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Ziaei S, Mohammadi S, Hasani M, Morvaridi M, Belančić A, Daneshzad E, Saleh SAK, Adly HM, Heshmati J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the omega-3 fatty acids effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:715-725. [PMID: 37589276 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2245996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) have attracted the attention of researchers because of their influence on circulatory levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our objective was to review systematically and Meta-analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of omega-3 FAs supplementation on serum BDNF concentration. METHODS Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched until April 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was utilized to evaluate the quality of the studies. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the overall effect size of BDNF levels, using the Standard Mean Difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using chi-squared and I2 statistics. RESULTS A total of 12 studies involving 587 subjects were included. The supplementation of PUFA was found to be associated with a significant increase in serum levels of BNDF in the group receiving the supplements, as compared to the placebo group (SMD: 0.72 pg/mL, 95% CI: 0.28, 1.15; P < 0.001) (I2 = 84.39%, P < 0.001). Sub-group analyses revealed similar findings in trials with fewer than 10 weeks, which utilized both animal (fish oil) and herbal (flaxseed) forms of omega-3 supplements with a high daily dosage of 2000mg. CONCLUSION The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicate the efficacy of omega-3 FAs in increasing the serum concentration of BDNF. Therefore, omega-3 FAs should be prioritized as agents for increasing BDNF in interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ziaei
- ICU Department, Emam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shooka Mohammadi
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Motahareh Hasani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Morvaridi
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrej Belančić
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology with Toxicology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saleh A K Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M Adly
- Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Songhor Healthcare Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Songhor, Iran
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2
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Arsecularatne A, Kapini R, Liu Y, Chang D, Münch G, Zhou X. Combination Therapy for Sustainable Fish Oil Products: Improving Cognitive Function with n-3 PUFA and Natural Ingredients. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1237. [PMID: 38927446 PMCID: PMC11201817 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are recommended as beneficial dietary supplements for enhancing cognitive function. Although fish oil (FO) is renowned for its abundant n-3 PUFA content, combining FO with other natural products is considered as a viable option to support the sustainable development of FO products. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the advanced effects of combining FO or its components of DHA and EPA with natural products on protecting cognitive function. In two double-blind random control trials, no advanced effects were observed for adding curcumin to FO on cerebral function protection. However, 16 week's treatment of FO combined with vitamin E did not yield any advanced effects in cognitive factor scores. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that combinations of FO with natural products can exhibit advanced effects in addressing pathological components in cognitive impairment, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal survival. In conclusion, evidence from clinical trials for beneficial use of FO and natural ingredients combination is lacking. Greater cohesion is needed between preclinical and clinical data to substantiate the efficacy of FO and natural product combinations in preventing or slowing the progression of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Arsecularatne
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.A.); (R.K.); (D.C.); (G.M.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rotina Kapini
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.A.); (R.K.); (D.C.); (G.M.)
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Paramatta, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.A.); (R.K.); (D.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.A.); (R.K.); (D.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Gerald Münch
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.A.); (R.K.); (D.C.); (G.M.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.A.); (R.K.); (D.C.); (G.M.)
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3
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Shao J, Wang S, Liu L. Maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation against prenatal lead exposure induced cognitive impairment in offspring mice. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:183-192. [PMID: 35527006 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Maternal lead exposure is associated with poor outcomes in fetal brain development such as cognitive dysfunction. Here, we aimed to reveal the effect and mechanism of omega-3 fatty acids in ameliorating maternal lead exposure-induced cognitive impairment in mouse offspring. The activity levels of locomotor and anxiety, memory and learning capacity, spatial working memory, and cognitive behavioral function were determined using the open field test, Morris water maze, Y-maze, and nest-building test, respectively. The protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Western blot. The mRNA levels of BDNF, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) were measured by real-time qPCR. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-oxidants, including SOD, GSH and CAT, were measured using bioassay kits. We found that supplementing omega-3 significantly improved cognitive behavioral function in offspring after prenatal lead exposure. The protein and mRNA levels of BDNF, TrkB and CREB in the prenatal lead exposure group were significantly upregulated by omega-3 supplementation. The MDA level in the prenatal lead exposure group was markedly elevated compared with the control group, which was significantly reduced by omega-3. Omega-3 restored anti-oxidants SOD, GSH and CAT to control levels after prenatal lead exposure. Omega-3 significantly upregulated Nrf2 nuclear expression and HO-1 expression after prenatal lead exposure. Overall, omega-3 supplementation significantly elevated the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway and restores anti-oxidants by upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1, thereby improving cognitive function in offspring after prenatal lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, China
| | - Shuli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Qiqihar, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital,Southern Medical University, China
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4
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Cardoso GTM, Gomes-Leal W, Franco ECS, Pereira A, Gomes FL, Brino ALF, Lima SMA. Compensatory Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Absence of Cognitive Impairment Following Experimental Hippocampectomy in Adult Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:709291. [PMID: 34531725 PMCID: PMC8438326 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.709291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the commonest type of focal epilepsy in adult humans, and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the main pathological finding in this type of epilepsy. In refractory TLE, patients are indicated for unilateral resection of the affected hippocampus by a surgical procedure called hippocampectomy which generally does not cause any cognitive impairment. Once adult hippocampus is a region of endogenous neurogenesis, even in elderly people, we have hypothesized that a compensatory increase in hippocampal neurogenesis might occur in the remaining hippocampus after unilateral hippocampectomy. To test this hypothesis, we performed unilateral hippocampectomy in adult Wistar rats, which were perfused at 15 (G15) and 30 (G30) days post-surgery. Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly distributed in the following experimental groups: control (no surgery, N = 6), G15 (N = 6), and G30 (N = 6). Adjacent cortex and hippocampus of the left hemisphere were completely removed. Behavioral procedures were performed to address possible cognitive impairments. Brains were collected and fixed from animals belonging to all experimental groups. Gross histopathology was performed using thionine staining. Neuroblasts and mature neurons were immunolabeled using anti-doublecortin (DCX) and anti-NeuN antibodies, respectively. Numbers of DCX and NeuN positive cells were quantified for all experimental groups. Animals submitted to hippocampectomy did not present any cognitive impairment as evaluated by eight-arm radial maze behavioral test. The remaining hippocampus presented a higher number of DCX positive cells compared to control (p < 0.001, ANOVA-Tukey) at both G15 and G30. A higher number of NeuN positive cells were present in the granular layer of dentate gyrus at G30 compared to control and G15 (p < 0.001, ANOVA-Tukey). The data suggest that unilateral hippocampectomy induces compensatory neurogenic effect in the contralateral hippocampus. This may underlie the reported absence of significant cognitive impairment and parallels the findings in human patients submitted to unilateral hippocampectomy to treat refractory TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana T M Cardoso
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Walace Gomes-Leal
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Edna C S Franco
- Pathology Unit, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Signal Processing, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Francinaldo L Gomes
- Neurology Unit, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Leda F Brino
- Experimental School of Primates, Center for Theory and Behavioral Research, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Silene M A Lima
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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5
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Smith AD, Jernerén F, Refsum H. ω-3 fatty acids and their interactions. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:775-778. [PMID: 33711096 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Jernerén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Wen M, Zhao Y, Shi H, Wang C, Zhang T, Wang Y, Xue C. Short-term supplementation of DHA as phospholipids rather than triglycerides improve cognitive deficits induced by maternal omega-3 PUFA deficiency during the late postnatal stage. Food Funct 2021; 12:564-572. [PMID: 33325958 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02552f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficiencies, which are caused by maternal omega-3 PUFA deficiency (O-3 Def), are likely to be more rapidly and easily reversed at younger ages with quicker DHA reversal. This study aims to compare the efficiency of short-term supplementation of DHA in the form of phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) and improve cognitive deficiency in the O-3 Def model during different periods of brain development (3-week and 7-week old). The animal's spatial task performance, brain PUFA concentration, histopathology, and expression of synapse-associated proteins in the hippocampus were then analyzed. We demonstrate here that DHA-PL shows improved efficiency in improving cognitive deficiency compared to DHA-TG, particularly for adult O-3 Def offspring. The superiority of DHA-PL also correlates with the specific elevation of synapse-associated proteins, including BDNF, DCX, GAP-43, Syn, and PSD95, except to higher brain DHA accretion. This work highlights the DHA-PL as a better DHA supplement for inferior brain development caused by maternal O-3 Def, especially regarding those who missed the optimal time window of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P.R. China
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7
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Sahay A, Kale A, Joshi S. Role of neurotrophins in pregnancy and offspring brain development. Neuropeptides 2020; 83:102075. [PMID: 32778339 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of functionally and structurally related proteins which play a key role in the survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) are the family members of neurotrophins. Neurotrophins play a crucial role in influencing the development of the brain and learning and memory processes. Studies demonstrate that they also play crucial role in influencing reproductive and immune systems. Neurotrophins have been shown to influence various processes in the mother, placenta, and fetus during pregnancy. Development and maturation of feto-placental unit and the fetal growth trajectories are influenced by neurotrophins. In addition to neurotrophins, neuropeptides like neuropeptide Y also play a crucial role during various processes of pregnancy and during fetal brain development. Neurotrophins have also been shown to have a cross talk with various angiogenic factors and influence placental development. Alterations in the levels of neurotrophins and neuropeptides lead to placental pathologies resulting in various pregnancy complications like preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and preterm births. Studies in animals have reported low levels of maternal micronutrients like folic acid, vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids influence brain neurotrophins resulting in impaired cognitive functioning in the offspring. Maternal nutrition is also known to affect the expression of neuropeptides. It is essential to understand the role of various neurotrophins across various stages of pregnancy and its relationship with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. This will lead to early prediction of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. The present review describes evidence describing the role of neurotrophins in determining pregnancy outcome and altered neurodevelopment in the offspring. The possible mechanism through which maternal nutrition influences neurotrophins and neuropeptides to regulate offspring brain development and function is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Sahay
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Anvita Kale
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.
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8
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Jernerén F, Cederholm T, Refsum H, Smith AD, Turner C, Palmblad J, Eriksdotter M, Hjorth E, Faxen-Irving G, Wahlund LO, Schultzberg M, Basun H, Freund-Levi Y. Homocysteine Status Modifies the Treatment Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognition in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: The OmegAD Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:189-197. [PMID: 30958356 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trials of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids (ω3-FAs) in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease (AD) have produced inconsistent effects on cognitive decline. There is evidence of an interaction between B vitamin status and ω3-FAs in relation to brain atrophy and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether baseline levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), a marker of B vitamin status, modify the effects of ω3-FAs supplementation on cognitive performance in moderate AD. METHODS This post hoc analysis of the OmegAD trial included 171 community-based patients with AD (MMSE≥15): 88 patients received daily doses of 1.7 g docosahexaenoic acid and 0.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid for 6 months. Treatment outcome on cognition was analyzed according to baseline levels of tHcy using a general linear model and ANCOVA. RESULTS We found significant interactions between ω3-FA supplementation and tHcy on cognition and clinical stage assessed by MMSE (p = 0.040), global CDR (p = 0.059), and CDRsob (p = 0.023), but not on ADAS-cog (p = 0.649). In patients with tHcy levels <11.7μmol/L, ω3-FA supplementation improved cognitive performance as measured by MMSE (+7.1%, 95% CI: 0.59 to 13.7%, p = 0.033) and clinical status as measured by CDRsob (-22.3%, 95% CI: -5.8 to -38.7%, p = 0.009) compared with placebo. CONCLUSION The effect of ω3-FA supplementation on MMSE and CDR appears to be influenced by baseline tHcy, suggesting that adequate B vitamin status is required to obtain beneficial effects of ω3-FA on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Jernerén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Theme Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Palmblad
- Departments of Medicine and Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, and the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Theme Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erik Hjorth
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gerd Faxen-Irving
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hans Basun
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry in Region Örebro County and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
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Abstract
Nuts are fruits composed of two parts: an inedible hard shell and an edible seed. Nuts are known as an energy-dense and nutrient-rich food source. In general, nuts are recognized as a good source of fat, fiber, and protein. Nuts are extremely beneficial parts of any diet since their consumption may lower risk for some diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. They are acknowledged for their low glycemic index owning to high unsaturated fat and protein content and relatively low carbohydrate content. They have been shown to increase cognitive function as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan G Mohammed
- Qatar Research Leadership Program (QRLP), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - M Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy Department, World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
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10
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Lu HQ, Hu R. Lasting Effects of Intrauterine Exposure to Preeclampsia on Offspring and the Underlying Mechanism. AJP Rep 2019; 9:e275-e291. [PMID: 31511798 PMCID: PMC6736667 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1695004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a common pregnancy complication which can have adverse impact on both mother and baby. In addition to the short term effects, a large body of epidemiological evidence has found preeclampsia can exert long-lasting effects on mother and offspring. Studies suggest that offspring exposed to preeclampsia are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases, as well as other diseases. However, studies investigating the underlying mechanism are limited, the exact mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, we will review the epidemiological evidence and studies exploring the mechanism underlying long-term effects of preeclampsia on offspring. Further studies should be targeted at this field so as to implement effective clinical management to prevent the exposed offspring from potential diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qing Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Hansen SL, Lorentzen J, Pedersen LT, Hendrich FL, Jorsal M, Pingel J, Nielsen JB, Kiens B. Suboptimal Nutrition and Low Physical Activity Are Observed Together with Reduced Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Concentration in Children with Severe Cerebral Palsy (CP). Nutrients 2019; 11:E620. [PMID: 30875771 PMCID: PMC6470501 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a mediator of exercise and nutrition-induced neural plasticity. In children with cerebral palsy (CP), neuromuscular deficits and mobility impairment have a negative impact on their physical activity level and nutritional status, but whether these children have reduced BDNF concentrations is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the plasma BDNF concentration, nutritional status, and physical activity level in children with mild to severe CP. Blood sampling, dietary registration, and questionnaires were completed for children with mild CP (gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) I⁻II, n = 31, age 10.6 ± 0.6 years), severe CP (GMFCS IV⁻V, n = 14, age 10.9 ± 1.1 years) and typically developed (TD) children (n = 22, age 10.9 ± 0.6 years). Children with severe CP had ~40% lower plasma BDNF concentration than TD children (p < 0.05). Furthermore, children with severe CP had lower daily physical activity level than TD children (p < 0.01), and a daily intake of energy, n-3 fatty acids, and dietary fibers that was only ~50% of TD (p > 0.001). Reduced plasma BDNF concentrations were observed in children with severe CP. This may be of significance for optimal neural growth and plasticity. This was observed together with low physical activity levels and a suboptimal intake of energy, n-3 fatty acids, and dietary fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvejg L Hansen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Lorentzen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Elsass Institute, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Lin T Pedersen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Frederikke L Hendrich
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Martin Jorsal
- Geelsgårdskolen, Region Hovedstaden, 2830 Virum, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Pingel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jens B Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Elsass Institute, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Bente Kiens
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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12
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Alfawaz H, Bhat RS, Al-Mutairi M, Alnakhli OM, Al-Dbass A, AlOnazi M, Al-Mrshoud M, Hasan IH, El-Ansary A. Comparative study on the independent and combined effects of omega-3 and vitamin B12 on phospholipids and phospholipase A2 as phospholipid hydrolyzing enzymes in PPA-treated rats as a model for autistic traits. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:205. [PMID: 30170600 PMCID: PMC6119280 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal phospholipid metabolism is a major component of many neurodevelopmental disorders including autism. Oral administration of propionic acid (PPA) can produce behavioral abnormalities and biochemical features in rodents similar to those observed in autism and can thus be used as a model to understand impaired brain fatty acid metabolism in autism. METHODS The present study was designed to understand alterations in phospholipid metabolism in the brain of a rodent model of autism and to explore omega-3 and vitamin B12 as remedies. Five groups of rats were selected: Group 1 was the control. Group 2 was the rodent model of autism treated with a neurotoxic dose of PPA. Group 3 was given vitamin B12 cobalamin (16.7 mg/kg/day) for 30 days after PPA treatment. Group 4 was given pharmaceutical grade Omega-3 (200 mg cholesterol free-DHA/kg body weight/day), a product of Madre lab, Germany, for 30 days after PPA treatment for 3 days. Group 5 was given a combined dose of ω-3 + Vitamin B12 for the same duration post-PPA treatment. Phospholipid levels and Phospholipase A2 were measured in the brain homogenates of all the groups. ELISA and western blotting were used to detect the cPLA2 protein level. RESULTS A significant decrease in phospholipid levels and a significant increase in cPLA2 were found in brain tissue of PPA-treated rats; however, both ω-3 and vitamin B12 were efficient in ameliorating the neurotoxic effect of PPA. CONCLUSION Both ω-3 and vitamin B12 may play a role in ameliorating impaired phospholipid metabolism in autism; however, proper clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Al-Mutairi
- Central Laboratory, Center for Female Scientific and Medical Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osima M Alnakhli
- Central Laboratory, Center for Female Scientific and Medical Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Al-Dbass
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona AlOnazi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majidh Al-Mrshoud
- Central Laboratory, Center for Female Scientific and Medical Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman H Hasan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Center for Female Scientific and Medical Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Kemse N, Kale A, Chavan-Gautam P, Joshi S. Increased intake of vitamin B12, folate, and omega-3 fatty acids to improve cognitive performance in offspring born to rats with induced hypertension during pregnancy. Food Funct 2018; 9:3872-3883. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00467f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12, folic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid levels are reported to be altered in women with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Kemse
- Department of Nutritional Medicine
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
- Pune 411043
- India
| | - Anvita Kale
- Department of Nutritional Medicine
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
- Pune 411043
- India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- Department of Nutritional Medicine
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
- Pune 411043
- India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
- Pune 411043
- India
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14
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Khaire A, Rathod R, Kale A, Joshi S. Vitamin B 12 Deficiency Across Three Generations Adversely Influences Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Cardiometabolic Markers in Rats. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:427-435. [PMID: 27986122 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is prevalent in the vegetarian population and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and cardiometabolic risk. The present study investigates the long-term effects of vitamin B12 deficiency/supplementation in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiometabolic profile and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels (LCPUFA) in the F3 generation offspring. METHODS Three generations of rats were fed the following diets: control; vitamin B12 deficient; vitamin B12 supplemented; vitamin B12 deficient + omega-3 fatty acid supplemented; vitamin B12 + omega-3 fatty acid supplemented. Animals were sacrificed at 3 months of age. RESULTS Vitamin B12 deficiency lowered (p <0.01 for both) plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), liver DHA (p <0.05), plasma/liver omega-3 fatty acids (p <0.05 for both), increased triglycerides (p <0.05) and systolic BP (p <0.01) and lowered cholesterol levels (p <0.05) as compared to control. Vitamin B12 deficiency in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids improved plasma/liver EPA, DHA and omega-3 fatty acid profile and maintained cholesterol, triglyceride and BP levels. Vitamin B12 supplementation lowered liver DHA (p <0.05) and cholesterol (p <0.01), whereas BP was similar to control. Combined supplementation of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids improved omega-3 fatty acid profile, lowered cholesterol/triglyceride levels and maintained the BP similar to that of control. CONCLUSION Vitamin B12 deficiency across three generations adversely affects LCPUFA and cardiometabolic profile in the adult offspring. This study provides clues for a combined supplementation of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids to reduce the risk for noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Khaire
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Richa Rathod
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Anvita Kale
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India.
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15
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Decreased plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in preeclampsia. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 464:142-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Rathod R, Khaire A, Kale A, Joshi S. A combined supplementation of vitamin B12 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids across two generations improves nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2016; 339:376-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Khot VV, Chavan-Gautam P, Mehendale S, Joshi SR. Variable Methylation Potential in Preterm Placenta: Implication for Epigenetic Programming of the Offspring. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:891-901. [PMID: 27678102 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116671001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Children born preterm are reported to be at increased risk of developing noncommunicable diseases in later life. Altered placental DNA methylation patterns are implicated in fetal programming of adult diseases. Our earlier animal studies focus on micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin B12) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) that interact in the 1 carbon cycle, thereby influencing methylation reactions. Our previous studies in women delivering preterm show altered plasma levels of micronutrients and lower plasma LCPUFA levels. We postulate that alterations in the micronutrient metabolism may affect the regulation of enzymes, methionine adenosyltransferase ( MAT2A), and SAH-hydrolase ( AHCY), involved in the production of methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), thereby influencing the methylation potential (MP) in the placenta of women delivering preterm. The present study, therefore, examines the mRNA, protein levels of enzymes ( MAT2A and AHCY), SAM, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) levels, and global DNA methylation levels from preterm (n = 73) and term (n = 73) placentae. The enzyme messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and SAM-SAH levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mRNA levels for MAT2A and AHCY are higher ( P < .05 for both) in the preterm group as compared to the term group. S-Adenosylmethionine and SAH levels were similar in both groups, although SAM:SAH ratio was lower ( P < .05) in the preterm group as compared to the term group. The global DNA methylation levels were higher ( P < .05) in women delivering small for gestation age infants as compared to women delivering appropriate for gestation age infants at term. Our data showing lower MP in the preterm placenta may have implications for the epigenetic programming of the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita V Khot
- 1 Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- 1 Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Mehendale
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- 1 Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Rathod RS, Khaire AA, Kale AA, Joshi SR. Effect of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on brain neurotrophins and cognition in rats: A multigeneration study. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:201-8. [PMID: 27569259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids are important nutrients required for neuronal functioning. We have demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on brain neurotrophins and cognition in the first and second generation offspring. However, there is a need to examine if the effects are sustained in the third generation offspring. This study reports the effects of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation across three consecutive generations on brain neurotrophins like brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); nerve growth factor (NGF) and cognitive performance in the third generation male offspring. Three successive generations of Wistar rats were assigned the following groups throughout pregnancy, lactation and adulthood: i) Control, ii) vitamin B12 deficient (BD), iii) vitamin B12 deficient + omega-3 fatty acid (BDO), iv) vitamin B12 supplemented (BS) and v) vitamin B12 supplemented + omega-3 fatty acid (BSO). The BD group demonstrated lower (p < 0.01) NGF in the cortex but not BDNF levels although the cognition was impaired (p < 0.01). In contrast, in the BDO group, higher NGF levels were observed in the hippocampus and animals demonstrated improved (p < 0.01) cognitive performance. Vitamin B12 supplementation showed comparable BDNF levels in the hippocampus while their levels were lower in the cortex as compared to the control (p < 0.05). These animals showed more reference and working memory errors (p < 0.01) as compared to the control group. A combined supplementation of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid showed higher (p < 0.01) levels of DHA and NGF in the hippocampus, higher BDNF in both hippocampus and cortex and improved cognitive performance. Our findings have implications for fortification of foods with vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids in improving brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa S Rathod
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Amrita A Khaire
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Anvita A Kale
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
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19
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Fan C, Fu H, Dong H, Lu Y, Lu Y, Qi K. Maternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation during pregnancy and lactation affects neurogenesis and apoptosis in adult offspring: associated with DNA methylation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1013-1021. [PMID: 27632922 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency during pregnancy and lactation will make a lasting impact on brain neurogenesis and apoptosis of the adult offspring and that these harmful effects cannot be reversed by n-3 PUFA supplementation after weaning. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms may be attributable to the epigenetic changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). C57BL/6J female mice were fed with n-3 PUFA-deficient diet (n-3 def) or n-3 PUFA-adequate diet (n-3 adq) throughout pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal 21 days, equal numbers of male pups from both groups were fed the opposite diet, and the remaining male pups were fed with the same diets as their mothers until 3 months of age. Feeding the n-3 adq diet to pups from the maternal n-3 def group significantly increased the n-3 PUFA concentration but did not change expressions of calretinin, Bcl2, and Bax in the hippocampus. Feeding the n-3 def diet to pups from the maternal n-3 adq group significantly reduced the n-3 PUFA concentration but did not reduce expressions of calretinin and Bcl2. Similarly, BDNF levels, especially mRNA expressions of BDNF transcripts IV and IX, were also reduced by maternal n-3 def and not reversed by n-3 PUFA supplementation after weaning. The decrease in BDNF expression by maternal n-3 def diet was associated with greater DNA methylation at special CpG sites. These results suggested that the maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency during pregnancy and lactation imprints long-term changes of brain development in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Fan
- Nutrition Research Unit, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huicong Fu
- Nutrition Research Unit, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Dong
- Nutrition Research Unit, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Nutrition Research Unit, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Lu
- Nutrition Research Unit, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kemin Qi
- Nutrition Research Unit, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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20
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Dinel AL, Rey C, Bonhomme C, Le Ruyet P, Joffre C, Layé S. Dairy fat blend improves brain DHA and neuroplasticity and regulates corticosterone in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 109:29-38. [PMID: 27269711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking the breast milk lipid composition appears to be necessary for infant formula to cover the brain's needs in n-3 PUFA. In this study, we evaluated the impact of partial replacement of vegetable oil (VL) in infant formula by dairy fat (DL) on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) brain level, neuroplasticity and corticosterone in mice. Mice were fed with balanced VL or balanced DL diets enriched or not in DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) from the first day of gestation. Brain DHA level, microglia number, neurogenesis, corticosterone and glucocorticoid receptor expression were measured in the offsprings. DL diet increased DHA and neuroplasticity in the brain of mice at postnatal day (PND) 14 and at adulthood compared to VL. At PND14, ARA and DHA supplementation increased DHA in VL but not in DL mice brain. Importantly, DHA and ARA supplementation further improved neurogenesis and decreased corticosterone level in DL mice at adulthood. In conclusion, dairy lipids improve brain DHA level and neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Dinel
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Rey
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; ITERG, Institut des Corps Gras, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - C Bonhomme
- Lactalis Nutrition Europe, Torce F-35370, France
| | | | - C Joffre
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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