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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishii
- Office of Health and Safety; Hokkaido University; Hokkaido Japan
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Popkov VA, Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Jankauskas SS, Zorov SD, Babenko VA, Zorov DB. Diseases and Aging: Gender Matters. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1560-70. [PMID: 26638680 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
At first glance, biological differences between male and female sex seem obvious, but, in fact, they affect a vast number of deeper levels apart from reproductive function and related physiological features. Such differences affect all organizational levels including features of cell physiology and even functioning of separate organelles, which, among other things, account for such global processes as resistance to diseases and aging. Understanding of mechanisms underlying resistance of one of the sexes to pathological processes and aging will allow taking into consideration gender differences while developing drugs and therapeutic approaches, and it will provide an opportunity to reproduce and enhance such resistance in the more vulnerable gender. Here we review physiological as well as cellular and biological features of disease course including aging that are affected by gender and discuss potential mechanisms behind these processes. Such mechanisms include features of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Popkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Jelić M, Arnqvist G, Novičić ZK, Kenig B, Tanasković M, Anđelković M, Stamenković-Radak M. Sex-specific effects of sympatric mitonuclear variation on fitness in Drosophila subobscura. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:135. [PMID: 26156582 PMCID: PMC4496845 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of recent studies have shown that the pattern of mitochondrial DNA variation and evolution is at odds with a neutral equilibrium model. Theory has suggested that selection on mitonuclear genotypes can act to maintain stable mitonuclear polymorphism within populations. However, this effect largely relies upon selection being either sex-specific or frequency dependent. Here, we use mitonuclear introgression lines to assess differences in a series of key life-history traits (egg-to-adult developmental time, viability, offspring sex-ratio, adult longevity and resistance to desiccation) in Drosophila subobscura fruit flies carrying one of three different sympatric mtDNA haplotypes. Results We found functional differences between these sympatric mtDNA haplotypes, but these effects were contingent upon the nuclear genome with which they were co-expressed. Further, we demonstrate a significant mitonuclear genetic effect on adult sex ratio, as well as a sex × mtDNA × nuDNA interaction for adult longevity. Conclusions The observed effects suggest that sex specific mitonuclear selection contributes to the maintenance of mtDNA polymorphism and to mitonuclear linkage disequilibrium in this model system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0421-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo Jelić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE - 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zorana Kurbalija Novičić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojan Kenig
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marija Tanasković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Anđelković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia. .,Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia. .,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marina Stamenković-Radak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia. .,Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Natural Selection on Human Y Chromosomes. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wolff JN, Gemmell NJ. Mitochondria, maternal inheritance, and asymmetric fitness: why males die younger. Bioessays 2012; 35:93-9. [PMID: 23281153 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is achieved through the cooperative interaction of two genomes: one nuclear (nuDNA) and the other mitochondrial (mtDNA). The unusual transmission of mtDNA, predominantly maternal without recombination is predicted to affect the fitness of male offspring. Recent research suggests the strong sexual dimorphism in aging is one such fitness consequence. The uniparental inheritance of mtDNA results in a selection asymmetry; mutations that affect only males will not respond to natural selection, imposing a male-specific mitochondrial mutation load. Prior work has implicated this male-specific mutation load in disease and infertility, but new data from fruit flies suggests a prominent role for mtDNA in aging; across many taxa males almost invariably live shorter lives than females. Here we discuss this new work and identify some areas of future research that might now be encouraged to explore what may be the underpinning cause of the strong sexual dimorphism in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonci N Wolff
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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[Screening and identification of 36 new STR loci in human Y chromosome]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012. [PMID: 23208138 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
133 candidate Y-STR loci were selected from NCBI STS database or by bioinformatics analysis in human Y-chromosome sequence, and were screened among 48 DNA samples around the world. Forty-one Y-STRs with high allelic frequency were validated, 36 of which were first reported. Two hundred haplotypes of the 41 STRs were identified among 200 randomly sampled male individuals in Shanghai, indicating 100% inter-individual discrimination. By network analysis of haplotypes of the 41 STRs among nine Jiang-surname male individuals with no consanguinity within 5 generations from a Jiang-surname individual gathering at Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province, and 7 Jiang-surname male individuals from the random shanghai population, 6 Jiang-surname individuals from Jiangshan were close with only 2-4 STR locus difference. These 41 Y-STR loci provide enough information by which individuals from each other with different early modern family origin can be effectively distinguished. This will promote studies on identification of non-lineal relationship in forensics, ancestry location of oversea Chinese, the surname origin and evolution, origin and migration of modern humans and many other studies of Contemporary Anthropology.
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Price TAR, Wedell N. Selfish genetic elements and sexual selection: their impact on male fertility. Genetica 2008; 134:99-111. [PMID: 18327647 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Females of many species mate with more than one male (polyandry), yet the adaptive significance of polyandry is poorly understood. One hypothesis to explain the widespread occurrence of multiple mating is that it may allow females to utilize post-copulatory mechanisms to reduce the risk of fertilizing their eggs with sperm from incompatible males. Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, frequent sources of reproductive incompatibilities, and associated with fitness costs. However, their impact on sexual selection is largely unexplored. In this review we examine the link between SGEs, male fertility and sperm competitive ability. We show there is widespread evidence that SGEs are associated with reduced fertility in both animals and plants, and present some recent data showing that males carrying SGEs have reduced paternity in sperm competition. We also discuss possible reasons why male gametes are particularly vulnerable to the selfish actions of SGEs. The widespread reduction in male fertility caused by SGEs implies polyandry may be a successful female strategy to bias paternity against SGE-carrying males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A R Price
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK.
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Price TAR, Wedell N. Selfish genetic elements and sexual selection: their impact on male fertility. Genetica 2007; 132:295-307. [PMID: 17647082 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-007-9173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Females of many species mate with more than one male (polyandry), yet the adaptive significance of polyandry is poorly understood. One hypothesis to explain the widespread occurrence of multiple mating is that it may allow females to utilize post-copulatory mechanisms to reduce the risk of fertilizing their eggs with sperm from incompatible males. Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, frequent sources of reproductive incompatibilities, and associated with fitness costs. However, their impact on sexual selection is largely unexplored. In this review we examine the link between SGEs, male fertility and sperm competitive ability. We show there is widespread evidence that SGEs are associated with reduced fertility in both animals and plants, and present some recent data showing that males carrying SGEs have reduced paternity in sperm competition. We also discuss possible reasons why male gametes are particularly vulnerable to the selfish actions of SGEs. The widespread reduction in male fertility caused by SGEs implies polyandry may be a successful female strategy to bias paternity against SGE-carrying males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A R Price
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.
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A persistent mitochondrial deletion reduces fitness and sperm performance in heteroplasmic populations of C. elegans. BMC Genet 2007; 8:8. [PMID: 17394659 PMCID: PMC1852114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are of increasing interest due to their involvement in aging, disease, fertility, and their role in the evolution of the mitochondrial genome. The presence of reactive oxygen species and the near lack of repair mechanisms cause mtDNA to mutate at a faster rate than nuclear DNA, and mtDNA deletions are not uncommon in the tissues of individuals, although germ-line mtDNA is largely lesion-free. Large-scale deletions in mtDNA may disrupt multiple genes, and curiously, some large-scale deletions persist over many generations in a heteroplasmic state. Here we examine the phenotypic effects of one such deletion, uaDf5, in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our study investigates the phenotypic effects of this 3 kbp deletion. Results The proportion of uaDf5 chromosomes in worms was highly heritable, although uaDf5 content varied from worm to worm and within tissues of individual worms. We also found an impact of the uaDf5 deletion on metabolism. The deletion significantly reduced egg laying rate, defecation rate, and lifespan. Examination of sperm bearing the uaDf5 deletion revealed that sperm crawled more slowly, both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Worms harboring uaDf5 are at a selective disadvantage compared to worms with wild-type mtDNA. These effects should lead to the rapid extinction of the deleted chromosome, but it persists indefinitely. We discuss both the implications of this phenomenon and the possible causes of a shortened lifespan for uaDf5 mutant worms.
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Sackton TB, Haney RA, Rand DM. Cytonuclear coadaptation in Drosophila: disruption of cytochrome c oxidase activity in backcross genotypes. Evolution 2003; 57:2315-25. [PMID: 14628919 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome c oxidase enzyme (COX) is comprised of 10 nuclear-encoded subunits and three mitochondrial-encoded subunits in close physical association in the inner mitochondrial membrane. COX passes electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen and pumps protons into the inner mitochondrial space for ATP production. Selection on nuclear-mitochondrial interactions within species should lead to coadaptation of the proteins comprising this important enzyme. Under this model, there should be relatively little disruption of COX activity when mitochondrial genomes are crossed among strains within species. A more pronounced disruption of activity is expected when the mitochondrial genome is expressed in the nuclear background of a different species. We test these hypotheses in Drosophila using hybridization and backcrossing among lines of D. simulans and D. mauritiana. Disrupted cytonuclear genotypes were constructed using backcrosses between two lines of D. simulans (siI and siII) that introduced each divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into each nuclear background due to maternal inheritance of mtDNA. Similar crosses were used to introduce each D. simulans mtDNA into the D. mauritiana maI nuclear background. Reconstituted cytonuclear control genotypes were constructed by backcrossing the initial F1 females to males of the maternal genotype. COX enzyme activities were compared among these disrupted and reconstituted backcross genotypes within and between species. The disruption effect on COX activity was restricted to males of interspecific genotypes. These data support the coadaptation hypothesis and are consistent with predictions that the evolution of modifiers of male mitochondrial dysfunction is hindered by the maternal inheritance of mtDNA. New sequence data for nuclear encoded subunits of COX identified amino acids that may play a role in the disruption effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Sackton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Gemmell N. Levels of polymorphism on the sex-limited chromosome: a clue to Y from W? Bioessays 2003; 25:1249. [PMID: 14635261 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has helped to demonstrate the African origin of our species and the relationship between living humans and the Neanderthals. mtDNA data have also been used to establish the time and route of major events in human history, such as the expansion of Neolithic farmers into Europe, and the settlement of the Pacific and the New World. However, it is becoming apparent that mtDNA evolution is more complex than previously believed. Anomalous mutation patterns perturb phylogenetic assumptions based on mtDNA data. Although they are frequently dismissed as sequencing errors or mutation hotspots, some of the anomalies have no satisfactory explanation. The mechanisms behind apparent mutation rate heterogeneity, or even possible mtDNA recombination, remain unknown. These issues need to be addressed, as they have profound consequences for the interpretation of mtDNA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hagelberg
- Biology Dept, University of Oslo, PO Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Sackton TB, Haney RA, Rand DM. CYTONUCLEAR COADAPTATION IN DROSOPHILA: DISRUPTION OF CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN BACKCROSS GENOTYPES. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/02-580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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