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Wishart G, Gupta P, Nisbet A, Velliou E, Schettino G. Enhanced effect of X-rays in the presence of a static magnetic field within a 3D pancreatic cancer model. Br J Radiol 2023; 96:20220832. [PMID: 36475863 PMCID: PMC9975369 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of static magnetic field (SMF) presence on the radiation response of pancreatic cancer cells in polyurethane-based highly macro-porous scaffolds in hypoxic (1% O2) and normoxic (21% O2) conditions, towards understanding MR-guided radiotherapy, shedding light on the potential interaction phenomenon between SMF and radiation in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. METHODS Pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1, ASPC-1) were seeded into fibronectin-coated highly porous polyethene scaffolds for biomimicry and cultured for 4 weeks in in vitro normoxia (21% O2) followed by a 2-day exposure to either in vitro hypoxia (1% O2) or maintenance in in vitro normoxia (21% O2). The samples were then irradiated with 6 MV photons in the presence or absence of a 1.5 T field. Thereafter, in situ post-radiation monitoring (1 and 7 days post-irradiation treatment) took place via quantification of (i) live dead and (ii) apoptotic profiles. RESULTS We report: (i) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma hypoxia-associated radioprotection, in line with our previous findings, (ii) an enhanced effect of radiation in the presence of SMFin in vitro hypoxia (1% O2) for both short- (1 day) and long-term (7 days) post -radiation analysis and (iii) an enhanced effect of radiation in the presence of SMF in in vitro normoxia (21% O2) for long-term (7 days) post-radiation analysis within a 3D pancreatic cancer model. CONCLUSION With limited understanding of the potential interaction phenomenon between SMF and radiation, this 3D system allows combination evaluation for a cancer in which the role of radiotherapy is still evolving. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This study examined the use of a 3D model to investigate MR-guided radiotherapy in a hypoxic microenvironment, indicating that this could be a useful platform to further understanding of SMF influence on radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Nisbet
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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2
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Binhi VN. Statistical Amplification of the Effects of Weak Magnetic Fields in Cellular Translation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050724. [PMID: 36899858 PMCID: PMC10000676 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We assume that the enzymatic processes of recognition of amino acids and their addition to the synthesized molecule in cellular translation include the formation of intermediate pairs of radicals with spin-correlated electrons. The mathematical model presented describes the changes in the probability of incorrectly synthesized molecules in response to a change in the external weak magnetic field. A relatively high chance of errors has been shown to arise from the statistical enhancement of the low probability of local incorporation errors. This statistical mechanism does not require a long thermal relaxation time of electron spins of about 1 μs-a conjecture often used to match theoretical models of magnetoreception with experiments. The statistical mechanism allows for experimental verification by testing the usual Radical Pair Mechanism properties. In addition, this mechanism localizes the site where magnetic effects originate, the ribosome, which makes it possible to verify it by biochemical methods. This mechanism predicts a random nature of the nonspecific effects caused by weak and hypomagnetic fields and agrees with the diversity of biological responses to a weak magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Binhi
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Dowlath MJH, Karuppannan SK, Sinha P, Dowlath NS, Arunachalam KD, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Nguyen-Tri P, Nguyen DD. Effects of radiation and role of plants in radioprotection: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146431. [PMID: 34030282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiation can be lethal at high doses, whereas controlled doses are useful in medical applications. Other applications include power generation, agriculture sterilization, nuclear weapons, and archeology. Radiation damages genetic material, which is reflected in genotoxicity and can cause hereditary damage. In the medical field, it is essential to avoid the harmful effects of radiation. Radiation countermeasures and the need for radioprotective agents have been explored in recent years. Considering plants that evolve in radiative conditions, their ability to protect organisms against radiation has been studied and demonstrated. Crude extracts, fractioned extracts, isolated phytocompounds, and plant polysaccharides from various plants have been used in radioprotection studies, and their efficiency has been proven in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. It is important to identify the mechanism of action to develop a potent plant-based radioprotective agent. To identify this protective mechanism, it is necessary to understand the damage caused by radiation in biological systems. This review intends to discuss the effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems and evaluate plant-based radioprotectants that have tested thus far as well as their mechanism of action in protecting against the toxic effects of radiation. From the review, the mechanism of radioprotection exhibited by the plant-based products could be understood. Meanwhile, we strongly suggest that the potential products identified so far should undergo clinical trials for critically evaluating their effects and for developing an ideal and compatible radioprotectant with no side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Karuppannan
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pamela Sinha
- Project Management, Bioneeds India Pvt. Ltd, Peenya Industrial Area, Bengaluru 560058, India
| | - Nihala Sultana Dowlath
- Department of Biochemistry, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600008, India
| | - Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - B Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea.
| | - S Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
| | - Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Vietnam; Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea.
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4
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Novikov VV, Yablokova EV, Shaev IA, Fesenko EE. The Kinetics of the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Neutrophils after Incubation in a Hypomagnetic Field. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635092103012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Tasić T, Lozić M, Glumac S, Stanković M, Milovanovich I, Djordjevich DM, Trbovich AM, Japundžić-Žigon N, De Luka SR. Static magnetic field on behavior, hematological parameters and organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111085. [PMID: 32898814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed contradictory results of static magnetic field (SMF) influence on behavior, hematological parameters and organ damage. The aim of this study was to investigate influence of subchronic continuous exposure to upward and downward oriented SMF of moderate intensity on behavior, hematological characteristics, heart and kidney tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats. SH rats exposed to downward oriented SMF demonstrated lack of anxious-like behavior. SMF of either orientation caused decrease in the number of platelets in peripheral blood, granulocytes in the spleen and bone marrow and increase in the number of erythrocytes in the spleen, in both exposed groups. We also demonstrated that spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to upward oriented SMF exhibited decreased lymphocytes count in blood, decreased bone marrow erythrocytes count and rats exposed to downward oriented SMF had increased lymphocytes count in bone marrow. The results showed adverse effect of differently oriented SMF on hematological parameters of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Also, exposure to different oriented SMF didn't affect their heart and kidney morphological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Tasić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Lozić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Novikov VV, Yablokova EV, Shaev IA, Fesenko EE. The Effect of a Weak Static Magnetic Field in the Range of Magnitudes from a “Zero” Field (0.01 μT) to 100 μT on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Nonactivated Neutrophils. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920030161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Novikov VV, Yablokova EV, Shaev IA, Fesenko EE. Decreased Production of the Superoxide Anion Radical in Neutrophils Exposed to a Near-Null Magnetic Field. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Novikov V, Yablokova E, Valeeva E, Fesenko E. On the Molecular Mechanisms of the Effect of a Zero Magnetic Field on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Inactivated Neutrophils. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mohajer JK, Nisbet A, Velliou E, Ajaz M, Schettino G. Biological effects of static magnetic field exposure in the context of MR-guided radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2018; 92:20180484. [PMID: 30359096 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical introduction of MRI-guided radiotherapy has prompted consideration of the potential impact of the static magnetic field on biological responses to radiation. This review provides an introduction to the mechanisms of biological interaction of radiation and magnetic fields individually, in addition to a description of the magnetic field effects on megavoltage photon beams at the macroscale, microscale and nanoscale arising from the Lorentz force on secondary charged particles. A relatively small number of scientific studies have measured the impact of combined static magnetic fields and ionising radiation on biological endpoints of relevance to radiotherapy. Approximately, half of these investigations found that static magnetic fields in combination with ionising radiation produced a significantly different outcome compared with ionising radiation alone. strength static magnetic fields appear to modestly influence the radiation response via a mechanism distinct from modification to the dose distribution. This review intends to serve as a reference for future biological studies, such that understanding of static magnetic field plus ionising radiation synergism may be improved, and if necessary, accounted for in MRI-guided radiotherapy treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kim Mohajer
- 1 Department of Physics, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK.,2 Medical Radiation Science group, National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , UK
| | - Andrew Nisbet
- 1 Department of Physics, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK.,3 The Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Guildford , UK
| | - Eirini Velliou
- 4 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Bioprocess and Biochemical Engineering group (BioProChem), University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
| | - Mazhar Ajaz
- 3 The Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Guildford , UK.,5 Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
| | - Giuseppe Schettino
- 1 Department of Physics, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK.,2 Medical Radiation Science group, National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , UK
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10
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Binhi VN, Prato FS. Rotations of macromolecules affect nonspecific biological responses to magnetic fields. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13495. [PMID: 30202025 PMCID: PMC6131245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously proposed that there are at least two initial molecular transduction mechanisms needed to explain specific and nonspecific biological effects of weak magnetic fields. For the specific effect associated with animal magnetic navigation, the radical pair mechanism is the leading hypothesis; it associates the specialised magnetic sense with the radical pairs located in the eye retina. In contrast to the magnetic sense, nonspecific effects occur through the interaction of magnetic fields with magnetic moments dispersed over the organism. However, it is unlikely that the radical pair mechanism can explain such nonspecific phenomena. In order to explain these, we further develop our physical model for the case of magnetic moments residing in rotating molecules. It is shown that, in some conditions, the precession of the magnetic moments that reside on rotating molecules can be slowed relative to the immediate biophysical structures. In terms of quantum mechanics this corresponds to the mixing of the quantum levels of magnetic moments. Hence this mechanism is called the Level Mixing Mechanism, or the LMM. The results obtained are magnetic field-dependences that are in good agreement with known experiments where biological effects arise in response to the reversal of the magnetic field vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank S Prato
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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11
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Yang J, Meng X, Dong D, Xue Y, Chen X, Wang S, Shen Y, Zhang G, Shang P. Iron overload involved in the enhancement of unloading-induced bone loss by hypomagnetic field. Bone 2018; 114:235-245. [PMID: 29929042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During deep-space exploration missions, astronauts will be exposed to abnormal space environments including microgravity and hypomagnetic field (HyMF) that is 10,000 times weaker than geomagnetic field (GMF). It is well known that microgravity in space can induce bone loss; however, it is ill-defined whether HyMF involved in this process. Herein, we aimed to investigate the combined effects of HyMF and microgravity on bone loss. A mouse model of hindlimb suspension (HLU) was adopted to simulate microgravity-induced bone loss, that was exposed to a hypomagnetic field of <300 nanotesla (nT) generated by a geomagnetic field-shielding chamber. Besides, a recent study showed that HLU induced bone loss was orchestrated by iron overload. Therefore, the changes of iron content in unloading-induced bone loss under HyMF condition were detected simultaneously. The results showed HyMF exacerbated the loss of bone mineral content (BMC), induced more detrimental effects on microstructure of cancellous bone but not cortical bone and yielded greater negative effects on biomechanical characteristics in mice femur under unloading status. Concomitantly, there was more iron accumulation in serum, liver, spleen and bone in the combined treatment group than in the separate unloading group or HyMF exposure group. These results showed that HyMF promoted additional bone loss in mice femur during mechanical unloading, and the potential mechanism may be involved in inducing iron overload of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dandan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yanru Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ying Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Gejing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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12
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Novikov VV, Yablokova EV, Fesenko EE. The Effect of a “Zero” Magnetic Field on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091803017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Binhi VN, Prato FS. Biological effects of the hypomagnetic field: An analytical review of experiments and theories. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179340. [PMID: 28654641 PMCID: PMC5487043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During interplanetary flights in the near future, a human organism will be exposed to prolonged periods of a hypomagnetic field that is 10,000 times weaker than that of Earth's. Attenuation of the geomagnetic field occurs in buildings with steel walls and in buildings with steel reinforcement. It cannot be ruled out also that a zero magnetic field might be interesting in biomedical studies and therapy. Further research in the area of hypomagnetic field effects, as shown in this article, is capable of shedding light on a fundamental problem in biophysics-the problem of primary magnetoreception. This review contains, currently, the most extensive bibliography on the biological effects of hypomagnetic field. This includes both a review of known experimental results and the putative mechanisms of magnetoreception and their explanatory power with respect to the hypomagnetic field effects. We show that the measured correlations of the HMF effect with HMF magnitude and inhomogeneity and type and duration of exposure are statistically absent. This suggests that there is no general biophysical MF target similar for different organisms. This also suggests that magnetoreception is not necessarily associated with evolutionary developed specific magnetoreceptors in migrating animals and magnetotactic bacteria. Independently, there is nonspecific magnetoreception that is common for all organisms, manifests itself in very different biological observables as mostly random reactions, and is a result of MF interaction with magnetic moments at a physical level-moments that are present everywhere in macromolecules and proteins and can sometimes transfer the magnetic signal at the level of downstream biochemical events. The corresponding universal mechanism of magnetoreception that has been given further theoretical analysis allows one to determine the parameters of magnetic moments involved in magnetoreception-their gyromagnetic ratio and thermal relaxation time-and so to better understand the nature of MF targets in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Binhi
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Frank S. Prato
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
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Romeo S, Sannino A, Scarfì MR, Massa R, d’Angelo R, Zeni O. Lack of effects on key cellular parameters of MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts exposed to 370 mT static magnetic field. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19398. [PMID: 26762783 PMCID: PMC4725921 DOI: 10.1038/srep19398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decades have seen increased interest toward possible adverse effects arising from exposure to intense static magnetic fields. This concern is mainly due to the wider and wider applications of such fields in industry and clinical practice; among them, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) facilities are the main sources of exposure to static magnetic fields for both general public (patients) and workers. In recent investigations, exposures to static magnetic fields have been demonstrated to elicit, in different cell models, both permanent and transient modifications in cellular endpoints critical for the carcinogenesis process. The World Health Organization has therefore recommended in vitro investigations as important research need, to be carried out under strictly controlled exposure conditions. Here we report on the absence of effects on cell viability, reactive oxygen species levels and DNA integrity in MRC-5 human foetal lung fibroblasts exposed to 370 mT magnetic induction level, under different exposure regimens. Exposures have been performed by using an experimental apparatus designed and realized for operating with the static magnetic field generated by permanent magnets, and confined in a magnetic circuit, to allow cell cultures exposure in absence of confounding factors like heating or electric field components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Romeo
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Sannino
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Massa
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, CMSA via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele d’Angelo
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)–Regional Technical Advisory Department Risk and Prevention Assessment (CONTARP) of Campania, via Nuova Poggioreale, 80143 Napoli
| | - Olga Zeni
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
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