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Abd Elhaleem SM, Belal F, El-Shabrawy Y, El-Maghrabey M. Quality by design-aided acid-free synthesis of self P, N, S-doped black seed-derived carbon quantum dots for application as a nanosensor for eltrombopag environmental and bioanalysis and pharmacokinetic assay. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124495. [PMID: 38820812 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a rapid, one-step, and cost-effective methodology based on the fabrication of water-soluble self-nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus co-doped black seed carbon quantum dots (BSQDs) via microwaveirradiation in six minutes. Our synthesis approach is superior to those in the literature as they involved long-time heating (12 h) with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide and/or high temperatures (200 °C). A full factorial design was applied to obtain the most efficient synthesis conditions.BSQDs displayed excitation-independent emissions, demonstrating the purity of the synthesized BSQDs, with a maximum fluorescence at 425 nm after excitation at 310 nm. Eltrombopag olamine is an anti-thrombocytopenia drug that is also reported to cause toxicity in river water based on its Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PBT). The synthesized BSQDs were employed as the first fluorometric sensor for environmental and bioanalysis of eltrombopag. The fluorescence of BSQDs decreased with increasing concentrations of eltrombopag, with excellent selectivity and sensitivity down to 30 ppb. BSQDs were successfully applied as sensing probes for the detection of eltrombopag in medical tablets, spiked and real human plasma samples, and river water samples, with an overall recovery of at least 97 %. The good tolerance to high levels of foreign components and co-administered drugs indicates good selectivity and versatility of the proposed methodology. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters such as t1/2, Cmax, and t max of eltrombopag were evaluated to be 9.91 h, 16.0 μg mL-1, and 5 h, respectively. Moreover, the green character of the BSQDs as a sensor was proved by various analytical greenness scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shymaa M Abd Elhaleem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasser El-Shabrawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Maghrabey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Analytical Chemistry for Pharmaceuticals, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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2
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Zhu R, Jin L, Yang B, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Xiao R, Meng Y, Hou Y, Xie B, Jiang XJ. Synthesis of Bio-Base Fluorescence Carbon Dots for Selective Detection of Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow in Food Samples. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03758-x. [PMID: 38789858 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A green, economical and simple method for the preparation of water-soluble, high-fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has been developed via hydrothermal process using pomelo peels as carbon source. The synthesized CQDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV - vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results reveal that the as-prepared C-dots were spherical shape with an average diameter of 2.64 nm and emit bright blue photoluminescence (PL) with a quantum yield of approximately 3.63%. The surface of the C-dots was rich in hydroxyl groups and presented various merits including excellent photostability, low toxicity, and satisfactory solubility. Additionally, we found that two widely used synthetic food colorants, tartrazine and sunset yellow, could result in a strong fluorescence quenching of the C-dots, The possible mechanisms are caused by different ratios of inner filter and static quenching effects. According to this property, This study attempts to establish an analytical method for the determination of tartrazine and sunset yellow using carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probe. A linear relationship was found in the range of 0-100 µM tartrazine and sunset yellow with the detection limit(3σ/k) of 0.65 nM and 1.7 nM. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.5% (tartrazine) and 3.0% (sunset yellow).This observation was further successfully applied for the determination of tartrazine and sunset yellow in food samples collected from local markets, and the recovery rates of the two ranges from 79% to 117.8 and 81 -103.5%, respectively. suggesting its great potential toward food routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- RongGui Zhu
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Jin
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - You Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - RongDan Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - YiJie Meng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Hou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - BenTing Xie
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiu Juan Jiang
- College of Jia Sixie Agronomy, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, Shandong, China.
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3
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Huang J, Zhang M, Huang J, Deng X, Zhang X, Miao C, Weng S. Detection of Doxycycline Using Carbon Quantum dots as Probe Based on Internal Filtering Effect. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1353-1363. [PMID: 37530930 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a convenient and effective detection method for doxycycline (DC) holds significant importance in drug monitoring and drug residue assessment. In this work, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with excellent and stable luminescence performance (the quantum yield of CQDs was 21.8%) were synthesized by the melting method and employed as probes to monitor the fluorescence intensity variations before and after the introduction of DC. A fluorescence analytical method based on the internal filtration effect (IFE) was developed for DC determination. The mechanism of DC quenching CQDs was verified using fluorescence lifetime tests, absorption spectroscopy, and evaluation of internal filtration parameters. After optimizing experimental conditions, it was found that the DC concentration (CDC) exhibited a good linear relationship with the fluorescence quenching efficiency ((F0-F)/F0) of CQDs in the range of 5-30 µM. The fitted linear equation was Y = 0.01249*CDC+0.03625, R2 = 0.9987, and the detection limit was 2.343 µM (n = 8). This developed method has been successfully applied to accurately determine DC concentrations in both doxycycline hydrochloride tablets and human serum samples. It stands out for its simplicity, rapidity, and acceptable detection performance. Due to its advantages, this method holds great promise for application in the biomedical field for monitoring DC drug concentrations and ensuring quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhou Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Menghan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiyue Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, the 900th Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Xiaoqin Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xintian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Chenfang Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, the 900th Hospital of China Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
| | - Shaohuang Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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Belal F, Mabrouk M, Hammad S, Ahmed H, Barseem A. Recent Applications of Quantum Dots in Pharmaceutical Analysis. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:119-138. [PMID: 37222883 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most potential areas for pharmaceutical analysis. The need for nanomaterials in pharmaceutical analysis is comprehended in terms of economic challenges, health and safety concerns. Quantum dots (QDs)or colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are new groups of fluorescent nanoparticles that bind nanotechnology to drug analysis. Because of their special physicochemical characteristics and small size, QDs are thought to be promising candidates for the electrical and luminescent probes development. They were originally developed as luminescent biological labels, but are now discovering new analytical chemistry applications, where their photo-luminescent properties are used in pharmaceutical, clinical analysis, food quality control and environmental monitoring. In this review, we discuss QDs regarding properties and advantages, advances in methods of synthesis and their recent applications in drug analysis in the recent last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathalla Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar Mabrouk
- Department of pharmaceutical analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherin Hammad
- Department of pharmaceutical analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hytham Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Aya Barseem
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt.
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Kuang J, Hu Q, Feng Y, Yuan J, Cheng Z. Sensitive Detections of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate and Rosmarinic Acid by Polyvinylpyrrolidone Coated Copper Nanoclusters. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03454-2. [PMID: 37882933 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the water-soluble blue-light-emitting copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) were prepared by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ascorbic acid as templating and reducing agents, respectively. The optimization of synthesis conditions of PVP-CuNCs were studied and analyzed. And the quantum yield of the PVP-CuNCs was calculated to be 14.97%. It had good specificity and exceptionally sensitive detection for sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa)/rosmarinic acid (RA), with a linear response range of 0.030-2.400/0.030-0.900 μM and corresponding LOD value of 10.766/8.985 nM. Moreover, the fluorescent reaction mechanisms of the PVP-CuNCs-DCCNa and PVP-CuNCs-DCCNa-RA systems were discussed, and the sensing probe could be effectively used for the assays of DCCNa and RA in genuine samples, whose results were acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Kuang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Jingxue Yuan
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Zhengjun Cheng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China.
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China.
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6
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Özbek N, Çekirge E, Ocak M, Ocak ÜT. Highly Blue-fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots Obtained from Medlar Seed for Hg 2+ Determination in Real Water Samples. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03463-1. [PMID: 37831355 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been prepared from medlar seeds with pyrolysis method in an oven at 300 °C. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used in the characterization of CQDs. CQDs, give a strong blue fluorescence under UV lamp (at 365 nm), have a quantum yield of 12.2%. The influence of metal ions such as K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Be2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Ag+, Hg2+, and Al3+ on the fluorescence properties of the CQDs was investigated by means of emission spectrophotometry. CQDs altering fluorescence characteristics depending on the excitation wavelength show selectivity for Hg2+ ions with outstanding fluorescence quenching among the tested metal ions. Based on these results, a new fluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of Hg2+ in real water samples. The linear range of method is 1.0 to 5.0 mgL- 1. Limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.26 and 0.79 mgL- 1, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully used in determination of Hg2+ ions in tap, sea, and stream water samples with application of addition-recovery experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayat Özbek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Ender Çekirge
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Miraç Ocak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Ümmühan Turgut Ocak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey.
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7
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Elbardisy HM, Elnaggar MM, Belal TS, Ragab MA, El-Yazbi AF. Green "turn-off" luminescent nanosensors for the sensitive determination of desperately fluorescent antibacterial antiviral agent and its metabolite in various matrices. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14131. [PMID: 37644085 PMCID: PMC10465507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (NTX) is an antimicrobial drug that was used for the treatment of various protozoa. However, during the coronavirus pandemic, NTX has been redirected for the treatment of such virus that primarily infect the respiratory tract system. NTX is now used as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. In this study, a highly sensitive and green spectrofluorometric method was developed to detect NTX in various dosage forms and its metabolite, tizoxanide (TX), in human plasma samples using nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots nanosensors (C-dots). A simple and eco-friendly hydrothermal method was used to synthetize water soluble C-dots from citric acid and l-cysteine. After excitation at 345 nm, the luminescence intensity was measured at 416 nm. Quenching of C-dots luminescence occurred upon the addition of NTX and was proportional to NTX concentration. Assessment of the quenching mechanism was performed to prove that inner filter effect is the underlying molecular mechanism of NTX quenching accomplished. After optimizing all experimental parameters, the analytical procedure was evaluated and validated using the ICH guidelines. The method linearity, detection and quantification limits of NTX were 15 × 10-3-15.00 µg/mL, 56.00 × 10-4 and 15 × 10-3 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method was applied for the determination of NTX in its commercial pharmaceutical products; Nanazoxid® oral suspension and tablets. The obtained % recovery, relative standard deviation and % relative error were satisfactory. Comparison with other reported spectrofluorimetric methods revealed the superior sensitivity of the proposed method. Such high sensitivity permitted the selective determination of TX, the main metabolite of NTX, in human plasma samples making this study the first spectrofluorimetric method in literature that determine TX in human plasma samples. Moreover, the method greenness was assessed using both Eco-Scale and AGREE approaches to prove the superiority of the proposed method greenness over other previously published spectrofluorimetric methods for the analysis of NTX and its metabolite, TX, in various dosage forms and in human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil M Elbardisy
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Mai M Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Tarek S Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Buhaira, 22516, Egypt
| | - Amira F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
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Han Y, Li P, Du Y. Encapsulating functionalized graphene quantum dot into metal-organic framework as a ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for doxycycline sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:234. [PMID: 37217761 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A distinctive fluorescent nanoprobe with the function of doxycycline identification was designed by encapsulating histidine and serine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (His-GQDs-Ser) into the luminescent metal-organic frameworks (MOF). The synthesized nanoprobe displayed the merits of prominent selectivity, wide detection range, and high sensitivity. The interaction of doxycycline and the fabricated fluorescent nanoprobe contributed to the phenomenon of the suppression of the fluorescence of the His-GQDs-Ser and enhancement of the MOF fluorescence. Linear relation between the concentration of doxycycline and the ratio fluorescence intensity of the nanoprobe was observed, which evidenced the brilliant capability in the ranges 0.003-6.25 μM and 6.25-25 μM with a detection limit of 1.8 nM. Additionally, the practicability of the probe was verified in analysis of spiked milk sample, and the satisfactory recoveries of doxycycline varied from 97.39 to 103.61%, with relative standard deviations in the range 0.62-1.42%. A proportional fluorescence sensor for doxycycline detection in standard solution was constructed, which provides a potential for the development of other fluorescence detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiu Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Chen J, Li P, Han Y, Li Y, Du Y. Highly photoluminescent nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots as a green fluorescence probe for determination of myricetin. Food Chem 2023; 417:135920. [PMID: 36933427 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly photoluminescent N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CDs) which the quantum yield reached 63% were prepared through hydrothermal treatment. The obtained N-CDs displayed a uniform distribution of particle size, superior stability in high-salt conditions, and excellent sensitivity. A green fluorescence probe based on N-CDs was constructed for ultrasensitive determination of myricetin in vine tea on account of the static quenching. The N-CDs presented excellent linear fluorescence response in the concentration range of 0.2-40 μM and 56-112 μM and with a low detection limit of 56 nM. Additionally, the practicability of the probe was verified in spiked vine tea sample, and the satisfactory recoveries of myricetin varied from 98.8% to 101.2%, with relative standard deviations in the range of 1.52%-3.48%. It is the first time to employ N-CDs without any material modification as a fluorescence sensor to detect myricetin, which is a promising approach to expand the path for myricetin screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yixiu Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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El-Semary MS, El-Emam AA, Belal F, El-Masry AA. Microwave assisted synthesis of fluorescent hetero atom doped carbon dots for determination of betrixaban with greenness evaluation †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11044-11054. [PMID: 37033428 PMCID: PMC10077337 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00824j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid and eco-friendly method for synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur doped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) is described. The method involved one step carbonization assisted by a green microwave irradiation route using available and cheap sources, as sucrose (source for C) and thiourea (source for N and S). The formed aqueous solution of N,S-CDs showed excellent optical and electronic properties with high compatibility and stability. The particles of the prepared dots were spherical with a narrow range of size from 1.7 to 3.7 nm with a quantum yield of 0.20. These dots act as a fluorescent probe, as they showed an intense blue fluorescence at 413 nm after excitation at 330 nm. The N,S-CDs were utilized for determination of the anticoagulant drug, betrixaban maleate (BTM), based on quenching of their fluorescence upon its gradual addition. The quenching process was found to be through an inner filter effect mechanism. The proposed method showed a good linearity over a concentration range of (1.0–100.0 μM) with LOD and LOQ values of 0.33 μM and 0.99 μM, respectively. All validation parameters met the acceptance criteria according to ICH guidelines. The high specificity and sensitivity of the performed method contributed to further assay of BTM in dosage form and spiked human plasma sample with high percent recoveries and low values of RSD. Interference from co-administered drugs was studied. Finally, the greenness of the proposed method was evaluated adopting a ComplexGapi approach, the excellent green profile has supported its applicability in quality control laboratories. Schematic sketch clarified the stepwise synthesis process of N,S-CDs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam S. El-Semary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University35516 MansouraEgypt+20 502200242+20 502200520
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University35516 MansouraEgypt+20 502200242+20 502200520
| | - F. Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University35516 MansouraEgypt
| | - Amal A. El-Masry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University35516 MansouraEgypt+20 502200242+20 502200520
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