Effect of Bi 3+ addition on the upconversion luminescence properties of NaYbF 4 :Er

Mesoporous Bi-Containing Radiosensitizer Loading with DOX to Repolarize Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Elicit Immunogenic Tumor Cell Death to Inhibit Tumor Progression

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were a major component of tumor, which comprised up to 50% of tumor mass, and correlated with poor prognosis in more than 80% of cases. TAMs were resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and radiation could further activate TAMs to promote tumor progression. Herein, we explored a kind of Bi-based mesoporous upconversion nanophosphor (UCNP) loaded with doxorubicin (UCNP-DOX) to elicit immunogenic tumor cell death and repolarize TAMs to an antitumor M1-like type for strengthening the tumor-specific antitumor immune effects of X-ray radiotherapy. The repolarization effect of UCNP-DOX with X-ray was confirmed in THP-1 cell line, in vivo mouse model, and hydrothorax of a non-small-cell lung carcinoma patient. Moreover, the UCNP-DOX and X-ray radiation could elicit immunogenic tumor necrosis, presenting more tumor antigens for tumor-specific immune response. In a cell co-incubation system, activated macrophages could significantly inhibit cancer colony formation, migration, and invasion. After treatment, xenografted tumor in mice was also found to be significantly regressed and presented substantial CD8-positive T cells. This study opens the door to further enhance the abscopal effects and inhibit the metastasis in radiotherapy.