihh in GD vs MP. These differences suggest that the effects of IHH in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, both independently of PTHrP, can become more dominant during rapid growth rates. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in addition to modest endocrine differences, more pronounced changes in the expression of locally acting regulatory networks, such as the IGF system, vitamin D pathway, and PTHrP-IHH feedback loop are important contributors to within-species disparities in growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lui JCK, Andrade AC, Forcinito P, Hegde A, Chen W, Baron J, Nilsson O. Spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression in the mammalian growth plate. Bone 2010; 46:1380-90. [PMID: 20096814 PMCID: PMC3418671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.01.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth plates are spatially polarized and structured into three histologically and functionally distinct layers-the resting zone (RZ), proliferative zone (PZ), and hypertrophic zone (HZ). With age, growth plates undergo functional and structural senescent changes including declines of growth rate, proliferation rate, growth plate height and cell number. To explore the mechanisms responsible for spatially-associated differentiation and temporally-associated senescence of growth plate in an unbiased manner, we used microdissection to collect individual growth plate zones from proximal tibiae of 1-week rats and the PZ and early hypertrophic zones of growth plates from 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-week rats and analyzed gene expression using microarray. We then used bioinformatic approaches to identify significant changes in biological functions, molecular pathways, transcription factors and also to identify specific gene products that can be used as molecular markers for individual zones or for temporal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. K. Lui
- Developmental Endocrinology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Anenisia C. Andrade
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Forcinito
- Developmental Endocrinology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | | | - WeiPing Chen
- The Genomics Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Developmental Endocrinology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Orfanidou T, Iliopoulos D, Malizos KN, Tsezou A. Involvement of SOX-9 and FGF-23 in RUNX-2 regulation in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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34
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Ulici V, James CG, Hoenselaar KD, Beier F. Regulation of gene expression by PI3K in mouse growth plate chondrocytes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8866. [PMID: 20111593 PMCID: PMC2810323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endochondral ossification, the process through which long bones are formed, involves chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation in the cartilage growth plate. In a previous publication we showed that pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K signaling pathway results in reduced endochondral bone growth, and in particular, shortening of the hypertrophic zone in a tibia organ culture system. In this current study we aimed to investigate targets of the PI3K signaling pathway in hypertrophic chondrocytes. Methodology/Principal Findings Through the intersection of two different microarray analyses methods (classical single gene analysis and GSEA) and two different chondrocyte differentiation systems (primary chondrocytes treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of PI3K and microdissected growth plates), we were able to identify a high number of genes grouped in GSEA functional categories regulated by the PI3K signaling pathway. Genes such as Phlda2 and F13a1 were down-regulated upon PI3K inhibition and showed increased expression in the hypertrophic zone compared to the proliferative/resting zone of the growth plate. In contrast, other genes including Nr4a1 and Adamts5 were up-regulated upon PI3K inhibition and showed reduced expression in the hypertrophic zone. Regulation of these genes by PI3K signaling was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. We focused on F13a1 as an interesting target because of its known role in chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoarthritis. Mouse E15.5 tibiae cultured with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) for 6 days showed decreased expression of factor XIIIa in the hypertrophic zone compared to control cultures. Conclusions/Significance Discovering targets of signaling pathways in hypertrophic chondrocytes could lead to targeted therapy in osteoarthritis and a better understanding of the cartilage environment for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ulici
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudine G. James
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie D. Hoenselaar
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Shah BC, Moran ES, Zinn AR, Pappas JG. Effect of growth hormone therapy on severe short stature and skeletal deformities in a patient with combined Turner syndrome and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:5028-33. [PMID: 19850687 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous mutation of the short stature homeobox-containing gene, SHOX, results in Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD). Our case presented with severe short stature and skeletal deformities with Turner syndrome (TS) and a SHOX gene abnormality due to a downstream allele deletion in her normal X chromosome. Medical literature review did not reveal similar cases that were treated with GH therapy. METHOD We present an 11-yr-old with combined TS and LMD with severe short stature and skeletal deformities. She was studied for the effect of GH therapy on stature and skeletal deformities. Karyotype testing showed 45,X/46,X,idic(X). Genetic analysis of SHOX gene testing did not detect any exonic mutations. Interestingly, both alleles of the flanking marker DXYS233, a marker downstream of the 3' end of SHOX coding sequence, were absent with resultant LMD. GH therapy in the mean dose of 0.321 mg/kg/wk was administered for 4 yr (0.287, 0.355, 0.317, and 0.327 mg/kg/week in the first, second, third, and fourth years, respectively). Clinical data were reviewed. RESULT The growth rates of 3.46, 3.87, 2.3, and 0.7 cm/yr were observed in the first, second, third, and fourth years of the GH therapy, respectively. There was no clinical deterioration of the skeletal deformities. CONCLUSION There was a failure to achieve growth improvements with GH therapy for 4 years, but there was no worsening of the skeletal deformities. We conclude that GH therapy may not be beneficial in severe short stature due to combined TS and LMD resulting from homozygous SHOX deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina C Shah
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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36
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:470-80. [PMID: 19858911 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283339a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the majors genes involved in chondrogenesis and their molecular mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Disorders of the growth plate and the resulting skeletal dysplasias are a consequence of defects in genes involved in various stages of the chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation process. Recent identification of disease genes has provided insights into the pathophysiology of many skeletal dysplasias. SUMMARY This knowledge enhances our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the growth plate. Many skeletal dysplasias can now be characterized at the molecular level, allowing clinicians to provide accurate molecular diagnoses and counseling. Further research in this area will likely provide insights into possible therapeutic options for disorders of the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Phornphutkul
- Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
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38
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Zhu H, Bendall AJ. Dlx5 Is a cell autonomous regulator of chondrocyte hypertrophy in mice and functionally substitutes for Dlx6 during endochondral ossification. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8097. [PMID: 19956613 PMCID: PMC2779492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The axial and appendicular skeleton of vertebrates develops by endochondral ossification, in which skeletogenic tissue is initially cartilaginous and the differentiation of chondrocytes via the hypertrophic pathway precedes the differentiation of osteoblasts and the deposition of a definitive bone matrix. Results from both loss-of-function and misexpression studies have implicated the related homeobox genes Dlx5 and Dlx6 as partially redundant positive regulators of chondrocyte hypertrophy. However, experimental perturbations of Dlx expression have either not been cell type specific or have been done in the context of endogenous Dlx5 expression. Thus, it has not been possible to conclude whether the effects on chondrocyte differentiation are cell autonomous or whether they are mediated by Dlx expression in adjacent tissues, notably the perichondrium. To address this question we first engineered transgenic mice in which Dlx5 expression was specifically restricted to immature and differentiating chondrocytes and not the perichondrium. Col2a1-Dlx5 transgenic embryos and neonates displayed accelerated chondrocyte hypertrophy and mineralization throughout the endochondral skeleton. Furthermore, this transgene specifically rescued defects of chondrocyte differentiation characteristic of the Dlx5/6 null phenotype. Based on these results, we conclude that the role of Dlx5 in the hypertrophic pathway is cell autonomous. We further conclude that Dlx5 and Dlx6 are functionally equivalent in the endochondral skeleton, in that the requirement for Dlx5 and Dlx6 function during chondrocyte hypertrophy can be satisfied with Dlx5 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Bendall
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Schibler L, Gibbs L, Benoist-Lasselin C, Decraene C, Martinovic J, Loget P, Delezoide AL, Gonzales M, Munnich A, Jais JP, Legeai-Mallet L. New insight on FGFR3-related chondrodysplasias molecular physiopathology revealed by human chondrocyte gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7633. [PMID: 19898608 PMCID: PMC2764091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is the process by which the appendicular skeleton, facial bones, vertebrae and medial clavicles are formed and relies on the tight control of chondrocyte maturation. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)3 plays a role in bone development and maintenance and belongs to a family of proteins which differ in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. Activating mutations of the FGFR3 gene lead to craniosynostosis and multiple types of skeletal dysplasia with varying degrees of severity: thanatophoric dysplasia (TD), achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia. Despite progress in the characterization of FGFR3-mediated regulation of cartilage development, many aspects remain unclear. The aim and the novelty of our study was to examine whole gene expression differences occurring in primary human chondrocytes isolated from normal cartilage or pathological cartilage from TD-affected fetuses, using Affymetrix technology. The phenotype of the primary cells was confirmed by the high expression of chondrocytic markers. Altered expression of genes associated with many cellular processes was observed, including cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle, cell adhesion, cell motility, metabolic pathways, signal transduction, cell cycle process and cell signaling. Most of the cell cycle process genes were down-regulated and consisted of genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA biosynthesis, spindle dynamics and cytokinesis. About eight percent of all modulated genes were found to impact extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and turnover, especially glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and proteoglycan biosynthesis and sulfation. Altogether, the gene expression analyses provide new insight into the consequences of FGFR3 mutations in cell cycle regulation, onset of pre-hypertrophic differentiation and concomitant metabolism changes. Moreover, impaired motility and ECM properties may also provide clues about growth plate disorganization. These results also suggest that many signaling pathways may be directly or indirectly altered by FGFR3 and confirm the crucial role of FGFR3 in the control of growth plate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Schibler
- Unité U781, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes-Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Linda Gibbs
- Unité U781, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes-Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- 4Clinics, Waterloo, Belgique
| | - Catherine Benoist-Lasselin
- Unité U781, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes-Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | | | - Jelena Martinovic
- Service de Fœtopathologie, Hôpital Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Loget
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal de Rennes, Hôpital de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Lise Delezoide
- Service de Biologie du développement, Hôpital Robert Debré, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marie Gonzales
- Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Unité U781, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes-Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Jais
- Service de Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale, Hôpital Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Unité U781, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Descartes-Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Guo X, Mak KK, Taketo MM, Yang Y. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway interacts differentially with PTHrP signaling to control chondrocyte hypertrophy and final maturation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6067. [PMID: 19557172 PMCID: PMC2698152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential proliferation, hypertrophy and maturation of chondrocytes are required for proper endochondral bone development and tightly regulated by cell signaling. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway acts through β-catenin to promote chondrocyte hypertrophy whereas PTHrP signaling inhibits it by holding chondrocytes in proliferating states. Here we show by genetic approaches that chondrocyte hypertrophy and final maturation are two distinct developmental processes that are differentially regulated by Wnt/β-catenin and PTHrP signaling. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates initiation of chondrocyte hypertrophy by inhibiting PTHrP signaling activity, but it does not regulate PTHrP expression. In addition, Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy in a non-cell autonomous manner and Gdf5/Bmp signaling may be one of the downstream pathways. Furthermore, Wnt/β-catenin signaling also controls final maturation of hypertrophic chondrocytes, but such regulation is PTHrP signaling-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Guo
- Developmental Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Haoran Building, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kinglun Kingston Mak
- Developmental Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Makoto M. Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoé-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Developmental Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu D, Colnot C, Marcucio RS. Effect of bone morphogenetic protein signaling on development of the jaw skeleton. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:3727-37. [PMID: 18985754 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate many aspects of development including skeletogenesis. Here, we examined the response of neural crest-derived cells to ectopic BMP signaling by infecting avian embryos with retroviruses encoding Bmp-2 or Bmp-4 at various times of development. Infection at stages 10 and 15 transformed large areas of the skull into cartilage by day 13. At this time cartilage condensations were still forming, which revealed the presence of uncommitted mesenchymal cells. By day 19, hypertrophic chondrocytes were present in the cartilage possibly due to changes in the perichondrium that relieved repression on hypertrophy. While these cells expressed Sox9, Collagen-2, Runx2, Ihh, Noggin, and Collagen-10, cartilage was not replaced by bone. Whether this is an intrinsic property of the skull cartilage, or results from sustained Bmp signaling is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 04110, USA
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