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Zhen D, Zhang S, Yang A, Li L, Cai Q, Grimes CA, Liu Y. A PEDOT enhanced covalent organic framework (COF) fluorescent probe for in vivo detection and imaging of Fe 3. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129104. [PMID: 38161014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Simple and accurate in vivo monitoring of Fe3+ is essential for gaining a better understanding of its role in physiological and pathological processes. A novel fluorescent probe was synthesized via in situ solid-state polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) in the pore channels of a covalent organic framework (COF). The PEDOT@COF fluorescent probe exhibited an absolute quantum yield (QY) 3 times higher than COF. In the presence of Fe3+ the PEDOT@COF 475 nm fluorescence emission, 365 nm excitation, is quenched within 180 s. Fluorescence quenching is linear with Fe3+ in the concentration range of 0-960 μM, with a detection limit of 0.82 μM. The fluorescence quenching mechanism was attributed to inner filter effect (IEF), photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and static quenching (SQE) between PEDOT@COF and Fe3+. A paper strip-based detector was designed to facilitate practical applicability, and the PEDOT@COF probe successfully applied to fluorescence imaging of Fe3+ levels in vivo. This work details a tool of great promise for enabling detailed investigations into the role of Fe3+ in physiological and pathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Zhen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environment Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shaoqi Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environment Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Aofeng Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environment Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Le Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environment Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Craig A Grimes
- Flux Photon Corporation, 5950 Shiloh Road East, Alpharetta, GA 30005, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environment Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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2
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Alahmdi MI. Development of a push-π-pull phenothiazine-vinyl-isophorone fluorophore: a novel solvatochromic and pH indicator. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:372-378. [PMID: 36735840 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Knoevenagel condensation of phenothiazine-3,7-dicarbaldehyde with an isophorone yielded a new phenothiazine derivative (PTZ-c) fluorophore. The solvatochromic and pH-sensing abilities of PTZ-c, an asymmetric fluorophore with a single isophorone molecule, were shown to be exceptional. PTZ-c produced very delicate absorbance and emission spectra. When the polarity of the solvent was increased, the PTZ-c emission spectra showed greater sensitivity than the absorption spectra. Multiple spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry, were used to characterize the manufactured PTZ-c sensor. To demonstrate the beneficial solvatochromic behaviour associated with intramolecular charge transfer, the absorption spectra of the synthesized DA PTZ-c dye were analyzed in different solvents of varying polarity. Band intensity and the wavelength of PTZ-c emission were also found to be highly solvent dependent. It was observed that when solvent polarity was increased to a maximum of 4122 cm-1 , Stokes' shift also increased. To analyze the Stokes' shift that depended on the solvent, a linear correlation between solvation and energy was used. An investigation of PTZ-c quantum yield (ф) was also conducted. Both the absorbance and fluorescence spectra of the sensor in dimethylformamide as a function of pH were studied. A fluorescence peak was seen at 562 nm, whereas the greatest absorption wavelengths were found at 403 and 317 nm. It was shown that the pH-sensing mechanism depended on protons removed from the PTZ-c chromophore, which caused a colour shift and variation in both emission and colorimetric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Issa Alahmdi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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3
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El-Nagar I, Youssef AM, Abd El-Hakim AA, Kenawy ER, Mandour HSA, Khattab TA. Novel Hydrazone Chromophore Sensor for Metallochromic Determination of Cadmium Ions. CHEMOSENSORS 2022; 10:451. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
For the detection of Cd(II) in aquatic media, a novel dicyanomethylene dihydrofuran hydrazone(DCDHFH)-based colorimetric chemosensor was developed. DCDHFH was prepared by an azo-coupling process involving the diazonium chloride of 2, 4-dichloroaniline and a dicyanomethylene dihydrofuran heterocyclic moiety bearing an active methyl group. The DCDHFH chromophore showed strong solvatochromism depending on solvent polarity due to electronic delocalization. The pH sensory effects of the DCDHFH chromophore were also explored. DCDHFH could be used to identify Cd(II) in the presence of other competitive metals, as indicated by variations in color and absorbance spectra. In the presence of cadmium ions, the synthesized DCDHFH probe with hydrazone recognition moiety exhibited a significant sensitivity and selectivity to cadmium ions at the ppm concentration level (10–250 ppm). A DCDHFH-immobilized paper test strip was also prepared and effectively used for the detection of cadmium in aqueous media at various concentrations. According to CIE Lab’s criteria, colorimetric strength (K/S), and the UV–Vis absorbance spectra, the cadmium detection abilities of the DCDHFH-immobilized paper strips were evaluated. The optimal pH range for the determination of Cd(II) was monitored in the area of 5.5–6.3, with a fast chromogenic change from yellow to red relying on the Cd(II) concentration. The deposition of dicyanomethylene dihydrofuran hydrazone onto the paper strip’s surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Snari RM, Al‐Qahtani SD, Aldawsari AM, Alnoman RB, Ibarhiam SF, Alaysuy O, Shaaban F, El‐Metwaly NM. Development of novel reversible thermometer from
N
‐isopropylacrylamide and dicyanodihydrofuran hydrazone probe. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razan M. Snari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Salhah D. Al‐Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah M. Aldawsari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry King abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Rua B. Alnoman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Taibah University Madinah Saudi Arabia
| | - Saham F. Ibarhiam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaymah Alaysuy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathy Shaaban
- Environment and Health Research Department, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research Umm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Geomagnetic and Geoelectric Department National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Cairo Egypt
| | - Nashwa M. El‐Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
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5
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Sharmoukh W, Abdelrahman MS, Shaban E, Khattab TA. Metallochromic Hydrazone‐Based Chemosensor with Application in a Colorimetric Paper Strip for Selective Detection of Cu
2+. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Sharmoukh
- Advanced Materials Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute Inorganic Chemistry Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Meram S. Abdelrahman
- Dyeing Printing and Auxiliaries Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Elkhabiry Shaban
- Dyeing Printing and Auxiliaries Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Tawfik A. Khattab
- Dyeing Printing and Auxiliaries Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
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6
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Li L, Wang J, Xu S, Li C, Dong B. Recent Progress in Fluorescent Probes For Metal Ion Detection. Front Chem 2022; 10:875241. [PMID: 35494640 PMCID: PMC9043490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.875241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All forms of life have absolute request for metal elements, because metal elements are instrumental in various fundamental processes. Fluorescent probes have been widely used due to their ease of operation, good selectivity, high spatial and temporal resolution, and high sensitivity. In this paper, the research progress of various metal ion (Fe3+,Fe2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Cd2+) fluorescent probes in recent years has been reviewed, and the fluorescence probes prepared with different structures and materials in different environments are introduced. It is of great significance to improve the sensing performance on metal ions. This research has a wide prospect in the application fields of fluorescence sensing, quantitative analysis, biomedicine and so on. This paper discusses about the development and applications of metal fluorescent probes in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanjing Li
- Sdu-Anu Joint Science College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Biao Dong,
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7
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Khattab TA, El-Naggar ME, Pannipara M, Wageh S, Abou Taleb MF, Abu-Saied MA, El Sayed IET. Green metallochromic cellulose dipstick for Fe(III) using chitosan nanoparticles and cyanidin-based natural anthocyanins red-cabbage extract. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:269-277. [PMID: 35033529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally-friendly, cyanidin(Cy)-based anthocyanin isolated from red-cabbage served as a spectroscopic probe imprinted onto chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs), which were in turn integrated onto cellulose paper strip (CPS) as a host matrix to develop a metallochromic solid state sensor for real-time selective determination of ferric ions in an aqueous medium. The ferric transition metal ions in aqueous environments were detected using a novel, simple, portable, fast responsive, low-cost, real-time, environmentally safe, reversible and colorimetric sensor based on chitosan nanoparticles as a hosting biopolymer and cyanidin phenol chromophore as a biomolecular probe. In order to use the cyanidin biomolecule as a pH indicator and chelating agent, it was purified from red-cabbage and added into the CsNPs biosensor film. The colorimetric shift increased in direct proportion to the ferric ion concentration. As a result, the current research that was both qualitative and quantitative was carried out. While the Cy-CsNPs-CPS sensor showed high selectivity for ferric ions, no color change was detected for other metal cations. It was discovered that the detection process occurred as a result of a coordination complex formed between the active sites of phenolic cyanidin and Fe(III) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfik A Khattab
- Institute of Textile Research and Technology, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E El-Naggar
- Institute of Textile Research and Technology, National Research Centre (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt
| | - Manal F Abou Taleb
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Polymer Chemistry, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, P.O. Box 7551, Cairo 11762, Egypt
| | - M A Abu-Saied
- Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTACITY), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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8
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Alnoman RB, Al-Qahtani SD, Bayazeed A, Munshi AM, Alsoliemy A, Alqarni SA, El-Metwaly NM. Cellulose Acetate-Cellulose Nanowhisker Nanocomposite Immobilized with a DCDHF-Hydrazone Chromophore toward a Smart Test Strip for Colorimetric Detection of Diethyl Chlorophosphate as a Nerve Agent Mimic. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5595-5604. [PMID: 35187374 PMCID: PMC8851614 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to nerve agents, which are usually colorless and odorless gases, may cause organ failure, paralysis, or even quick death. Diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) has been recognized as one of the most well-known chemical warfare nerve agent mimics. In the current study, we introduce a simple strategy for the development of a portable and reversible nanocomposite-based microporous strip for naked-eye detection of DCP within a few seconds. A dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran hydrazone (DCDHF-H) chromophore was synthesized by an easy azo-coupling reaction and encapsulated in situ during the preparation of cellulose acetate/cellulose nanowhisker/hydrazone (CA-CNW-H) nanocomposites. These CA-CNW-H nanocomposites displayed a bathochromic shift in the absorption intensity of about 142 nm from 438 to 580 nm with the increase of the DCP concentration. The present CA-CNW-H sensor strip displayed a detection limit for DCP ranging from 25 to 200 ppm. The color change of CA-CNW-H from yellow to purple due to exposure to DCP was detected by CIE Lab analysis. The morphology, fibrous crystallinity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the prepared CA-CNW-H sensor strips were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rua B. Alnoman
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah
University, P.O. Box 344, Medina 43253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salhah D. Al-Qahtani
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.
Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Bayazeed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa M. Munshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amerah Alsoliemy
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A. Alqarni
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M. El-Metwaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, El-Gomhoria
Street, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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9
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Zhao X, Ye Y, Yue X, Ye X, Wang Q, Li R. A fluorescent chemosensor for Hg(II) optical recognition: Mesoporous MCM-41 functionalized with a covalently linked Eu(III) complex. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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El-Newehy MH, Kim HY, Khattab TA, El-Naggar ME. Production of photoluminescent transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) for smart windows. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 37:97-107. [PMID: 34713553 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic and long-lasting photoluminescent transparent, rigid, ultraviolet (UV) protective and superhydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plastic able to switch colour beneath UV irradiation was developed. Photoluminescent transparent PMMA plastic was prepared by the simple polymerization process of methyl methacrylate immobilized with alkaline earth aluminate (AEA) nanoparticles. These colourless PMMA plastic substrates showed a colour switch to greenish underneath UV light as proved using CIELAB screening. The morphology of AEA was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Conversely, transparent PMMA samples were evaluated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectra, scanning electron microscope, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and for hardness properties. Additionally, the photoluminescence properties were explored by studying excitation and emission spectra. The produced luminescence colourless PMMA plastic substrates displayed excitation band at 370 nm, and three emission peaks at 433, 494 and 513 nm. Photoluminescent PMMA with lower contents of AEA showed fast and reversible photochromism under UV light, while PMMA samples with higher contents of AEA showed long-lasting luminescence such as a flashlight with the ability to replace electric power. The findings showed that the produced photoluminescence colourless PMMA plastic substrates exhibited enhanced UV shielding and superhydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H El-Newehy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hak Yong Kim
- Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tawfik A Khattab
- Textile Research Division, National Research Center (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E El-Naggar
- Textile Research Division, National Research Center (Affiliation ID: 60014618), Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Rittweger N, Ishorst T, Barmashenko G, Aliane V, Winter C, Funke K. Effects of iTBS-rTMS on the Behavioral Phenotype of a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:670699. [PMID: 33967716 PMCID: PMC8098712 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.670699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is considered a promising therapeutic tool for treating neuropsychiatric diseases. Previously, we found intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) rTMS to be most effective in modulating cortical excitation-inhibition balance in rats, accompanied by improved cortical sensory processing and sensory learning performance. Using an animal schizophrenia model based on maternal immune activation (MIA) we tested if iTBS applied to either adult or juvenile rats can affect the behavioral phenotype in a therapeutic or preventive manner, respectively. In a sham-controlled fashion, iTBS effects in MIA rats were compared with rats receiving vehicle NaCl injection instead of the synthetic viral strand. Prior to iTBS, adult MIA rats showed deficits in sensory gating, as tested with prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, and deficits in novel object recognition (NOR). No differences between MIA and control rats were evident with regard to signs of anxiety, anhedonia and depression but MIA rats were somewhat superior to controls during the training phase of Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. MIA but not control rats significantly improved in PPI following iTBS at adulthood but without significant differences between verum and sham application. If applied during adolescence, verum but not sham-iTBS improved NOR at adulthood but no difference in PPI was evident in rats treated either with sham or verum-iTBS. MIA and control rat responses to sham-iTBS applied at adulthood differed remarkably, indicating a different physiological reaction to the experimental experiences. Although verum-iTBS was not superior to sham-iTBS, MIA rats seemed to benefit from the treatment procedure in general, since differences-in relation to control rats declined or disappeared. Even if classical placebo effects can be excluded, motor or cognitive challenges or the entire handling procedure during the experiments appear to alleviate the behavioral impairments of MIA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Rittweger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tanja Ishorst
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gleb Barmashenko
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.,AIO-Studien-gGmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Aliane
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christine Winter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Funke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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