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Dua S, Kumar P, Pani B, Kaur A, Khanna M, Bhatt G. Stability of carbon quantum dots: a critical review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13845-13861. [PMID: 37181523 PMCID: PMC10167674 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are fluorescent carbon nanomaterials with unique optical and structural properties that have drawn extensive attention from researchers in the past few decades. Environmental friendliness, biocompatibility and cost effectiveness of CQDs have made them very renowned in countless applications including solar cells, white light-emitting diodes, bio-imaging, chemical sensing, drug delivery, environmental monitoring, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and other related areas. This review is explicitly dedicated to the stability of CQDs under different ambient conditions. Stability of CQDs is very important for every possible application and no review has been put forth to date that emphasises it, to the best of our knowledge. This review's primary goal is to make the readers cognizant of the importance of stability, ways to assess it, factors that affect it and proposed ways to enhance the stability for making CQDs suitable for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dua
- Department of Electronic Science, University of Delhi South Campus India
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi India
| | | | - Amarjeet Kaur
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi India
| | - Manoj Khanna
- Faculty of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, University of Delhi India
| | - Geeta Bhatt
- Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board, University of Delhi Second Floor, Guru Tegh Bahadur Rd University Enclave New Delhi Delhi 110007 India
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High Refractive Index Diphenyl Sulfide Photopolymers for Solar Cell Antireflection Coatings. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The anti-reflection film can effectively reduce the surface reflectivity of solar photovoltaics, increase the transmittance of light, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The high refractive index coating is an important part of the anti-reflection film. However, the traditional metal oxide coating has poor stability and complicated processes. To address this issue, we prepared two organic high refractive index (HRI) photopolymers by modifying epoxy acrylic acid with 4,4′-thiodibenzenethiol, which can be surface patterned by nanoimprinting to prepare antireflection coatings. As a result, two modified photopolymers with high refractive index (n > 1.63), high optical transmittance (T > 95%), and thermal stability (Tg > 100 °C) are obtained after curing. In particular, the diphenyl sulfide photopolymer modified by ethyl isocyanate acrylate has a refractive index up to 1.667 cured by UV light. Our work confirms that the organic HRI photopolymer can be obtained by introducing high molar refractive index groups, with potential to be applied as a PV cell power conversion efficiency material.
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Yun S, Kang ES, Choi JS. Zn-assisted modification of the chemical structure of N-doped carbon dots and their enhanced quantum yield and photostability. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2029-2035. [PMID: 36133412 PMCID: PMC9419812 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the Zn-assisted synthesis of N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) with an enhanced quantum yield (QY) and photostability. There have been intensive studies to improve or tune the optical properties of carbon dots (CDs) to meet the demand for luminescent materials in various fields, including energy conversion, photocatalysis, bioimaging, and phototherapy. For these applications, the photostability of the CDs is also a critical factor, but the related studies are relatively less common. The Zn-assisted N-CDs (denoted as Zn:N-CDs) obtained by the addition of Zn(OAc)2 to the precursors during the synthesis of N-CDs not only exhibited an enhanced quantum yield but also improved photostability compared to those of N-CDs. A comprehensive study of the chemical composition of Zn:N-CD and N-CD using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated a correlation between their chemical structure and photostability. Zn(OAc)2, which acts as a catalytic reagent, induced the modification of chemical structures at the edges of carbogenic sp2 domains, without being doped in N-CD, and the heteroatom-carbon bonds in Zn:N-CD seemed to be more resistant to light compared to those in N-CDs. The increased QY and photostability of Zn:N-CDs make them more suitable as an optical probe and they could be used in fingerprint identification. With Zn:N-CDs, the microstructure of fingerprints was confirmed clearly for a long duration effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Eun Soo Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
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Xu L, Zhang Y, Pan H, Xu N, Mei C, Mao H, Zhang W, Cai J, Xu C. Preparation and Performance of Radiata-Pine-Derived Polyvinyl Alcohol/Carbon Quantum Dots Fluorescent Films. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010067. [PMID: 31877792 PMCID: PMC6981502 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the low-cost processing residue of Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was used as the lone carbon source for synthesis of CQDs (Carbon quantum dots) with a QY (The quantum yield of the CQDs) of 1.60%. The CQDs were obtained by the hydrothermal method, and +a PVA-based biofilm was prepared by the fluidized drying method. The effects of CQDs and CNF (cellulose nanofibers) content on the morphology, optical, mechanical, water-resistance, and wettability properties of the PVA/CQDs and PVA/CNF/CQDs films are discussed. The results revealed that, when the excitation wavelength was increased from 340 to 390 nm, the emission peak became slightly red-shifted, which was induced by the condensation between CQDs and PVA. The PVA composite films showed an increase in fluorescence intensity with the addition of the CNF and CQDs to polymers. The chemical structure of prepared films was determined by the FTIR spectroscopy, and no new chemical bonds were formed. In addition, the UV transmittance was inversely proportional to the change of CQDs content, which indicated that CQDs improved the UV barrier properties of the films. Furthermore, embedding CQDs Nano-materials and CNF into the PVA matrix improved the mechanical behavior of the Nano-composite. Tensile modulus and strength at break increased significantly with increasing the concentration of CQDs Nano-materials inside the Nano-composite, which was due to the increased in the density of crosslinking behavior. With the increase of CQDs content (>1 mL), the water absorption and surface contact angle of the prepared films decreased gradually, and the water-resistance and surface wettability of the films were improved. Therefore, PVA/CNF/CQDs bio-nanocomposite films could be used to prepare anti-counterfeiting, high-transparency, and ultraviolet-resistant composites, which have potential applications in ecological packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (C.X.); Tel.: +86-0258-542-7519 (C.X.)
| | - Yushu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haiqing Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changtong Mei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Jiangsu Chenguang Coating Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Taizhou Efficient Processing Engineering Technology Research Center for Radiata Pine, Taizhou 214500, China;
| | - Jiabin Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changyan Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (N.X.); (C.M.); (H.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (C.X.); Tel.: +86-0258-542-7519 (C.X.)
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Wang X, Yang P, Feng Q, Meng T, Wei J, Xu C, Han J. Green Preparation of Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots from Cyanobacteria for Biological Imaging. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E616. [PMID: 30960600 PMCID: PMC6523671 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have become a significant carbon materials by their virtues of being cost-effective, easy to fabricate and low in environmental impact. However, there are few reports regarding using cyanobacteria as a carbon source for the synthesis of fluorescent CQDs. In this study, the low-cost biomass of cyanobacteria was used as the sole carbon source to synthesize water-soluble CQDs by a simple hydrothermal method. The synthesized CQDs were mono-dispersed with an average diameter of 2.48 nm and exhibited excitation-dependent emission performance with a quantum yield of 9.24%. Furthermore, the cyanobacteria-derived CQDs had almost no photobleaching under long-time UV irradiation, and exhibited high photostability in the solutions with a wide range of pH and salinity. Since no chemical reagent was involved in the synthesis of CQDs, the as-prepared CQDs were confirmed to have low cytotoxicity for PC12 cells even at a high concentration. Additionally, the CQDs could be efficiently taken up by cells to illuminate the whole cell and create a clear distinction between cytoplasm and nucleus. The combined advantages of green synthesis, cost-effectiveness and low cytotoxicity make synthesized CQDs a significant carbon source and broaden the application of cyanobacteria and provide an economical route to fabricate CQDs on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Pei Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qian Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Taotao Meng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Changyan Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jingquan Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Cai G, Shi M, Gao J, Yuan L. Preparation and photochromic properties of waterborne polyurethane containing spirooxazine groups. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Cai
- Chemical Engineering Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - M. Shi
- Chemical Engineering Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - J. Gao
- Chemical Engineering Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - L. Yuan
- Chemical Engineering Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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Das P, Ganguly S, Mondal S, Ghorai UK, Maity PP, Choudhary S, Gangopadhyay S, Dhara S, Banerjee S, Das NC. Dual doped biocompatible multicolor luminescent carbon dots for bio labeling, UV-active marker and fluorescent polymer composite. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:1136-1145. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poushali Das
- School of Nanoscience and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
| | - Sayan Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Center; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
| | - Subhadip Mondal
- Rubber Technology Center; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
| | - Uttam Kumar Ghorai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Swami Vivekananda Research Center; Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira; Belur Math Howrah India
| | - Priti Prasanna Maity
- School of Medical Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
| | - Sumita Choudhary
- Department of Physics; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Subhashis Gangopadhyay
- Department of Physics; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Santanu Dhara
- School of Medical Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
| | - Susanta Banerjee
- Materials Science Center; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
| | - Narayan Ch. Das
- School of Nanoscience and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
- Rubber Technology Center; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
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