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Mansourian M, Firoozabadi SMP, Hassan ZM. The investigation of Pulse-Modulated GSM-900 MHz electromagnetic field effects on the electrochemotherapy mechanisms in vivo. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 41:71-79. [PMID: 34839760 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.2006689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) as a tumor treatment modality is approved for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency (RF) pulse-modulated by 217 Hz EMFs similar to those emitted by mobile phones on the mechanisms of ECT in vivo including: tumor hypoxia and immune system response, and on tumor volume.4 T1 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of Balb/c mice. The mice were exposed to RF fields at specific absorption rate (SAR) 2 W/kg for 10 min/day and then treated with ECT. Two protocols of ECT were used: ((70 V/cm-5 kHz) and 70 V/cm-4 kHz)). Tumor hypoxia was analyzed through HIF-1α immuonohistochemistry assay. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IFN-γ levels were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique to evaluate immune system response. Also, tumors volume changes were measured for 24 days following the treatment. The results showed that pulse-modulated RF fields could increase hypoxia induced by ECT, significantly (about 13% in ECT (70 V/cm-5 kHz) and 11% in ECT (70 V/cm-4 kHz)). However, these fields did not have significant effect on immune system response (the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ) and tumor volume changes induced by ECT. Our results indicated that pulse-modulated RF fields could not affect tumor volume changes in ECT with the frequency of 5 kHz and voltage of 70 V/cm efficacy in vivo. However, investigating the role of other environmental intervening factors on this protocol of ECT is recommended in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mansourian
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M P Firoozabadi
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Immunonology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Song HY, Shin DW, Jung SM, Jeong Y, Jeong B, Park CS. Feasibility study on transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation using millimeter waves. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 34647906 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac2c54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Electrical stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has been used for various conditions, including depression, epilepsy, headaches, and cerebral ischemia. However, unwanted non-vagal nerve stimulations can occur because of diffused stimulations. The objective of this study is to develop a region-specific non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) technique using the millimeter wave (MMW) as a stimulus for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN).Approach. A numerical simulation was conducted to ascertain whether the MMW could excite the ABVN in the human outer-ear with a millimeter-scale spatial resolution. Additionally, MMW-induced neuronal responses in seven mice were evaluated. Transcutaneous auricular VNS (ta-VNS) was applied to the cymba conchae innervated by the AVBN using a 60-GHz continuous wave (CW). As a control, the auricle's exterior margin was stimulated and referred to as transcutaneous auricular non-vagus nerve stimulation (ta-nonVNS). During stimulation, the local field potential (LFP) in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), an afferent vagal projection site, was recorded simultaneously.Main results. The ta-VNS with a stimulus level of 13 dBm showed a significant increase in the LFP power in the NTS. The mean increases in power (n = 7) in the gamma high and gamma very high bands were 8.6 ± 2.0% and 18.2 ± 5.9%, respectively. However, the ta-nonVNS with a stimulus level of 13 dBm showed a significant decrease in the LFP power in the NTS. The mean decreases in power in the beta and gamma low bands were 11.0 ± 4.4% and 10.8 ± 2.8%, respectively. These findings suggested that MMW stimulation clearly induced a different response according to the presence of ABVN.Significance. Selective auricular VNS is feasible using the MMW. This study provides the basis for the development of a new clinical treatment option using the stimulation of the ta-VNS with a square millimeter spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Yuen Song
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Moon Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Leszczynski D. Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:493-515. [PMID: 32829319 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The currently ongoing deployment if the fifth generation of the wireless communication technology, the 5G technology, has reignited the health debate around the new kind of radiation that will be used/emitted by the 5G devices and networks - the millimeter-waves. The new aspect of the 5G technology, that is of concern to some of the future users, is that both, antennas and devices will be continuously in a very close proximity of the users' bodies. Skin is the only organ of the human body, besides the eyes, that will be directly exposed to the mm-waves of the 5G technology. However, the whole scientific evidence on the possible effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells, currently consists of only some 99 studies. This clearly indicates that the scientific evidence concerning the possible effects of millimeter-waves on humans is insufficient to devise science-based exposure limits and to develop science-based human health policies. The sufficient research has not been done and, therefore, precautionary measures should be considered for the deployment of the 5G, before the sufficient number of quality research studies will be executed and health risk, or lack of it, scientifically established.
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Zhao R, Liu Y, Liu S, Luo T, Zhong GY, Liu A, Zeng Q, Xin SX. Apoptosis-Promoting Effects on A375 Human Melanoma Cells Induced by Exposure to 35.2-GHz Millimeter Wave. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820934131. [PMID: 32772819 PMCID: PMC7418475 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820934131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors pose a major problem in the medical field. Millimeter wave (MMW) exposure have potential apoptosis-promoting effects on several types of tumors. Considering that the penetration depth of millimeter wave is usually several millimeters, we study the apoptosis-promoting effects of millimeter wave exposure on A375 human melanoma tumor cells in vitro, and this topic has not been explored in the previous literature. In this study, we use the A375 human melanoma cell line as an experimental model exposed to 35.2 GHz millimeter wave in vitro to determine any positive effect and further explore the underlying mechanisms. In this study, 2 groups namely, exposed and sham groups, were set. The exposed groups included 4 exposure time periods of 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The cells in the sham group did not receive millimeter wave exposure. After millimeter wave exposure, the A375 cells in the exposed and sham groups were collected for further experimental procedures. The cell viability after exposure was determined using a cell counting kit, and the apoptosis of A375 cells was assessed by Annexin V/propidium iodide. Changes in the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including cleaved-caspase-3, and -8, were examined by Western blot. We observed that the millimeter wave exposure could inhibit the viability and induce apoptosis in A375 cells, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and -8 were upregulated (P < .05). The results indicated that the millimeter wave at 35.2 GHz exerted apoptosis-promoting effects on the A375 cells via a pathway by activating of caspase-8 and -3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Zhao
- Gamma Knife Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sida Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Yuan Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Furman O, Komoshvili K, Levitan J, Yahalom A, Marks H, Borodin D, Liberman-Aronov S. The Lack of Toxic Effect of High-Power Short-Pulse 101 GHz Millimeter Waves on Healthy Mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:188-199. [PMID: 31951042 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of cancer cells by non-ionizing millimeter waves (MMW) causes increased cell mortality. We examined if MMW have toxic effects on healthy mice. To that end, the skin of healthy C57BL/6 mice was irradiated locally at the right flank with 101 GHz MMW in a pulsed (5-10 µs) regime using a free electron laser. Irradiation was performed in a dose-dependent manner, with 20-50 pulses and a power range of 0.5-1.5 kW. Physical, physiological, and pathological parameters as well as behavior were examined before and after irradiation. Our results showed that all parameters were within normal range for all experimental mice groups and for the control group. No significant changes were noted in the physical, physiological, or behavioral status of the mice following irradiation as compared with the control group. In addition, no significant changes were found in locomotor, exploratory behavior, or anxiety of the irradiated mice and no pathological changes were noted following the hematological and biochemical blood analysis. Our results indicate that irradiation of healthy mice with MMW does not cause any general toxic effects. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Furman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Jakob Levitan
- Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Asher Yahalom
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Harry Marks
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Dmitri Borodin
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Simkó M, Mattsson MO. 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3406. [PMID: 31540320 PMCID: PMC6765906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6-100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtill Simkó
- SciProof International AB, Vaktpoststigen 4, 83132 Östersund, Sweden.
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7
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Gapeyev AB, Aripovsky AV, Kulagina TP. Fatty Acid Content and Tumor Growth Changes in Mice After Exposure to Extremely High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Consumption of N-3 Fatty Acids. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1325-1334. [PMID: 30990087 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1601746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The topical problem is to find new, more effective and safe treatments for cancer. The purpose of the present work was to study the combined effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) and consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on tumor growth and the content of FAs in the thymus and tumor tissue in mice. Fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography. Exposure of tumor-bearing mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma to EHF EMR with effective parameters (42.2 GHz, 0.1 mW/cm2, 20 min daily for 5 consecutive days beginning on the first day after the tumor inoculation) led to delaying the tumor growth and restored the content of almost all FAs in thymic tissue to the level of intact animals. Animal intake of the preparation enriched with n-3 PUFAs increased the content of n-3 PUFAs in thymic tissue significantly, but did not affect the tumor growth, even in combination with EHF EMR exposure. Combined action of EHF EMR exposure and n-3 preparation promoted recovery of thymus weight in tumor-bearing animals. The data obtained assume a complex interaction between the immune system and the tumor, and the important role of FAs in the regulation of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Gapeyev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Alexander V Aripovsky
- State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , Obolensk , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Tatyana P Kulagina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
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8
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Sienkiewicz Z, Calderón C, Broom KA, Addison D, Gavard A, Lundberg L, Maslanyj M. Are Exposures to Multiple Frequencies the Key to Future Radiofrequency Research? Front Public Health 2017; 5:328. [PMID: 29276705 PMCID: PMC5727023 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an extensive literature investigating possible effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields associated with mobile phone technologies. This has not identified any public health risks with any degree of certainty. Some epidemiological studies have observed associations between heavy users of mobile phones and some types of cancer, but animal studies do not support this association, although a few studies have reported increased tumor yields. However, there is a crucial difference between epidemiology studies and laboratory work in terms of signals investigated: most people are exposed to a complex mixture of frequencies and signals at varying intensities, whereas the majority of animal studies have been performed using a single frequency or intensity. Whether this might explain the differences in outcome will be discussed, and whether there is a need for additional laboratory investigations that reproduce more accurately realistic exposure conditions will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Sienkiewicz
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Calderón
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A Broom
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Addison
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Amélie Gavard
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Lundberg
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Myron Maslanyj
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
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9
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Wu T, Rappaport TS, Collins CM. Safe for Generations to Come. IEEE MICROWAVE MAGAZINE 2015; 16:65-84. [PMID: 26539066 PMCID: PMC4629874 DOI: 10.1109/mmm.2014.2377587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- New York University (NYU) WIRELESS, the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States. ( )
| | - Theodore S Rappaport
- NYU WIRELESS, the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States, and the NYU Department of Radiology, New York, United States. ( )
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10
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Beneduci A, Cosentino K, Romeo S, Massa R, Chidichimo G. Effect of millimetre waves on phosphatidylcholine membrane models: a non-thermal mechanism of interaction. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:5559-5567. [PMID: 24959858 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The nonthermal biological effects of millimeter waves have been mainly attributed to the interaction with biological membranes. Several data on biomimetic membrane systems seem to support this conclusion. In this paper a mechanistic hypothesis is evaluated to explain such an interaction taking into account experimental NMR data on deuterium-labeled phospholipid vesicles. These data showed that millimeter waves induce a time and a hydration-dependent reduction of the water ordering around the phosphocholine headgroups. This effect is here interpreted as a change in membrane water partitioning, due to the coupling of the radiation with the fast rotational dynamics of bound water molecules, that results in a measurable relocation of water molecules from the inner to the outer binding regions of the membrane interface. When millimeter wave exposure is performed in the vicinity of the transition point, this effect can lead to an upward shift of the membrane phase transition temperature from the fluid to the gel phase. At a macroscopic level, this unique sensitivity may be explained by the universal dynamic behaviour of the membranes in the vicinity of the transition point, where a pretransitional increase of membrane area fluctuations, i.e., of the mean area per phospholipid headgroup, is observed. Exposure to millimeter waves increases the above fluctuations and enhances the second order character of the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amerigo Beneduci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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11
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Cosentino K, Beneduci A, Ramundo-Orlando A, Chidichimo G. The influence of millimeter waves on the physical properties of large and giant unilamellar vesicles. J Biol Phys 2013; 39:395-410. [PMID: 23860916 PMCID: PMC3689357 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-012-9296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of cell membranes to an electromagnetic field (EMF) in the millimeter wave band (30-300 GHz) can produce a variety of responses. Further, many of the vibrational modes in complex biomolecules fall in the 1-100 GHz range. In addition to fundamental scientific interest, this may have applications in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications. In the present work, lipid vesicles of different size were used to study the effects of exposure to radiation at 52-72 GHz, with incident power densities (IPD) of 0.0035-0.010 mW/cm(2), on the chemical-physical properties of cell membranes. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) were used to study the effect of the radiation on the physical stability of vesicles by dynamic light scattering. An inhibition of the aging processes (Ostwald ripening), which usually occur in these vesicles because of their thermodynamic instability, resulted. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were used to study the effect of the radiation on membrane water permeability under osmotic stress by phase contrast microscopy. In this case, a decrease in the water membrane permeability of the irradiated samples was observed. We advance the hypothesis that both the above effects may be explained in terms of a change of the polarization states of water induced by the radiation, which causes a partial dehydration of the membrane and consequently a greater packing density (increased membrane rigidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cosentino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci-Cubo 17/D, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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12
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Gapeyev AB, Kulagina TP, Aripovsky AV. Exposure of tumor-bearing mice to extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation modifies the composition of fatty acids in thymocytes and tumor tissue. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:602-10. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.784426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Ziskin MC. Millimeter waves: acoustic and electromagnetic. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 34:3-14. [PMID: 22926874 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article is the presentation I gave at the D'Arsonval Award Ceremony on June 14, 2011 at the Bioelectromagnetics Society Annual Meeting in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It summarizes my research activities in acoustic and electromagnetic millimeter waves over the past 47 years. My earliest research involved acoustic millimeter waves, with a special interest in diagnostic ultrasound imaging and its safety. For the last 21 years my research expanded to include electromagnetic millimeter waves, with a special interest in the mechanisms underlying millimeter wave therapy. Millimeter wave therapy has been widely used in the former Soviet Union with great reported success for many diseases, but is virtually unknown to Western physicians. I and the very capable members of my laboratory were able to demonstrate that the local exposure of skin to low intensity millimeter waves caused the release of endogenous opioids, and the transport of these agents by blood flow to all parts of the body resulted in pain relief and other beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin C Ziskin
- Center for Biomedical Physics, Temple University Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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14
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Microwave induced shift of the main phase transition in phosphatidylcholine membranes. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 84:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Logani MK, Alekseev S, Bhopale MK, Slovinsky WS, Ziskin MC. Effect of millimeter waves and cyclophosphamide on cytokine regulation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:107-12. [PMID: 21649551 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.583252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that millimeter waves (MMWs) protect T-cell functions from the toxic side effects of cyclophosphamide (CPA), an anticancer drug. Since the effect of MMWs has been reported to be mediated by endogenous opioids, the present study was undertaken to investigate the role of endogenous opioids in protection of T-cell functions by MMWs. The effect of MMWs (42.2 GHz, incident power density = 38 mW/cm²) was studied on CPA-induced suppression of cytokine release by T cells in the presence of selective opioid receptor antagonists (ORA). Production of cytokines was measured in CD4 T cells isolated from splenocytes. Treatment of mice with CPA suppressed the formation of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2), shifting the overall balance toward Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5). MMW irradiation of CPA-treated groups up-regulated the production of Th1 cytokines suppressed by CPA. Treatment of the CPA+MMW group with selective kappa (κ) ORA further potentiated this effect of MMWs on Th1 cytokine production, whereas treatment with μ or δ ORA increased the imbalance of cytokine production in the Th2 direction. These results provide further evidence that endogenous opioids are involved in immunomodulation by MMWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Logani
- Center for Biomedical Physics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Gapeyev AB, Kulagina TP, Aripovsky AV, Chemeris NK. The role of fatty acids in anti-inflammatory effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 32:388-95. [PMID: 21287568 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR; 42.2 GHz, 0.1 mW/cm(2) , exposure duration 20 min) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of thymic cells and blood plasma in normal mice and in mice with peritoneal inflammation were studied. It was found that the exposure of normal mice to EHF EMR increased the content of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) (eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic) in thymic cells. Using a model of zymosan-induced peritoneal inflammation, it was shown that the exposure of mice to EHF EMR significantly increased the content of PUFAs (dihomo-γ-linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic) and reduced the content of monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) (palmitoleic and oleic) in thymic cells. Changes in the FA composition in the blood plasma were less pronounced and manifested themselves as an increase in the level of saturated FAs during the inflammation. The data obtained support the notion that MUFAs are replaced by PUFAs that can enter into the thymic cells from the external media. Taking into account the fact that the metabolites of PUFAs are lipid messengers actively involved in inflammatory and immune reactions, we assume that the increase in the content of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in phospholipids of cellular membranes facilitates the realization of anti-inflammatory effects of EHF EMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Gapeyev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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17
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Whissell PD, Persinger MA. Emerging synergisms between drugs and physiologically-patterned weak magnetic fields: implications for neuropharmacology and the human population in the twenty-first century. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 5:278-88. [PMID: 19305744 PMCID: PMC2644491 DOI: 10.2174/157015907782793603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergisms between pharmacological agents and endogenous neurotransmitters are familiar and frequent. The present review describes the experimental evidence for interactions between neuropharmacological compounds and the classes of weak magnetic fields that might be encountered in our daily environments. Whereas drugs mediate their effects through specific spatial (molecular) structures, magnetic fields mediate their effects through specific temporal patterns. Very weak (microT range) physiologically-patterned magnetic fields synergistically interact with drugs to strongly potentiate effects that have classically involved opiate, cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and nitric oxide pathways. The combinations of the appropriately patterned magnetic fields and specific drugs can evoke changes that are several times larger than those evoked by the drugs alone. These novel synergisms provide a challenge for a future within an electromagnetic, technological world. They may also reveal fundamental, common physical mechanisms by which magnetic fields and chemical reactions affect the organism from the level of fundamental particles to the entire living system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Whissell
- Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Beneduci A. Evaluation of the Potential In Vitro Antiproliferative Effects of Millimeter Waves at Some Therapeutic Frequencies on RPMI 7932 Human Skin Malignant Melanoma Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2009; 55:25-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Nesin EN, Gura EV, Kolbun MD. Combination of pharmacological analgesics and microwave irradiation of an acupuncture point for suppression of visceral pain in mice: Role of the opioid and serotonergic cerebral systems. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-008-9004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Grigoryan GY, Minasyan SM, Saakyan SG. Background activity of neurons of the supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus in rats under conditions of vibrational stimulation and electromagnetic extrahigh-frequency irradiation. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-008-9008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Radzievsky AA, Gordiienko OV, Alekseev S, Szabo I, Cowan A, Ziskin MC. Electromagnetic millimeter wave induced hypoalgesia: frequency dependence and involvement of endogenous opioids. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:284-95. [PMID: 18064600 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Millimeter wave treatment (MMWT) is based on the systemic biological effects that develop following local skin exposure to low power electromagnetic waves in the millimeter range. In the present set of experiments, the hypoalgesic effect of this treatment was analyzed in mice. The murine nose area was exposed to MMW of "therapeutic" frequencies: 42.25, 53.57, and 61.22 GHz. MMWT-induced hypoalgesia was shown to be frequency dependent in two experimental models: (1) the cold water tail-flick test (chronic non-neuropathic pain), and (2) the wire surface test (chronic neuropathic pain following unilateral constriction injury to the sciatic nerve). Maximum hypoalgesic effect was obtained when the frequency was 61.22 GHz. Other exposure parameters were: incident power density = 13.3 mW/cm(2), duration of each exposure = 15 min. Involvement of delta and kappa endogenous opioids in the MMWT-induced hypoalgesia was demonstrated using selective blockers of delta- and kappa-opioid receptors and the direct ELISA measurement of endogenous opioids in CNS tissue. Possible mechanisms of the effect and the perspectives of the clinical application of MMWT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Radzievsky
- Center for Biomedical Physics, Temple University Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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22
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Alekseev S, Gordiienko O, Ziskin M. Reflection and penetration depth of millimeter waves in murine skin. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:340-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Makar VR, Logani MK, Bhanushali A, Alekseev SI, Ziskin MC. Effect of cyclophosphamide and 61.22 GHz millimeter waves on T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage functions. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27:458-66. [PMID: 16622862 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate whether millimeter waves (MMWs) at 61.22 GHz can modulate the effect of cyclophosphamide (CPA), an anti-cancer drug, on the immune functions of mice. During the exposure each mouse's nose was placed in front of the center of the antenna aperture (1.5 x 1.5 cm) of MMW generator. The device produced 61.22 +/- 0.2 GHz wave radiation. Spatial peak Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) at the skin surface and spatial peak incident power density were measured as 885 +/- 100 W/kg and 31 +/- 5 mW/cm(2), respectively. Duration of the exposure was 30 min each day for 3 consecutive days. The maximum temperature elevation at the tip of the nose, measured at the end of 30 min, was 1 degrees C. CPA injection (100 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally on the second day of exposure to MMWs. The animals were sacrificed 2, 5, and 7 days after CPA administration. MMW exposure caused upregulation in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in peritoneal macrophages suppressed by CPA administration. MMWs also caused a significant increase in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by splenocytes and enhanced proliferative activity of T-cells. Conversely, no changes were observed in interleukin-10 (IL-10) level and B-cell proliferation. These results suggest that MMWs accelerate the recovery process selectively through a T-cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Makar
- Center for Biomedical Physics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Usichenko TI, Edinger H, Gizhko VV, Lehmann C, Wendt M, Feyerherd F. Low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter waves for pain therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2006; 3:201-7. [PMID: 16786049 PMCID: PMC1475937 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nel012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Millimeter wave therapy (MWT), a non-invasive complementary therapeutic technique is claimed to possess analgesic properties. We reviewed the clinical studies describing the pain-relief effect of MWT. Medline-based search according to review criteria and evaluation of methodological quality of the retrieved studies was performed. Of 13 studies, 9 of them were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), only three studies yielded more than 3 points on the Oxford scale of methodological quality of RCTs. MWT was reported to be effective in the treatment of headache, arthritic, neuropathic and acute postoperative pain. The rapid onset of pain relief during MWT lasting hours to days after, remote to the site of exposure (acupuncture points), was the most characteristic feature in MWT application for pain relief. The most commonly used parameters of MWT were the MW frequencies between 30 and 70 GHz and power density up to 10 mW cm−2. The promising results from pilot case series studies and small-size RCTs for analgesic/hypoalgesic effects of MWT should be verified in large-scale RCTs on the effectiveness of this treatment method.
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