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Ono SF, Cordeiro IR, Kishida O, Ochi H, Tanaka M. Air-breathing behavior underlies the cell death in limbs of Rana pirica tadpoles. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36624534 PMCID: PMC9830891 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians shape their limbs by differential outgrowth of digits and interdigital regions. In contrast, amniotes employ cell death, an additional developmental system, to determine the final shape of limbs. Previous work has shown that high oxygen availability is correlated with the induction of cell death in developing limbs. Given the diversity of life histories of amphibians, it is conceivable that some amphibians are exposed to a high-oxygen environment during the tadpole phase and exhibit cell death in their limbs. Here, we examined whether air-breathing behavior underlies the cell death in limbs of aquatic tadpoles of the frog species Rana pirica. Our experimental approach revealed that R. pirica tadpoles exhibit cell death in their limbs that is likely to be induced by oxidative stress associated with their frequent air-breathing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi F Ono
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, 053-0035, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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Cabreira SF, Schultz CL, da Silva LR, Lora LHP, Pakulski C, do Rêgo RCB, Soares MB, Smith MM, Richter M. Diphyodont tooth replacement of Brasilodon-A Late Triassic eucynodont that challenges the time of origin of mammals. J Anat 2022; 241:1424-1440. [PMID: 36065514 PMCID: PMC9644961 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two sets of teeth (diphyodonty) characterise extant mammals but not reptiles, as they generate many replacement sets (polyphyodonty). The transition in long-extinct species from many sets to only two has to date only been reported in Jurassic eucynodonts. Specimens of the Late Triassic brasilodontid eucynodont Brasilodon have provided anatomical and histological data from three lower jaws of different growth stages. These reveal ordered and timed replacement of deciduous by adult teeth. Therefore, this diphyodont dentition, as contemporary of the oldest known dinosaurs, shows that Brasilodon falls within a range of wide variations of typically mammalian, diphyodont dental patterns. Importantly, these three lower jaws represent distinct ontogenetic stages that reveal classic features for timed control of replacement, by the generation of only one replacement set of teeth. This data shows that the primary premolars reveal a temporal replacement pattern, importantly from directly below each tooth, by controlled regulation of tooth resorption and regeneration. The complexity of the adult prismatic enamel structure with a conspicuous intra-structural Schmelzmuster array suggests that, as in the case of extant mammals, this extinct species would have probably sustained higher metabolic rates than reptiles. Furthermore, in modern mammals, diphyodonty and prismatic enamel are inextricably linked, anatomically and physiologically, to a set of other traits including placentation, endothermy, fur, lactation and even parental care. Our analysis of the osteodental anatomy of Brasilodon pushes back the origin of diphyodonty and consequently, its related biological traits to the Norian (225.42 ± 0.37 myr), and around 25 myr after the End-Permian mass extinction event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio F Cabreira
- Associação Sul Brasileira de Paleontologia, Faxinal do Soturno, Brazil
| | - Cesar L Schultz
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lúcio R da Silva
- Associação Sul Brasileira de Paleontologia, Faxinal do Soturno, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marina B Soares
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martha Richter
- Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Reis J, Ramos A. In Sickness and in Health: The Oxygen Reactive Species and the Bone. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:745911. [PMID: 34888300 PMCID: PMC8650620 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.745911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a central role in physiological and pathological bone conditions. Its role in signalment and control of bone cell population differentiation, activity, and fate is increasingly recognized. The possibilities of its use and manipulation with therapeutic goals are virtually unending. However, how redox balance interplays with the response to mechanical stimuli is yet to be fully understood. The present work summarizes current knowledge on these aspects, in an integrative and broad introductory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Reis
- Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Viana Do Castelo, Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - António Ramos
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Layous M, Khalaily L, Gildor T, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. The tolerance to hypoxia is defined by a time-sensitive response of the gene regulatory network in sea urchin embryos. Development 2021; 148:dev.195859. [PMID: 33795230 PMCID: PMC8077511 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deoxygenation, the reduction of oxygen level in the oceans induced by global warming and anthropogenic disturbances, is a major threat to marine life. This change in oxygen level could be especially harmful to marine embryos that use endogenous hypoxia and redox gradients as morphogens during normal development. Here, we show that the tolerance to hypoxic conditions changes between different developmental stages of the sea urchin embryo, possibly due to the structure of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs). We demonstrate that during normal development, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway restricts the activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway to two lateral domains and this restriction controls proper skeletal patterning. Hypoxia applied during early development strongly perturbs the activity of Nodal and BMP pathways that affect the VEGF pathway, dorsal-ventral (DV) and skeletogenic patterning. These pathways are largely unaffected by hypoxia applied after DV-axis formation. We propose that the use of redox and hypoxia as morphogens makes the sea urchin embryo highly sensitive to environmental hypoxia during early development, but the GRN structure provides higher tolerance to hypoxia at later stages. Summary: The use of hypoxia and redox gradients as morphogens makes sea urchin early development sensitive to environmental hypoxia. This sensitivity decreases later, possibly due to the gene regulatory network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Layous
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Lama Khalaily
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
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Sanger TJ. Integrative developmental biology in the age of anthropogenic change. Evol Dev 2021; 23:320-332. [PMID: 33848387 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans are changing and challenging nature in many ways. Conservation Biology seeks to limit human impacts on nature and preserve biological diversity. Traditionally, Developmental Biology and Conservation Biology have had nonoverlapping objectives, operating in distinct spheres of biological science. However, this chasm can and should be filled to help combat the emerging challenges of the 21st century. The means by which to accomplish this goal were already established within the conceptual framework of evo- and eco-devo and can be further expanded to address the ways that anthropogenic disturbance affect embryonic development. Herein, I describe ways that these approaches can be used to advance the study of reptilian embryos. More specifically, I explore the ways that a developmental perspective can advance ongoing studies of embryonic physiology in the context of global warming and chemical pollution, both of which are known stressors of reptilian embryos. I emphasize ways that these developmental perspectives can inform conservation biologists trying to develop management practices that will address the complexity of challenges facing reptilian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Panicucci G, Iacopino S, De Meo E, Perata P, Weits DA. An Improved HRPE-Based Transcriptional Output Reporter to Detect Hypoxia and Anoxia in Plant Tissue. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10120197. [PMID: 33287141 PMCID: PMC7761731 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen levels in plant tissues may vary, depending on metabolism, diffusion barriers, and environmental availability. Current techniques to assess the oxic status of plant cells rely primarily on invasive microoptodes or Clark-type electrodes, which are not optimally suited for experiments that require high spatial and temporal resolution. In this case, a genetically encoded oxygen biosensor is required instead. This article reports the design, test, and optimization of a hypoxia-signaling reporter, based on five-time repeated hypoxia-responsive promoter elements (HRPE) driving the expression of different reporter proteins. Specifically, this study aimed to improve its performance as a reporter of hypoxic conditions by testing the effect of different untranslated regions (UTRs) at the 5′ end of the reporter coding sequence. Next, we characterized an optimized version of the HRPE promoter (HRPE-Ω) in terms of hypoxia sensitivity and time responsiveness. We also observed that severe oxygen deficiency counteracted the reporter activity due to inhibition of GFP maturation, which requires molecular oxygen. To overcome this limitation, we therefore employed an oxygen-independent UnaG fluorescent protein-coupled to an O2-dependent mCherry fluorophore under the control of the optimized HRPE-Ω promoter. Remarkably, this sensor, provided a different mCherry/UnaG ratiometric output depending on the externally imposed oxygen concentration, providing a solution to distinguish between different degrees of tissue hypoxia. Moreover, a ubiquitously expressed UnaG-mCherry fusion could be used to image oxygen concentrations directly, albeit at a narrow range. The luminescent and fluorescent hypoxia-reporters described here can readily be used to conduct studies that involve anaerobiosis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Panicucci
- Biology Department, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.I.)
| | - Sergio Iacopino
- Biology Department, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.I.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Elisa De Meo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | - Daan A. Weits
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-881913
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