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Yang YN, Zhan JG, Cao Y, Wu CM. From ancient wisdom to modern science: Gut microbiota sheds light on property theory of traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:413-444. [PMID: 38937158 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The property theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced for thousands of years, playing a pivotal role in the clinical application of TCM. While advancements in energy metabolism, chemical composition analysis, machine learning, ion current modeling, and supercritical fluid technology have provided valuable insight into how aspects of TCM property theory may be measured, these studies only capture specific aspects of TCM property theory in isolation, overlooking the holistic perspective inherent in TCM. To systematically investigate the modern interpretation of the TCM property theory from multidimensional perspectives, we consulted the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) to compile a list of Chinese materia medica (CMM). Then, using the Latin names of each CMM and gut microbiota as keywords, we searched the PubMed database for relevant research on gut microbiota and CMM. The regulatory patterns of different herbs on gut microbiota were then summarized from the perspectives of the four natures, the five flavors and the meridian tropism. In terms of the four natures, we found that warm-natured medicines promoted the colonization of specific beneficial bacteria, while cold-natured medicines boosted populations of some beneficial bacteria while suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Analysis of the five flavors revealed that sweet-flavored and bitter-flavored CMMs positively influenced beneficial bacteria while inhibiting harmful bacteria. CMMs with different meridian tropism exhibited complex modulative patterns on gut microbiota, with Jueyin (Liver) and Taiyin (Lung) meridian CMMs generally exerting a stronger effect. The gut microbiota may be a biological indicator for characterizing the TCM property theory, which not only enhances our understanding of classic TCM theory but also contributes to its scientific advancement and application in healthcare. Please cite this article as: Yang YN, Zhan JG, Cao Y, Wu CM. From ancient wisdom to modern science: Gut microbiota sheds light on property theory of traditional Chinese medicine. J Integr Med 2024; 22(4): 413-445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Jiang L, Zhang S, Gu Y, Tang J, Pu T, Quan X, Chi H, Huang S. Therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture point stimulation for stomach cancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1334657. [PMID: 38638316 PMCID: PMC11024429 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1334657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has received widespread attention in the field of cancer pain treatment. This meta-analysis is the first to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture point stimulation in the treatment of stomach cancer pain. Methods For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, WANFANG, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Chinese Journal of Science and Technology (VIP) databases as well as forward and backward citations to studies published between database creation to July 27, 2023. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on acupuncture point stimulation for the treatment of patients with stomach cancer pain were included without language restrictions. We assessed all outcome indicators of the included trials. The evidence from the randomized controlled trials was synthesized as the standardized mean difference (SMD) of symptom change. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. This study is registered on PROSPERO under the number CRD42023457341. Results Eleven RCTs were included. The study included 768 patients, split into 2 groups: acupuncture point stimulation treatment group (n = 406), medication control group (n = 372). The results showed that treatment was more effective in the acupuncture point stimulation treatment group than in the medication control group (efficacy rate, RR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.94, p < 0.00001), decreasing in NRS score was greater in acupuncture point stimulation treatment group than in the medication control group (SMD = -1.30, 95% CI -1.96 to -0.63, p < 0.001). Systematic Review Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier CRD42023457341.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Zhou
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jieying Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shengke Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Gu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Tang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tong Pu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomin Quan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Second Affiliated Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shangke Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Feinstein D. Using energy psychology to remediate emotional wounds rooted in childhood trauma: preliminary clinical guidelines. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1277555. [PMID: 37920741 PMCID: PMC10619750 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1277555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood, such as violence, abuse, severe neglect, or mental health problems in caregivers. The negative physical and mental health consequences of severe or multiple ACEs provide a major challenge for the health care community. Psychotherapies that utilize a mind-body approach in treating ACE-related conditions are seen by their proponents as having advantages for bringing healing and restoration compared with talk, introspective, interpersonal, and exposure therapies that do not intervene at the body level, as famously encapsulated by Bessel van der Kolk's observation that "the body keeps the score." A mind-body approach whose use has been rapidly increasing in clinical settings as well as on a self-help basis is called "energy psychology." Energy psychology combines conventional therapeutic techniques such as cognitive restructuring and psychological exposure with the stimulation of acupuncture points (acupoints) by tapping on them. A review of the development, efficacy, and plausible mechanisms of energy psychology is presented, and several strengths are enumerated, such as how integrating acupoint tapping into conventional exposure methods enhances the speed and power of outcomes. The impact of energy psychology protocols on the three brain networks most centrally involved with ACEs is also examined. Finally, recommendations are offered for using an energy psychology approach at each stage of therapy with individuals who have endured severe or multiple ACES, from establishing a therapeutic alliance to assessment to treatment to follow-up.
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Ma Y, Li B, Cui Y, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Yan X, He J, Du Y. The Top 100 Cited Articles on Acupuncture in the Last 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis. Complement Med Res 2023; 30:393-407. [PMID: 37263232 DOI: 10.1159/000530778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acupuncture has gained increasing international attention in recent decades. The act of incorporating acupuncture treatment into the routine treatment of COVID-19 in China drove us to review the 100 most influential articles of the last 20 years to learn about the current status and trends of acupuncture. METHOD Articles related to acupuncture from January 1, 2001, to July 4, 2022, were searched in the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection database. The top 100 most cited publications were selected, and information was extracted. Software such as VOSviewer, GraphPad Prism, Scimago Graphica, and CiteSpace were used to visualize and analyze the extracted data. RESULT The 100 most cited articles were identified, with an average of 218 citations (range: 131-625). The majority of the top 100 articles were from the USA (n = 53). The institution that published the most highly cited papers was Harvard University (n = 16). The most influential team was Klaus Linde's group. Pain was the top-ranked journal in terms of the number of publications. The largest clusters for co-occurrence keyword analysis focused on acupuncture and electroacupuncture analgesia and brain imaging responses to acupuncture stimulation via functional MRI. The two highest strength burst keywords were "randomized controlled trials" and "osteoarthritis," with "randomized controlled trials" being a consistent burst keyword from 2011 to the present. CONCLUSION This study provides insight into articles of historical significance in the field of acupuncture through bibliometric analysis. These data should provide clinicians and researchers with insight into future directions related to acupuncture. Hintergrund Die Akupunktur hat in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zunehmend die internationale Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen. Die Einbeziehung der Akupunktur in die Routinebehandlung von COVID-19 in China hat uns dazu veranlasst, die 100 einflussreichsten Artikel der letzten 20 Jahre zu überprüfen, um etwas über den aktuellen Stand und die Trends in der Akupunktur zu erfahren. Methode Artikel mit Bezug zu Akupunktur vom 1. Januar 2001 bis 4. Juli 2022 wurden in der Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection Datenbank gesucht. Die 100 am häufigsten zitierten Veröffentlichungen wurden ausgewählt und die Informationen wurden extrahiert. Visualisierung und Analyse der extrahierten Daten erfolgten mithilfe der Software VOSviewer, GraphPad Prism, Scimago Graphica und CiteSpace. Ergebnis Es wurden die 100 am häufigsten zitierten Artikel ermittelt mit durchschnittlich 218 Zitierungen (Spanne: 131 bis 625). Der Großteil der 100 meistzitierten Artikel stammte aus den Vereinigten Staaten ( n = 53). Die Institution, die die meisten zitierten Artikel veröffentlichte, war die Harvard-Universität ( n = 16). Das einflussreichste Team war die Gruppe von Klaus Linde. Was die Zahl der Veröffentlichungen betrifft, war Pain die am häufigsten zitierte Zeitschrift. Bei der Analyse der Koinzidenz von Schlüsselwörtern lag der Fokus der größten Cluster auf Akupunktur-und Elektroakupunktur-Analgesie sowie auf den Reaktionen auf Akupunkturstimulation in den bildgebenden Untersuchungen des Gehirns mittels funktioneller MRT. Die beiden stärksten Burst-Schlüsselwörter waren “randomisierte kontrollierte Studien” und “Osteoarthritis,” wobei “randomisierte kontrollierte Studien” von 2011 bis heute durchgängig ein Burst-Schlüsselwort ist. Schlussfolgerung Diese Studie bietet einen Einblick in historisch bedeutsame Artikel auf dem Gebiet der Akupunktur mittels bibliometrischer analyse. Diese Daten sollen Klinikern und Forschern einen Einblick in zukünftige Richtungen im Zusammenhang mit Akupunktur geben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China,
| | - Bo Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cui
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixing Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyi Jiang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiong Yan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Junpeng He
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzheng Du
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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Hendryx JT, Kannan A, Prashad J, Falk K. Connecting the dots: alterations in bioelectric activity at acupuncture Ting (Jing-Well) points following CV4 cranial manipulation. J Osteopath Med 2023; 123:151-158. [PMID: 36475425 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2022-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms by which osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine (OCMM) promotes health and healing have yet to be fully elucidated. One commonly utilized OCMM technique, compression of the fourth ventricle (CV4), has been theorized to balance autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. There is growing evidence that the ANS also plays a significant mechanistic role in acupuncture. Potential connections between OCMM and acupuncture meridian theory largely remain unknown. OBJECTIVES By measuring specific electrical parameters at acupuncture points that have been shown to correlate with ANS activity, the objectives of this study were to: 1) determine if CV4 has any influence on the bioelectric properties of the acupuncture meridian system; and 2) determine if CV4 affects the ANS. METHODS A total of 77 males and females ages 18-78 years, all volunteers recruited by local flyers and personal or phone contact, were randomized into CV4 (n=40) and Sham (n=37) groups. All CV4 participants were treated by the same physician utilizing standard CV4 protocol. The Sham treatment, performed by a different physician, consisted of the supine participant's occiput resting passively on the physician's finger pads for a similar duration as those in the CV4 group. Among several devices developed to assess ANS activity at acupuncture points, evidence suggests that the Apparatus for Meridian Identification (AMI) is the most accurate and valid. Utilizing the AMI, bioelectric skin parameters were measured immediately before and after CV4 or Sham treatments. Student's or Welch's t tests and Wilcoxon tests were utilized for analysis of normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively. RESULTS Statistical significance was determined with a p value less than 0.05. Sham treatments showed insignificant (p=0.754) before vs. after differences in ANS activity measured at acupuncture points, whereas CV4 treatment significantly (p=0.00015) affected ANS activity. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that CV4 has demonstrable biophysical effects on the acupuncture meridian system occurring via the ANS, and that the underlying mechanisms of OCMM and acupuncture may be related. Further studies are needed to clarify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Hendryx
- Clinical Professor of Osteopathic Principles and Practice (OPP) and OPP Course Director, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | - Jessica Prashad
- Osteopathic Medical Student, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | - Karl Falk
- Clinical Professor of Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
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Chae Y, Beissner F, Kim HY, Harris RE, Napadow V. Editorial: Neural substrates of acupuncture: From peripheral to central nervous system mechanisms, volume II. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1119829. [PMID: 36741061 PMCID: PMC9893636 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1119829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Younbyoung Chae
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Younbyoung Chae ✉
| | - Florian Beissner
- Insula Institute for Integrative Therapy Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard E. Harris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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Hsieh CH, Tseng ST, Hung YC, Chang TC, Hu WL, Lin CH. Effect of moxibustion on meridian in a warm needling model: A protocol for a prospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31492. [PMID: 36451391 PMCID: PMC9704875 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warm needling is a type of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which uses burned moxa to generate warmth and exerts a therapeutic effect on human skin. Additionally, based on TCM theory, warm needling could improve deficiency-cold syndrome. Research has found that warm needling has analgesic effects as well as effects on the immune system, endocrine system, nervous system, and lower urinary tract symptoms. However, the mechanism of warm needling on the meridians is not fully understood. In modern studies, the electric characteristics of the meridians have been discovered and the combination of semiconductor and TCM theory could explain the meridian phenomena through physics. However, there is no known research exploring the relationship between thermal effect and electric property on the meridians. METHODS A total of 30 healthy participants older than 20 years of age will be recruited for this study. The participants would first be administered acupuncture, following which the electric characteristics will be measured using the semiconductor analyzer Agilent B1500A/Agilent 4156C. The visual analog score (VAS) will also be rated. Thereafter, a burned moxa will be added to the acupuncture needles as a method for warm needling. The electric characteristics and VAS will be measured again. We will use the paired t-test and repeated measure two-way ANOVA to compare the electric characteristics and VAS before and after warm needling in each participant. OBJECTIVES This protocol aims to explore the thermal effect on the electric characteristics of meridians in a warm needling model and provide a scientific explanation of TCM through the aspect of physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsuan Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Tseng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiang Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chang Chang
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Long Hu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Medical University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * Correspondence: Chien-Hung Lin, Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan (e-mail: )
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Effects of Ion Cyclotron Frequencies on Human Resistance and Reactance in 31 Healthy Subjects. RADIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/radiation2040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to test the theory of Brizhik et al. about the dynamic allocation of acupuncture meridians on human body and their role as hydric paths for solitons, we tested the effect of both acupuncture and exposure to extremely low frequencies (ELF) tuned with suitable ion cyclotron frequencies. The similarity of the effects, inducing variations of body impedance measured in well-known acupuncture points, up to the interchangeability and the synergy of the two treatments, the mechanic and the electromagnetic ones, turns to be evidence of the validity of the theory. Resistance and reactance variations have been detected in a group of 31 healthy volunteers before and after stimulation with a standard sequence of cyclotron frequencies, emitted from an innovative electromagnetic therapy (EMT) device. These variations were then compared with the variations produced by the well-known percutaneous stimuli of mechanical and piezoelectric nature, and, in particular in this work, acupuncture. Our results show that the observed variations can be considered as significant in both groups: cyclotron and acupuncture. The greater variations brought about by the cyclotron treatment stand out clearly.
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Lee IS, Chae Y. Exploring Acupuncture Actions in the Body and Brain. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2022; 15:157-162. [PMID: 35770545 DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2022.15.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture's actions have been explained by biomedical research. However, the meridian system used in acupuncture needs further clarification. This review describes how acupuncture affects the body and brain. From the perspective of traditional East Asian medicine, the meridian system is closely connected with acupuncture's treatment effects. In the body, the indications of acupoints, primarily established based on the meridian system, have spatial symptom patterns. Spatial patterns of acupoint indications are distant from the stimulated sites and strongly associated with the corresponding meridian's route. Understanding how acupuncture works based on the original meridian system is important. From a neuroscience perspective, an acupuncture-induced sensation originates from the bottom-up action of simple needling in the peripheral receptor and the reciprocal interaction with top-down brain modulation. In the brain, enhanced bodily attention triggered by acupuncture stimulation can activate the salience network and deactivate the default mode network regardless of the actual stimulation. The application of data science technology to acupuncture research may provide new tools to uncover the principles of acupoint selection and enhance the clinical efficacy of acupuncture treatment in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seon Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younbyoung Chae
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Orthopedic Veterinary Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:925-938. [PMID: 35562224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) continues to become more widespread, especially for the management of chronic pain conditions such as canine osteoarthritis. Many patients have comorbidities that preclude traditional medical options, have not adequately responded to conventional therapies, or have owners interested in pursuing a complementary approach. Evidence-based CAVM can serve as a safe and effective adjunct to manage chronic pain conditions. There is growing evidence in the veterinary literature for the use of acupuncture and some herbal supplements in the multimodal management of canine osteoarthritis. The majority of evidence supporting chiropractic is limited to equine and human literature.
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Intriago V, Reina MA, Boezaart AP, Tubbs RS, Montaña AV, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Junquera MS. Microscopy of Structures Surrounding Typical Acupoints Used in Clinical Practice and Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Acupuncture Needles. Clin Anat 2022; 35:392-403. [PMID: 35112392 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives Although the general functionality and structures of acupoints have been studied, there has been little insight into their underlying morphology and physical characteristics. We describe the microanatomical structures surrounding acupoints, the electron microscopic appearance of the needles, and the physical effects of acupuncture needling on the fascia. We injected heparinized blood solution through thin needles at seven known and commonly used "sweat acupoints" in eight fresh, unembalmed, cryopreserved human cadavers to mark the needle positions, and later, during histological examination, to identify them. After the solution was injected, samples were dissected and prepared for histological examination. We examined 350 cross-sections of five different paraffin wax sections from each acupoint microscopically. Acupuncture needles were photographed and superimposed on the cross-sectioned tissues at similar magnifications. Needles were also examined under a scanning electron microscope to judge the roughness or smoothness of their surfaces. A greater conglomeration of nerve endings surrounded the acupoints than in tissues more than 1-3 cm distant from them. Nerve endings and blood vessels were in close contact with a complex network of membranes formed by interlacing collagen fibers, and were always enclosed within those collagen membranes. Nerve endings were found within hypodermis, muscles, or both. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the three-dimensional shapes and sizes of the needles, and the degree of roughness or smoothness of their polished external surfaces. We demonstrate a delicate arrangement of nerve endings and blood vessels enclosed within complex collagen membrane networks at acupoints within the hypodermis and muscle. This arrangement could explain why needling is an essential step in the acupuncture process that provides favorable outcomes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Reina
- CEU-San-Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anesthesiology, Madrid-Montepríncipe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Acute and Perioperative Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Facultad de CC de la Salud Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - André P Boezaart
- Acute and Perioperative Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Lumina Health Pain Medicine Collaborative, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, West Indies.,Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ana V Montaña
- Facultad de CC de la Salud Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Sanroman Junquera
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Telematics, and Computing Systems, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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Spatial and Temporal Electrodynamics in Acuzones: Test-Induced Kinematics and Synchronous Structuring. Phenomenological Study. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.13045/jar.2021.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: So far there is no confidence in the basics of acupoint/meridian phenomena, specifically in spatial and temporal electrical manifestations in the skin.Methods: Using the skin electrodynamic introscopy, the skin areas of 32 × 64 mm<sup>2</sup> were monitored for spectral electrical impedance landscape with spatial resolution of 1 mm, at 2 kHz and 1 MHz frequencies. The detailed baseline and 2D test-induced 2 kHz-impedance phase dynamics and the 4-parameter time plots of dozens of individual points in the St32-34 regions were examined in a healthy participant and a patient with mild gastritis. Non-thermal stimuli were used: (1) (for the sick subject), microwaves and ultraviolet radiation applied alternately from opposite directions of the meridian; and (2) (for the healthy one) microwaves to St17, and cathodic/anodic stimulation of the outermost St45, alternately.Results: In both cases, the following phenomena have been observed: emergence of in-phase and/or antiphase coherent structures, exceeding the acupoint conditional size of 1 cm; collective movement along the meridian; reversible with a reversed stimulus; counter-directional dynamics of both whole structures and adjacent points; local abnormalities in sensitivity and dynamics of the 1 MHz and 2 kHz parameters indicating existence of different waveguide paths.Conclusion: It is assumed that these findings necessitate reconsideration of some basic methodological issues regarding neurogenic/acupuncture points as spatial and temporal phenomena; this requires development of an appropriate approach for identifying the acuzones patterns. These findings may be used for developing new approaches to personalized/controlled therapy/treatment.
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Influence of Acupuncture on Microcirculation Perfusion of Pericardium Meridian and Heart in Acute Myocardial Ischemia Model Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:69-75. [PMID: 34816366 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the influence of acupuncture on microcirculation perfusion of the pericardium meridian and heart in acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) rats and evaluate whether acupuncture can simultaneously affect the meridians and corresponding viscera. Additionally, acupoints at different meridians were compared and whether they exert the same effects was discussed. METHODS Totally 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left anterior descending (LAD) ligation to develop an AMI model. Rats were divided into 4 groups, including AMI, acupuncture Neiguan (PC 6), Lieque (LU 7) and Qiansanli (LI 10) groups (n=8). Eight rats received only thoracotomy (sham-operated group). The rats in the acupuncture groups received manual acupuncture at PC 6, LU 7 and LI 10 acupoints for 15 min, respectively. The microcirculation perfusion of pericardium meridian and heart was monitored by laser speckle perfusion imager (LSPI) before, during and after acupuncture manipulation for 15 min. Subsequently, the perfusion unit (PU) was calculated and analyzed by PSI System. RESULTS After LAD, compared to pre-acupuncture stage, the heart microcirculation perfusion (HMP) in the AMI group decreased continuously at during-acupuncture (P>0.05) and post-acupuncture stages (P<0.05), and the pericardium meridian microcirculation perfusion (PMP) showed no significant differences at 3 stages (P>0.05). Compared to pre-acupuncture stage, the PMP and HMP in PC 6 group significantly increased during acupuncture manipulation (both P<0.05), and PMP decreased obviously after acupuncture (P<0.05). The PMP in the LU 7 and LI 10 groups were slightly elevated (both P>0.05); however, they were significantly reduced after acupuncture manipulation (both P<0.05). Additionally, HMP of LI 10 group was decreased significantly during acupuncture, especially compared to pre-acupuncture stage (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture at PC 6 obviously increased the PMP and HMP in AMI rats, and the effects were superior to at LU 7 and LI 10 acupoints. It was further confirmed that acupuncture promoted qi and blood circulation, indicating that acupoint specificity exists and features a meridian-propagated effect.
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Ma SX. Low Electrical Resistance Properties of Acupoints: Roles of NOergic Signaling Molecules and Neuropeptides in Skin Electrical Conductance. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:563-569. [PMID: 34319572 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Early studies from several independent laboratories demonstrated that acupoints possess the characteristics of low electrical resistance. New devices are developing to increase the reliability of electrical skin impedance measurements for counteracting the factors including skin dryness, skin thickness, size of the sensing electrode, pressure applied on the electrode, interelectrode distance, room temperature, and humidity. Morphological studies have identified that blood vessels, hair follicles, and nervous components are enhanced in the meridians/acupoints, which represent areas of potentially high neuronal activity. Recent evidence shows that nitric oxide (NO) concentrations are enhanced in skin acupoints/meridians. L-arginine-derived NO synthesis modifies skin norepinephrine (NE) synthesis/release in acupoints/meridians, and NO-NE activations play an important role in mediating the skin conductance responses to electrical stimulation. NOergic signaling molecules interact with gap junction and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1. Other studies reported that the high conductance at acupoints is a result of the release of the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide during neurogenic inflammation in the referred pain area. Pathological body conditions caused considerable changes in skin conductance or impedance at acupoints. Although systematic research with an improved equipment and research design to avoid the influencing factors are requested for a definite answer in this field, the results from anatomical and biochemical studies consistently show that acupoints exist higher levels of nervous components, and NOergic signaling molecules and neuropeptides involved in the skin low resistance at acupoints. The increased interest in the acupoints/meridians has led to an open-minded attitude towards understanding this system, which is fundamental important to establish the valid aspects of scientific basis of Chinese medicine mechanisms and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xing Ma
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, United States.
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15
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Tsai CL, Liu LC, Liao CY, Liao WL, Liu YH, Hsieh CL. Yoga versus massage in the treatment of aromatase inhibitor-associated knee joint pain in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14843. [PMID: 34290337 PMCID: PMC8295273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are standard adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with oestrogen receptor-positive, early-stage, and metastatic breast cancer. Although effective, the risk of falls due to AI-associated knee joint pain significantly increased. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of yoga and massage on AI-associated knee joint pain. Breast cancer survivors were randomly assigned to a 6-week yoga intervention-2-week rest-6-week massage exposure (Yoga first, n = 30) or a 6-week massage intervention-2-week rest-6-week yoga exposure (Massage first, n = 30). Evaluations of the treatment efficacy were made at baseline, post-intervention, and post-exposure using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale, plasma cytokine levels, and changes in meridian energy. The results showed that yoga, superior to massage intervention, significantly reduced AI-associated knee joint pain, as demonstrated by the WOMAC pain score. The yoga intervention improvements were also associated with changes in plasma cytokine levels and meridian energy changes. In conclusion, this study provides scientific evidence that yoga was more effective than massage for reducing AI-associated knee joint pain. Meridian energy changes may provide another scientific, objective, non-invasive way to monitor the therapeutic effects of yoga and investigate another alternative, complementary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chih Liu
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Liao
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Department of Health, Taichung Hospital, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huei Liu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Drug Development Centre, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research Centre, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Research on the body surface resistance imbalance degree at yuan-source points of three yin meridians of foot in the patients with primary dysmenorrhea. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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de Felipe ÍO. The Universality of Science and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Philosophical Survey. SCIENCE & EDUCATION 2021; 30:1353-1370. [PMID: 34188362 PMCID: PMC8226147 DOI: 10.1007/s11191-021-00249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper represents a philosophical appraisal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) from the point of view of the philosophy of science. As it is generally the case with other versions of Traditional Medicine, rather than a coherent research program Traditional Chinese Medicine constitutes an array of various techniques and practices coupled with a diversity of very different speculative doctrines regarding the physiological structure of certain body parts as well as the purported etiology of disease and malfunction. This chapter starts off by describing some of the theoretical assumptions on which TCM relies with the aim of casting light on whether they, alongside the clinical techniques TCM encompasses, can significantly be considered as a scientific theory comparable with that of conventional medicine. In so doing the chapter examines a plurality of demarcation criteria between science and non-science coming from various existing philosophical frameworks old and new. While, as will be shown, a wealth of research based on RCTs (randomized control trials) points out that TCM´s degree of effectiveness is low, that is not the point this paper intends to make. Instead of such an empirical criticism, the author sustains a comparably stronger epistemic contention, namely: even if the clinical results of TCM fared better than they actually do, that observation alone would not be a good reason to consider this branch of traditional medicine as a scientifically respectable endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íñigo Ongay de Felipe
- Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
- Fundación Gustavo Bueno, Oviedo, Spain
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18
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Power Spectrum Features of Acupoint Bioelectricity Signal. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6638807. [PMID: 33953785 PMCID: PMC8057873 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6638807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the 1950s, many studies have been conducted on the electrical properties of acupuncture points (acupoints), especially their bio-resistance characteristics. Results of such studies have been inconclusive due to factors such as sweat gland density and compounding factors of applying electrical stimulation. In this study, a power spectrum instrument was used to assess the power spectrum and power of acupoints and nonacupoints without electrical stimulation. Using such instrumentation, specificity of electrical signals of acupoints was also explored. Methods Thirty-six subjects (29 females, 7 males) participated in the study. Stainless steel acupuncture needles (diameter 0.35 mm; length 50 mm) were used. Five acupoints were tested: ST 36, SP 6, GB 39, GB 37, and K I9. Four control sites 0.5–1.0 cm adjacent to each acupoint were chosen. After needle insertion into the acupoint and control sites, the needles were attached to the power spectrum instrument to acquire any electrical signals. Acquire signals were analyzed using self-written software. Results Power spectrum difference between acupoint and nonacupoint signals was 0–2 Hz. Results of t-test or signed rank sum test (α = 0.05) found that electrical signals between acupoints and nonacupoints were markedly different (P < 0.05). Conclusion Acupoint bioelectricity signals are higher than adjacent nonacupoints. The most significant difference is distributed between 0 Hz and 2 Hz.
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In Vivo Visualization of the Pericardium Meridian with Fluorescent Dyes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5581227. [PMID: 33854554 PMCID: PMC8021474 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5581227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical basis of acupuncture meridians continues to be enigmatic. Although much attention has been placed on potential correlations with inter/intramuscular fascia or lower electrical impedance, animal studies performed in the past 40 years have shown that tracer dyes—specifically Tc-99m pertechnetate—injected at strategic skin points generate linear migrations closely aligning with acupuncture meridians. To evaluate whether this phenomenon is also observable in humans, we injected two fluorescent dyes—fluorescein sodium and indocyanine green (ICG)—into the dermal layer both at acupuncture points (PC5, PC6, and PC7) and a nonacupoint control. Fifteen healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Of the 19 trials of fluorescein injected at PC6, 15 (79%) were associated with slow diffusion of the dye proximally along a path matching closely with the pericardium meridian. Furthermore, the dye emerged and coalesced proximally at exactly acupoint PC3. Injections of ICG at the acupoints PC5, PC6, or PC7 showed a similar trajectory close to the injection site but diverged when migrating proximally, failing converge on acupoint PC3. Injections of either dye at an adjacent PC6-control did not generate any notable linear pathway. Both ultrasound imaging and vein-locating device did not reveal any corresponding vessels (arterial or venous) at the visualized tracer pathway but did demonstrate correlations with intermuscular fascia.
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20
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Effect of Line-Magnet Stimulation on HRV: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040421. [PMID: 33916473 PMCID: PMC8067433 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acupuncture point mapped into the body meridian line has been the subject of extensive research; however, the scientific basis of the body meridian line remains unknown. In the present study, a pair of line-magnets was attached along the heart meridian line between HT4 and HT6 (intervention), and heart rate variability (HRV) was examined in a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Forty-five healthy young adults were randomly assigned into two groups and received two interventions in a different order. The only difference between the interventions was that the magnet pole was swapped. The results showed that the frequency-domain (LF, LF/HF) properties of HRV, which reflects underlying autonomic nervous system activity, changed when the magnetic pole’s direction along the heart meridian line was changed. This finding suggests that a line-magnet attached along to the heart meridian line may affect the cardiovascular system.
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21
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Matos LC, Machado JP, Monteiro FJ, Greten HJ. Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapeutics: An Overview of the Basics and Clinical Applications. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:257. [PMID: 33804485 PMCID: PMC8000828 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a systematic healthcare system developed from clinical experience based on a scientific model of regulation. TCM relies on unique theories and practices to treat diseases and enhance health. These practices include Chinese herbal medicine and dietetics, acupuncture and moxibustion, and other non-medication therapies such as Chinese bodywork or manual therapy, known as "Tuina", and traditional biofeedback exercises, known as "Qigong" and "Taijiquan". The integration of TCM in Western health systems and research requires a rational communicable theory, scientific proof of efficacy and safety, and quality control measures. Understanding the structural concepts of the TCM language makes possible the parallelism to Western physiology, and the inherent rational use of the reflex therapeutic systems, anti-inflammatory mechanisms and mental training involved, for example, in acupuncture and "Qigong". The results of TCM clinical trials and fundamental research on its nature and mechanisms have encouraged the development and application of well-designed research strategies such as double blinding in acupucture to overcome limitations and resistances in integrating these practices into the existing biomedical paradigms of the West. This review aims to overview some TCM theoretical concepts and the evidence-based clinical application of TCM's leading practices to create an easy-to-consult and condensed source of information, available for the healthcare community, facilitating the understanding and communication between conventional health professionals and TCM practitioners and acupuncturists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Carlos Matos
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- CBSIn—Centro de Biociências em Saúde Integrativa, Atlântico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal;
- CTEC—Centro Transdisciplinar de Estudos da Consciência, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pereira Machado
- CBSIn—Centro de Biociências em Saúde Integrativa, Atlântico Business School, 4405-604 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal;
- ICBAS—Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Fernando Jorge Monteiro
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- ICBAS—Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- German Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Yi YJ, Kim DH, Chang S, Ryu Y, Kim SC, Kim HY. Electroacupuncture at Neurogenic Spots in Referred Pain Areas Attenuates Hepatic Damages in Bile Duct-Ligated Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1974. [PMID: 33671269 PMCID: PMC7922595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain frequently produces referred pain at somatic sites due to the convergence of somatic and visceral afferents. In skin overlying the referred pain, neurogenic spots characterized by hyperalgesia, tenderness and neurogenic inflammation are found. We investigated whether neurogenic inflammatory spots function as acupoints in the rat model of bile duct ligation-induced liver injury. The majority of neurogenic spots were found in the dorsal trunk overlying the referred pain and matched with locations of acupoints. The spots, as well as acupoints, showed high electrical conductance and enhanced expression of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Electroacupuncture at neurogenic spots reduced serum hepatocellular enzyme activities and histological patterns of acute liver injury in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. The results suggest that the neurogenic spots have therapeutic effects as acupoints on hepatic injury in bile-duct ligated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jung Yi
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (D.H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Do Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (D.H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Suchan Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (D.H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- Medical Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea;
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (D.H.K.); (S.C.)
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Gong Y, Li N, Lv Z, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Yang T, Wang H, Zhao X, Chen Z, Dou B, Chen B, Guo Y, Guo Y, Xu Z. The neuro-immune microenvironment of acupoints-initiation of acupuncture effectiveness. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:189-198. [PMID: 32645257 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0420-361rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture is a centuried and unfading treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to exert curative effects on various disorders. Numerous works have been put in to uncover the effective mechanisms of acupuncture. And the interdependent interaction between acupuncture and acupoint microenvironment is a crucial topic. As a benign minimally invasive stimulation, the insertion and manipulation of needle at acupoint could cause deformation of local connective tissue and secretion of various molecules, such as high mobility group box 1 and ATP. The molecules are secreted into extracellular space and bind to the corresponding receptors thus active NF-κB, MAPK, ERK pathways on mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, among others. This is supposed to trigger following transcription and translation of immune factors and neural active substance, as well as promote the free ion movement (such as Ca2+ influx) and the expansion of blood vessels to recruit more immune cells to acupoint. Finally, acupuncture could enhance network connectivity of local microenvironment at acupoints. The earlier mentioned substances further act on a variety of receptors in local nerve endings, transmitting electrical and biochemical signals to the CNS, and giving full play to the acupuncture action. In conclusion, we portrayed a neuro-immune microenvironment network of acupoints that medicates the acupuncture action, and would lay a foundation for the systematic study of the complex network relationship of acupoints in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Gong
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningcen Li
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongxi Lv
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Municipal Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Changzhi City, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Zelin Chen
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Baomin Dou
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongming Guo
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tuanbo, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
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Leskowitz E. A cartography of energy medicine: From subtle anatomy to energy physiology. Explore (NY) 2020; 18:152-164. [PMID: 33168457 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The field of energy medicine (EM) is perhaps the most controversial branch of integrative medicine. Its core concept - the existence of an invisible healing energy - has not yet been validated by Western medicine, and the mechanism(s) of action of its techniques have not been fully elucidated. This paper addresses these problems by marshalling several types of evidence: basic science research into electromagnetic fields (EMF), subjective sensations experienced when receiving EM treatments, and clairvoyant perceptions of EM in action. The latter two sources of information, while not solid enough to meet current standards of scientific rigor, can nonetheless generate important new information. A hypothesis is then developed to explain these findings. First, the main components of the human subtle energy system are presented: the "subtle anatomy" of the meridians, of the energy centers and of the biofield. Several representative EM techniques are then analyzed to determine which specific components of that energy structure they impact. Next, EM's mechanisms of action are explored by describing how these altered energy dynamics can affect biologic processes. This subject is termed "energy physiology", in parallel with conventional medicine's foundation in anatomy and physiology. Finally, potential research into energy physiology is outlined that focuses on several common but distinctive experiences which are not fully explained by the current mechanistic biomedical model. Plausible and testable energy-based explanations are proposed for phantom limb pain, emotional entrainment in groups, unusually rapid symptom response to EM, and the invisible templates that guide cell growth and differentiation. This analysis is intended to serve as a guide to future clinical and research explorations into the multidimensional nature of human beings. As Western medicine develops technologies that can generate objective empiric evidence in these subtle domains, we will be able to more fully understand the energetic components of health and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leskowitz
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States.
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25
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Jiang Y, Hu H, Li X, He X, Shao X, Lou J, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Fang J. Difference in the metabolic characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and healthy adults. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21302. [PMID: 32791715 PMCID: PMC7386978 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION By detecting the metabolic difference of the Heart and Lung meridians, the present study aims to investigate the specificity of different meridians and verify whether functional near infrared spectroscopy is validated as an add-on technique to assist diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Lung and Heart meridians are chosen as the target for comparison; accordingly, 120 eligible participants will be included and divided into the COPD group, healthy control group, and healthy intervention group. Functional near infrared spectroscopy will be adopted to measure the metabolic characteristics of the Heart and Lung meridians. On one hand, the specificity of the meridian-visceral association will be investigated by comparing the metabolic difference in the Heart and Lung meridians between the healthy control group and COPD group. On the other hand, the specificity of site-to-site association will be determined by comparing the metabolic change between the 2 meridians that induced by moxibustion in the Heart meridian and Lung meridian, respectively, in the healthy control group. The primary outcome will be regional oxygen saturation of corresponding regions along the Heart and Lung meridians. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04046666.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Hantong Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Xiaofen He
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Jiali Lou
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
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Yonghong S, Ruizhi W, Yue Z, Xuebing B, Tarique I, Chunhua L, Ping Y, Qiusheng C. Telocytes in Different Organs of Vertebrates: Potential Essence Cells of the Meridian in Chinese Traditional Medicine. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:575-588. [PMID: 32390582 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are very long, non-neuronal, somatic cells whose function is widely believed to be involved in providing connections between different cells within the body. The cellular characteristics of TCs in various organs have been studied by immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in different vertebrate species, and here we investigate the proposed properties of these cells in the context of the "meridian" in Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM). The results show that TCs and their long extensions, telopodes (Tps) develop a complicated network by homo- and heterocellular junctions in the connective tissue throughout the body, which can connect the skin with distant organs. In concept, this is the analogue of ancient meridian maps connecting skin acupoints with the viscera. Various active cells and extracellular vesicles including exosomes move along Tps, which, along with developed mitochondria within the podoms of Tps, may account for the structural evidence for "Qi" (vital energy and signal communication) in CTM. Morphological associations of TCs with the nerve, vascular, endocrine, and immune systems are also compatible with previously proposed meridian theories in CTM. Close relationships exist between TCs and collagen fiber bundles and some structures in skin fascia provide the microanatomical support for acupuncture treatment based on the meridian principle. The dynamicity in the distribution and structure of TCs reflects the plasticity of the meridian at the cellular level. As the same attribute, both the meridian and the TC have been associated with various diseases. Here, we summarize structural analogues between the TC and the meridian, suggesting that TCs have the cytological characteristics of the CTM meridian. We, therefore, hypothesize that TCs are the "essence cells" of the CTM meridian, which can connect and integrate different cells and structures in the connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yonghong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Wu Ruizhi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Zhang Yue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Bai Xuebing
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Liang Chunhua
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Yang Ping
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Chen Qiusheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
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Ro DH, Gong HS. The Hand as a Homunculus - A Perspective from Hand Acupuncture Therapy. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2020; 25:251-255. [PMID: 32312204 DOI: 10.1142/s2424835520970012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Homunculus is a term used to refer to any representation of a miniature human being. In scientific fields, the word homunculus has been used to refer to any scale model of the human body that represents physiological, psychological, or other human functions. The hand is thought as a homunculus of the body in Hand Acupuncture Therapy, a type of alternative medicine in Korea. Hand acupuncture therapists believe stimulating the hand can improve bodily health. Although there is a need for scientific evidence regarding this concept, those that perform hand acupuncture seem to recognize the importance of hand in our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyun Ro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Gong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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28
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Hu H, Jiang Y, Li X, Lou J, Zhang Y, He X, Fang J, Wu Y, Shao X, Fang J. The microcirculatory characteristics of the heart and lung meridians: Study protocol clinical trial (SPIRIT Compliant). Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19594. [PMID: 32243379 PMCID: PMC7220657 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study is to compare the microcirculatory difference of different meridians by using laser doppler flowmetry and investigate the specificity for the meridian-visceral association and site-to-site association between 2 specific meridians. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Lung and Heart meridians are chosen as 2 specific studied meridians. 120 participants will be enrolled and divided into the healthy control group, chronic stable angina pectoris group and healthy intervention group. Laser doppler flowmetry will be used to assess the blood perfusion of the Heart and Lung meridians. The specificity for the meridian-visceral association will be investigated by comparing the microcirculatory difference between the Heart and Lung meridians in the healthy control group and chronic stable angina pectoris group. Besides, participants in the healthy intervention group will receive 2 sessions of moxibustion in the Heart meridian and Lung meridian, respectively, to explore the specificity for the site-to-site association on the body surface. Primary outcomes will be blood flow curve and blood perfusion units of relevant sites along the Heart and Lung meridians. Statistical analysis will be conducted by third party statisticians. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval (approval No: ZSLL-KY-2019-001A-01) has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. The study findings will be disseminated through presentation at peer-reviewed medical journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04244812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantong Hu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province
| | - Yongliang Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Lou
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen He
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfan Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Eberl S, Monteiro de Olivera N, Bourne D, Streitberger K, Fockens P, Hollmann MW, Preckel B. Effect of electroacupuncture on sedation requirements during colonoscopy: a prospective placebo-controlled randomised trial. Acupunct Med 2020; 38:131-139. [PMID: 31968988 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2017-011459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Propofol provides excellent sedation during colonoscopy. However, its application, namely when used together with an opioid, is associated with cardiopulmonary depression. Acupuncture is used nowadays for the treatment of pain and anxiety, and also to induce sedation. We hypothesised that electroacupuncture (EA) during colonoscopy would have sedative effects, thereby reducing propofol requirements to achieve an adequate level of sedation. METHOD The study was designed and conducted as a single centre, patient and observer blinded, sham- and placebo-controlled randomised trial. Patients scheduled for elective colonoscopy under deep propofol/alfentanil sedation were randomly assigned to receive unilateral EA, sham-acupuncture (SA) or placebo-acupuncture (PA) at ST36, PC6 and LI4. The primary outcome parameter was the total dosage of propofol. Secondary outcomes included the patients' and endoscopists' satisfaction levels evaluated by questionnaires. RESULTS The dosage of propofol required (median [IQR]) was not significantly different between the three groups (EA group 147 μg/kg/min [109-193] vs SA group 141 μg/kg/min [123- 180] vs PA group 141 μg/kg/min [112-182]; P=0.776). There was also no significant difference in alfentanil consumption (P=0.634). Global satisfaction (median [IQR]) among patients (EA group 6.6 [6.0-7.0] vs SA group 6.8 [6.0-7.0] vs PA group 6.5 [6.0-7.0]; P=0.481) and endoscopists (6.0 [5.0-6.0] for all groups; P=0.773) did not significantly differ between the three groups. There was no significant difference in the number of cardiorespiratory events. CONCLUSION For colonoscopy, the applied mode of EA did not show any propofol-sparing sedative effect compared with sham or placebo acupuncture. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered in the Netherland's Trial Registry (NTR4325).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Eberl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Konrad Streitberger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Preckel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Li XB, Wu DJ, Yang MC. Acupuncture for hiccups: A systematic review protocol of high-quality randomized trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e18343. [PMID: 31860989 PMCID: PMC6940168 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Hiccup is a common disease that often occurs along with other chronic or acute conditions. At present, there is a lack of feasible therapies for hiccups, and acupuncture is a treatment method with enormous clinical practice worldwide. METHODS Based on a pre-defined search strategy, we searched seven databases and screened them by two independent investigators, without language and publication status restriction from inception to date. We use the pre-set form to incorporate data and utilize Revman software to synthesize data. We will evaluate the risk of bias in the inclusion of the study based on the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' assessment tool. The quality of the evidence will be evaluated according to the GRADEpro software. RESULTS This systematic review will evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture treatment for hiccups. The entire process will be referred to the Cochrane handbook recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. CONCLUSION This review will provide systematic evidence to summarize whether acupuncture is an effective intervention in the treatment of hiccup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Pinghu City, Jiaxing
| | - Dong-Jie Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min-Chun Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Gomes LR, Leão P. Recent Approaches on Signal Transduction and Transmission in Acupuncture: A Biophysical Overview for Medical Sciences. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2019; 13:1-11. [PMID: 31765838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture is one of the areas among the alternative therapies that arise high curiosity in the biomedical scientific community. It is particularly popular for treatment of chronic diseases and addictions. However, contrasting with its evidence-based effectiveness, the lack of reasonable explanations for its mode of action divides that scientific community. Difficulties also arise to those responsible for providing information for clinicians and professionals who wish to acquire competencies leading to the acupuncture practice and have a background based on biochemistry and physiology. The classic theories of nerve conduction do not fully explain how information is read and transmitted during the acupuncture treatment. Other theories have been proposed, but they are based on concepts such as biophotonic waves and quantum biochemistry that are difficult to read and understand by those who do not have knowledge in physics. It is the main objective of this review to provide a summary of the main theories and explanatory approaches to the signal transduction and conduction in acupuncture and to describe them in terms of their explanatory hypotheses, limitations, and weaknesses. The most of the literature found support theories for neural conduction, including gate control. They explain the effects of acupuncture in pain relief; few studies have been conducted concerning the conduction based on biophotons. The primo vascular system has been referred as a possible anatomic support for conduction of information during an acupuncture treatment, which could be connected to biophoton transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Rebelo Gomes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, 4051-401, Porto, Portugal; UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, P-4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Leão
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, 4520-211, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
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32
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Bao T, Deng G, DeMarzo LA, Zhi WI, DeRito JL, Blinder V, Chen C, Li QS, Green J, Pendleton E, Mao JJ. A Technology-Assisted, Brief Mind-Body Intervention to Improve the Waiting Room Experience for Chemotherapy Patients: Randomized Quality Improvement Study. JMIR Cancer 2019; 5:e13217. [PMID: 31697238 PMCID: PMC6873148 DOI: 10.2196/13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients waiting for chemotherapy can experience stress, anxiety, nausea, and pain. Acupressure and meditation have been shown to control such symptoms. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an integrative medicine app to educate patients about these self-care tools in chemotherapy waiting rooms. Methods We screened and enrolled cancer patients in chemotherapy waiting rooms at two Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center locations. Patients were randomly assigned into an intervention arm in which subjects watched acupressure and meditation instructional videos or a control arm in which they watched a time- and attention-matched integrative oncology lecture video. Before and after watching the videos, we asked the patients to rate four key symptoms: stress, anxiety, nausea, and pain. We performed the analysis of covariance to detect differences between the two arms postintervention while controlling for baseline symptoms. Results A total of 223 patients were enrolled in the study: 113 patients were enrolled in the intervention arm and 110 patients were enrolled in the control arm. In both groups, patients showed significant reductions in stress and anxiety from baseline (all P<.05), with the treatment arm reporting greater stress and anxiety reduction than the control arm (1.64 vs 1.15 in stress reduction; P=.01 and 1.39 vs 0.78 in anxiety reduction; P=.002). The majority of patients reported that the videos helped them pass time and that they would watch the videos again. Conclusions An integrative medicine self-care app in the waiting room improved patients’ experiences and reduced anxiety and stress. Future research could focus on expanding this platform to other settings to improve patients’ overall treatment experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Bao
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gary Deng
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lauren A DeMarzo
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - W Iris Zhi
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Janice L DeRito
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Blinder
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Connie Chen
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qing S Li
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jamie Green
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eva Pendleton
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jun J Mao
- Integrative Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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Juan CW, Chang MH, Lin TH, Hwang KL, Fu TC, Shih PH, Chang CM, Yang CP. Laser Acupuncture for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Single-Blinded Controlled Study. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:1035-1043. [PMID: 31502856 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of laser acupuncture (LA) treatment with that of placebo LA treatment in patients with idiopathic, mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), as measured by subjective symptom assessments and objective changes in nerve conduction studies (NCSs). Design: A randomized, single-blinded, controlled study. Settings: A Teaching Hospital in the Taichung, Taiwan between March 2013 and November 2013. Subjects: 84 consecutive treatment-naive patients with CTS. Interventions: Participants were randomly divided into two treatment arms: (1) LA, administered at traditional Chinese acu-points on the affected side, once a day, 5 times a week, for 4 weeks (N = 43); and (2) placebo LA, administered using the same device and protocol, with the LA device switched off (N = 41). Outcome measures: Patients completed the Global symptom score (GSS) at baseline and two and four weeks later. The primary outcome was changes in GSS. NCSs were performed at baseline and repeated at the end of the study as a secondary outcome. Results: There was a significantly greater reduction in GSS in the LA group than in the placebo group at week 2 (-9.30 ± 4.94 vs. -2.29 ± 4.27, respectively, P < 0.01) and at week 4 (-10.67 ± 5.98 vs. -2.90 ± 5.61, respectively, P < 0.01). However, NCSs did not show significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: LA may be more effective than placebo LA in the treatment of mild-to-moderate idiopathic CTS in terms of subjective measurement. For patients who fear needle-based treatment, such as acupuncture or local injections, or those who do not opt for early surgical decompression, LA treatment can be considered as an effective and alternative form of acu-points stimulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wen Juan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Chang
- Section of Neurology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsing Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lin Hwang
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tieh-Cheng Fu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsuan Shih
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition, Huang-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Magalhães-Sant'Ana M. The Emperor's New Clothes-An Epistemological Critique of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Acupuncture. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040168. [PMID: 30991678 PMCID: PMC6523156 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Complementary and alternative medicines have gained increased popularity in the veterinary field. Among them, Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, including acupuncture, has emerged as one of the main alternatives to conventional veterinary medicine. This paper relies upon an epistemological approach to investigate conceptual, historical and scientific assertions about veterinary acupuncture made by their advocates. Argument by analogy is used to demonstrate that Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine is based on pre-scientific principles, similar to those of humoral medicine and bloodletting, and that acupuncture is, in effect, a placebo. The paper concludes with recommendations for veterinary regulators and colleagues. Abstract Within the last few decades, complementary and alternative medicines have gained increased popularity in the veterinary field. Although many authors have exposed the scientific fallacies and historical misconceptions used to justify such therapies, those efforts have not succeeded in detracting veterinary practitioners from embracing them. Notably, Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM), including acupuncture, has emerged as one of the main alternatives to conventional veterinary medicine. In this paper, analogical reasoning is used to investigate conceptual, historical and scientific assertions made by the advocates of TCVM. The paper is divided into two parts: The first aims to appraise conceptual and historical claims made by veterinary acupuncturists. I defend that TCVM is a pre-scientific construct, similar to humoral doctrine, and that acupuncture is analogous to bloodletting. The second part is focused on scientific evidence of clinical application of acupuncture in the dog, showing how science is yet to validate veterinary acupuncture and defending that claims of efficacy are due to placebo effect. It is suggested that veterinary acupuncture needs to abandon Traditional Chinese Medicine and embrace science-based medicine tout court. On the other hand, high quality scientific studies, including randomized controlled trials, need to be presented. Veterinary regulators must bring the issue of non-conventional therapies into their agendas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Magalhães-Sant'Ana
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Ordem dos Médicos Veterinários, Av. Filipe Folque, 10J, 4º Dto., 1050-113 Lisboa, Portugal.
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35
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Long H, Zhu Y, Jia L, Gao B, Liu J, Liu L, Herre H. An ontological framework for the formalization, organization and usage of TCM-Knowledge. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2019; 19:53. [PMID: 30961578 PMCID: PMC6454592 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-019-0760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional Chinese Medicine Language System (TCMLS) is a large-scale terminology system, developed from 2002 on by the Institute of Information of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IITCM). Until now, more than 120,000 concepts, 300,000 terms and 1.27 million semantic relational links are included. Its top-level framework, called TCMLS-semantic network (SN), provides an important basis for the standardization and mapping of traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terminology systems. Though, many data produced and stored in TCMLS have poor quality for historical reasons or because of human factors. There is a large number of classification errors or inconsistent expressions of terms remained in the current TCMLS- SN, which hamper an efficient utilization of the data stored in TCMLS in practical applications. Methods We start with analyzing the technical specification based on TCMLS, considering some obvious classification errors and problems of ambiguity of semantic expressions in TCMLS-SN, followed with using a top-down approach for building a middle level ontology which is based on the framework General Formal Ontology (GFO), take into account the compatibility with TCM related concepts, turn out the results of a modification of the current TCMLS-SN, called GFO-TCM. Results Through comparison with TCMLS-SN, according to viewpoints of GFO, some semantic types and relations were reconstructed within GFO-TCM. We propose a middle level ontology for TCMLS which may support entailment and ensure coherence, we also draw out a mapping which possess a more reasonable framework with a unified semantic criterion, it is application scenarios oriented and can be further updated and extended. Conclusions The goal is to construct a formal middle-level ontology that is compatible with both the traditional medical terminology system and modern medical terminology standards. it is intended to satisfy functional requirements which are relevant for natural language processing, information extraction, semantic retrieval, clinical decision support in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. It also provides a foundation and methodology for building a large-scale, unified semantic and extensible knowledge graph platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Long
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE) University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yan Zhu
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Lirong Jia
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heinrich Herre
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE) University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Matos LC, Machado J, Greten HJ, Monteiro FJ. Changes of skin electrical potential in acupoints from Ren Mai and Du Mai conduits during Qigong practice: Documentation of a clinical phenomenon. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:713-720. [PMID: 31733752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Qigong is a therapeutic method of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that combines slow, soft movements and postures with breath control and a special mental state of 'awareness'. TCM holds that the practice of Qigong promotes the 'circulation of qi' in the human body, the 'flow' of upward yang qi and downward yin qi to establish 'balance'. In Western terms, this may be generally equivalent to vegetative homeostasis and the emotionally balanced state induced thereby. Researchers have often attempted to evaluate the functional movements of qi using measurements of the skin's electrical resistance. However, these methodologies have proven difficult to gauge, validate, repeat, and interpret. We aimed to overcome these limitations by measuring the skin's electrical potential between two points of the same system. The main goal of this study was to assess the skin's electrical potential changes in acupoints from the Ren Mai and Du Mai conduits, or meridians, as well as in other points of interest, during Qigong practice. While participants performed a specific Qigong exercise called 'White Ball', we observed significant changes in the skin electrical potential on Mìngmén (GV 4), Shèndáo (GV 11) and Baihuì (GV 20), from the Du Mai conduit, as well as on Huiyin (CV 1), Qìhai (CV 6), Zhongwan (CV 12) and Dànzhong (CV 17), from Ren Mai. These observations are in accordance with TCM theory and may contribute to the explanation of the vegetative physiological changes that are associated with 'qi flow' in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Carlos Matos
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Machado
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-030, Porto, Portugal; LABIOMEP - Biomechanics Laboratory of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-030, Porto, Portugal; DGTCM - German Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany; HSCM - Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fernando Jorge Monteiro
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Two Transcutaneous Stimulation Techniques in Shoulder Pain: Transcutaneous Pulsed Radiofrequency (TPRF) versus Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): A Comparative Pilot Study. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019:2823401. [PMID: 30863472 PMCID: PMC6378807 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2823401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of 2 transcutaneous stimulation techniques, transcutaneous pulsed radiofrequency (TPRF) versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), in chronic shoulder tendonitis. Design A prospective, randomized, and double-blind clinical trial. Setting Academic pain service of a city hospital. Subjects Fifty patients with sonography-confirmed shoulder tendonitis. Methods Fifty patients were randomly allocated into two groups for electrical stimulation treatment with 3-month follow-ups: Group 1 (n=25), TENS and Group 2 (n=25), TPRF. Both groups underwent either treatment for 15 minutes every other day, three times total. Our primary goals were to find any treatment comfort level, adverse event, and changes in Constant-Murley shoulder (CMS) scores. The secondary goals were finding the changes in pain, enjoyment of life, and general activity (PEG) scores. Results For primary goals, no adverse events were noted throughout this study. No differences were found between groups for treatment tolerability (3.20 + 0.87 vs. 2.16 + 0.75). Statistically significant lower PEG scores were noticeable with the TPRF group after the course (12.73 + 5.79 vs. 24.53 + 10.21, p=0.013). Their statistical significance lasted for 3 months although the difference gap diminished after 1 month. CMS scores were significantly higher in the TPRF group (70.84 + 6.74 vs. 59.56 + 9.49, p=0.007) right after treatment course but the significance did not last. Conclusions In treating chronic shoulder tendinitis using two transcutaneous stimulation techniques, both TPRF and TENS are safe and effective. TPRF is superior to TENS.
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Kovich F. A New Definition of an Acupuncture Meridian. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2019; 12:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Brizhik L, Chiappini E, Stefanini P, Vitiello G. Modeling Meridians Within the Quantum Field Theory. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2019; 12:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Usichenko
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Mustea
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Pavlovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Fan Y, Kim DH, Ryu Y, Chang S, Lee BH, Yang CH, Kim HY. Neuropeptides SP and CGRP Underlie the Electrical Properties of Acupoints. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:907. [PMID: 30618546 PMCID: PMC6299809 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical skin measurements at acupuncture points (acupoints) have been utilized as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid for more than 50 years. Although acupoints are described as having distinct electrical properties, such as high conductance and low impedance, the underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. The present study investigated in a rat model of hypertension whether the high conductance at acupoints is a result of the release of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) during neurogenic inflammation in the referred pain area. When plasma extravasation from neurogenic inflammation was examined by exploring the leakage of intravenously injected Evans blue dye (EBD) to the skin, extravasated EBD was found most frequently in acupoints on the wrist. The increased conductance and temperature at these acupoints occurred during the development of hypertension. The increase in conductance and plasma extravasation at acupoints in hypertensive rats was ablated by cutting median and ulnar nerves, blocking small diameter afferent fibers with resiniferatoxin (RTX) injection into median and ulnar nerves, or antagonizing SP or CGRP receptors in acupoints. In turn, intradermal injection of SP or CGRP resulted in increased conductance and plasma extravasation in naïve rats. Elevated levels of SP and CGRP were found in the acupoints of hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that the high conductance at acupoints is due to vascular leakage following local release of SP and CGRP during neurogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Suchan Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bong Hyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
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Rezaei S, Khorsand A, Jamali J. Characterisation of Human Skin Impedance at Acupuncture Point Pc4 Ximen and pericardium meridian using the four-electrode method. Acupunct Med 2018; 30:127-31. [DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2011-010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine offers several theories to explain the mechanism of acupuncture. One of these theories proposes that acupuncture points and meridians have unique electrical properties and their electrical skin impedance is lower than surrounding areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in electrical skin impedance between PC4 and the pericardium meridian compared with the surrounding areas. Methods Eighteen healthy subjects (10 women) were recruited to participate in the study. An impedance meter based on the four-electrode technique was designed specifically for the study. Twenty-five points were marked on the skin: one on the point PC4, four others on the pericardium meridian and 20 points around it. The electrical impedance of each point was measured with the four-electrode device. Results The mean electrical skin impedance at PC4 was significantly different from the 20 of the surrounding points but not significantly different from the four adjacent points. The mean skin impedance of the five points over the pericardium meridian was significantly different from that of parallel rows of points using repeated measures analysis of variance (p<0.001) Conclusion Within the possible limits of this measurement technique, skin impedance along the pericardium meridian is lower than surrounding areas, supporting the idea of different properties of the pericardium meridian compared with the control areas. Evidence on skin impedance at PC4 is inconclusive and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Rezaei
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Khorsand
- The School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jamshid Jamali
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Liu C, Liu Q, Zhang D, Liu W, Yan X, Zhang X, Oyanagi H, Pan Z, Hu F, Wei S. Insight into the biological effects of acupuncture points by X-ray absorption fine structure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4959-4965. [PMID: 29858915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of the biological effects of transition metal ions in acupuncture points is essential to clarify the functional mechanism of acupuncture treatment. Here we show that in the SP6 acupuncture point (Sanyinjiao) the Fe ions are in a high-spin state of approximately t2g4.5eg1.5 in an Fe-N(O) octahedral crystal field. The Fe K-edge synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption fine structure results reveal that the Fe-N and Fe-O bond lengths in the SP6 acupuncture point are 2.05 and 2.13 Å, respectively, and are 0.05-0.10 Å longer than those in the surrounding tissue. The distorted atomic structure reduces the octahedral symmetry and weakens the crystal field around the Fe ions by approximately 0.3 eV, leading to the high-spin configuration of the Fe ions, which is favorable for strengthening the magnetotransport and oxygen transportation properties in the acupuncture point by the enhanced spin coherence. This finding might provide some insight into the microscopic effect of the atomic and electronic interactions of transition metal ions in the acupuncture point. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Liu
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, Anhui, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Hiroyuki Oyanagi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Central 2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Zhiyun Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, Anhui, China
| | - Fengchun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, Anhui, China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, Anhui, China.
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Modulation of Spectral Power and Functional Connectivity in Human Brain by Acupuncture Stimulation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2018; 26:977-986. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2828143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pawitan JA. Various stem cells in acupuncture meridians and points and their putative roles. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:437-442. [PMID: 30302323 PMCID: PMC6174264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese and Korean medicine uses various manipulations on acupuncture points/acupoints that are located along imaginary lines on the surface of a human body, which are called 'meridians'. Acupuncture has been used from the ancient time till now to cure various diseases, including for the purpose of regenerative medicine. In various studies, meridians are alternatively called as Bong-Han ducts, primo vessels, or hyaluronic-acid rich ducts, while acupoints are called Bong-Han corpuscles, primo nodes, or hyaluronic-acid rich nodes. Meridians and acupuncture points form a system that is now called primo vascular system (PVS), which is claimed to contain various kinds of stem cells. The stem cell size is between 1-5 microns. The smallest is the primo microcells that have a putative role in regeneration. Other stem cells are adult pluripotent and hematopoietic stem cells that play a role in extra bone marrow hematopoiesis. The presence of PVS has been reproduced by many studies. However, the various stem cells need further studies to prove their existence and function, and harvesting PVS to isolate the stem cells might harm the health of the donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Low impedance nature of 12 acupoints on the limbs, and the unexpected dependence on limb angle. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Popplewell M, Reizes J, Zaslawski C. Consensus in Traditional Chinese Medical Diagnosis in Open Populations. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 25:1109-1114. [PMID: 29493255 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: An acceptable level of diagnostic agreement is a prerequisite for consistent administration of treatment. It is critical for investigating effectiveness of different treatment approaches using multiple practitioners. To the best of our knowledge, no previous investigation of diagnostic consensus using open populations in Chinese medicine (CM) has been reported. Investigations restricted to individual medical conditions, such as have been usually studied, do not reveal any information as to what occurs in real world clinical settings. This knowledge gap led to the current study being conducted. Design/Location/Subjects/Interventions: Investigating diagnostic agreement specifically in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in an open population, two or three practitioners diagnosed 35 subjects at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), TCM clinic. The practitioners were restricted to a list of the 56 most frequently used TCM diagnoses at the UTS clinic. Up to three diagnostic patterns per subject could be selected, with nominated patterns scored between 1 and 5. Outcome measures: Agreement was determined with two criteria, both expressed as simple percentages: pattern and linearly weighted agreements. Results: The results showed that 23% of practitioners obtained pattern agreement, while 19% demonstrated weighted agreement. Conclusion: There appears to be very low diagnostic agreement between practitioners. This is an important finding. If unchallenged by further investigation, the recognition of such poor diagnostic consensus may lead to rejection of TCM theory before it has been adequately assessed. Diagnostic agreement must be improved so that future investigations into treatment effectiveness or mechanisms of action are made on a valid basis. Additionally, the current TCM diagnostic format must be altered to allow the application of chance-removed statistics or the calculation of a standard error with open populations. This article is the first of a series of three that report problems in TCM diagnostic reliability and proposes solutions to the issues outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Reizes
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Zaslawski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Langevin HM, Wayne PM. What Is the Point? The Problem with Acupuncture Research That No One Wants to Talk About. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:200-207. [PMID: 29493256 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having made substantial progress in academic rigor over the past decades, acupuncture research has been the focus of long-standing and persistent attacks by skeptics. One recurring theme of critics is that the concept of acupuncture points has no scientific validity. Meanwhile, the subject of whether-or-not acupuncture points "exist" has been given too little attention within the acupuncture research community. In this article, we argue that failure to use clear terminology and rigorously investigate the subject of acupuncture points has hindered the growing legitimacy of acupuncture as an evidence-based therapy. We propose that a coordinated effort is needed to improve the use of terminology related to acupuncture points, combined with rigorous investigation of their "specificity" and possible biological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Langevin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA
| | - Peter M Wayne
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA
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