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Panda B, Momin A, Devabattula G, Doneti R, Khandwaye A, Godugu C. A review on mechanistic aspects of litchi fruit induced acute encephalopathy. Toxicon 2024; 248:108052. [PMID: 39074693 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi sinensis), a fruit with a sweet and white aril, cultivated mainly in Southeast Asia and possesses anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and other therapeutic properties. It is a delicacy among children. However, an outbreak of acute encephalopathy syndrome (AES) in litchi growing regions during the seasons of litchi ripening and harvesting (May-June) resulted in symptoms of lethargy, weakness, fever, vomiting, seizures, and coma that was most common among malnourished children below 15 years. Upon successful epidemiological studies, it was confirmed that the non-protein amino acids such as hypoglycine A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) are responsible for the AES outbreak. Most of the underprivileged and malnourished kids with an empty stomach venture into the litchi orchards to savor the fruit during the litchi harvesting season. Their fasting condition results in decreased glucose levels in the blood. The decreased glucose levels trigger glycogenolysis. However, gluconeogenesis takes over glycogenolysis to replenish the glucose levels due to fewer glycogen stores in malnourished children. The toxins are involved in fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis pathways, by blocking several steps in the former process. Depleted glycogen stores and suppression of gluconeogenesis synergistically cause hypoglycemia and accumulation of toxic intermediates from the metabolic pathway leading to metabolic failure. The incidence of AES can be prevented by creating proper awareness among the farmers, vendors and consumers on the importance of adverse effects of litchi fruit when consumed on empty stomach or fasting state. Further, elucidating detailed biochemical pathway of HGA and MCPG toxicity, improving agricultural and public health practices, keeping glucose stores and glucose banks in the areas which are highly prone to litchi induced toxicity are some of the therapeutic measures. This review highlights and discusses the AES incidences, mechanistic pathways involved in litchi fruit toxicity, and corresponding risk factors involved and possible treatment and preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Panda
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Alfiya Momin
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Geetanjali Devabattula
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Ravinder Doneti
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Aarti Khandwaye
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Zhou HY, Wang BQ, Chen MX, Wang YF, Jiang YF, Ma J. KDM4C represses liver fibrosis by regulating H3K9me3 methylation of ALKBH5 and m6A methylation of snail1 mRNA. J Dig Dis 2024; 25:298-309. [PMID: 38938016 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to disclose the molecular mechanism of snail1 in liver fibrosis. METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce a liver fibrosis model in mice whereby serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were evaluated, and liver pathological alternations were assessed. Rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) were irritated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, followed by assessment of cell viability and migration. The levels of snail1, ALKBH5, and lysine specific demethylase 4C (KDM4C) were quantified by immunohistochemistry, western blot, or reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in addition to α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), anti-collagen type I α1 (COL1A1), vimentin, and E-cadherin. Photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation and RNA stability were evaluated to determine the relationship between ALKBH5 and snail1. Changes in KDM4C-bound ALKBH5 promoter and enrichment of histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) at the ALKBH5 promoter were determined using chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS In fibrosis mice, snail1 was upregulated while ALKBH5 and KDM4C were downregulated. KDM4C overexpression reduced serum ALT and AST levels, liver injury, and α-SMA, COL1A1 and VIMENTIN expressions but increased E-cadherin expression. However, the aforementioned trends were reversed by concurrent overexpression of snail1. In HSC-T6 cells exposed to TGF-β1, ALKBH5 overexpression weakened cell viability and migration, downregulated α-SMA, COL1A1 and VIMENTIN, upregulated E-CADHERIN, and decreased m6A modification of snail1 and its mRNA stability. KDM4C increased ALKBH5 expression by lowering H3K9me3 level, but inhibited HSC-T6 cell activation by regulating the ALKBH5/snail1 axis. CONCLUSION KDM4C decreases H3K9me3 methylation to upregulate ALKBH5 and subsequently inhibits snail1, ultimately impeding liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bing Qing Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Meng Xuan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi Fan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong Fang Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Bashir A, Nabi M, Tabassum N, Afzal S, Ayoub M. An updated review on phytochemistry and molecular targets of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1049334. [PMID: 37063285 PMCID: PMC10090468 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1049334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal belongs to the nightshade family Solanaceae and is commonly known as Ashwagandha. It is pharmacologically a significant medicinal plant of the Indian sub-continent, used in Ayurvedic and indigenous systems of medicine for more than 3,000 years. It is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically bioactive constituents known as withanolides (a group of 300 naturally occurring C-28 steroidal lactones with an ergostane-based skeleton). Most of the biological activities of W. somnifera have been attributed to two key withanolides, namely, withaferin-A and withanolide-D. In addition, bioactive constituents such as withanosides, sitoindosides, steroidal lactones, and alkaloids are also present with a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential. Several research groups worldwide have discovered various molecular targets of W. somnifera, such as inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B and promoting apoptosis of cancer cells. It also enhances dopaminergic D2 receptor activity (relief in Parkinson’s disease). The active principles such as sitoindosides VII-X and withaferin-A possess free radical properties. Withanolide-D increases the radio sensitivity of human cancer cells via inhibiting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage to non-homologous end-joining repair (NHEJ) pathways. Withanolide-V may serve as a potential inhibitor against the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to combat COVID. The molecular docking studies revealed that the withanolide-A inhibits acetyl-cholinesterase in the brain, which could be a potential drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, withanolide-A reduces the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which is responsible for memory loss in epileptic rats. This review demonstrates that W. somnifera is a rich source of withanolides and other bioactive constituents, which can be used as a safe drug for various chronic diseases due to the minimal side effects in various pre-clinical studies. These results are interesting and signify that more clinical trials should be conducted to prove the efficacy and other potential therapeutic effects in human settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Bashir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Masarat Nabi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- *Correspondence: Nahida Tabassum,
| | - Suhaib Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mehrose Ayoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Shiragannavar VD, Sannappa Gowda NG, Puttahanumantharayappa LD, Karunakara SH, Bhat S, Prasad SK, Kumar DP, Santhekadur PK. The ameliorating effect of withaferin A on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by acting as an LXR/FXR dual receptor activator. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1135952. [PMID: 36909161 PMCID: PMC9995434 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1135952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence has been rapidly increasing, and it has emerged as one of the major diseases of the modern world. NAFLD constitutes a simple fatty liver to chronic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which often leads to liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, a serious health condition with limited treatment options. Many a time, NAFLD progresses to fatal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nuclear receptors (NRs), such as liver X receptor-α (LXR-α) and closely associated farnesoid X receptor (FXR), are ligand-inducible transcription factors that regulate various metabolism-associated gene expressions and repression and play a major role in controlling the pathophysiology of the human liver. Withaferin A is a multifaceted and potent natural dietary compound with huge beneficial properties and plays a vital role as an anti-inflammatory molecule. Methods: In vivo: Swill albino mice were fed with western diet and sugar water (WDSW) for 12, 16, and 20 weeks with suitable controls. Post necropsy, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and lipid profile were measured by commercially available kits using a semi-auto analyzer in serum samples. Liver histology was assessed using H&E and MTS stains to check the inflammation and fibrosis, respectively, using paraffin-embedded sections and mRNA expressions of these markers were measured using qRT-PCR method. TGF-β1 levels in serum samples were quantified by ELISA. In vitro: Steatosis was induced in HepG2 and Huh7 cells using free fatty acids [Sodium Palmitate (SP) and Oleate (OA)]. After induction, the cells were treated with Withaferin A in dose-dependent manner (1, 2.5, and 5 μM, respectively). In vitro steatosis was confirmed by Oil-Red-O staining. Molecular Docking: Studies were conducted using Auto Dock Vina software to check the binding affinity of Withaferin-A to LXR-α and FXR. Results: We explored the dual receptor-activating nature of Withaferin A using docking studies, which potently improves high-fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice and suppresses diet-induced hepatic inflammation and liver fibrosis via LXR/FXR. Our in vitro studies also indicated that Withaferin A inhibits lipid droplet accumulation in sodium palmitate and oleate-treated HepG2 and Huh7 cells, which may occur through LXR-α and FXR-mediated signaling pathways. Withaferin A is a known inhibitor of NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Intriguingly, both LXR-α and FXR activation inhibits inflammation and fibrosis by negatively regulating NF-κB. Additionally, Withaferin A treatment significantly inhibited TGF-β-induced gene expression, which contributes to reduced hepatic fibrosis. Discussion: Thus, the LXR/ FXR dual receptor activator Withaferin A improves both NAFLD-associated liver inflammation and fibrosis in mouse models and under in vitro conditions, which makes Withaferin A a possibly potent pharmacological and therapeutic agent for the treatment of diet-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha D Shiragannavar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Nirmala G Sannappa Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Lakshana D Puttahanumantharayappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Shreyas H Karunakara
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Smitha Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India.,Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
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Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells Promote the M1 to M2 Macrophage Transformation and Liver Fibrosis by Elevating the Histone Acetylation Level. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9883831. [PMID: 36133436 PMCID: PMC9484931 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9883831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from the formation of fibrous scars of hepatic stellate cells by various chronic liver diseases. Considering that the liver is the most important metabolic organ in the human body, exploring the metabolic characteristics of liver fibrosis is expected to discover new markers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we first used mouse model to verify that both lactate content and histone acetylation levels were significantly increased in hepatic fibrosis mice. At the same time, it was confirmed that activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) cocultured with M1 macrophages can promote their transformation into M2 macrophages in hepatic stellate cell line and primary hepatic stellate cells. In addition, the addition of lactic acid to the medium in which M1 cells are cultured can promote their transformation into M2 macrophages. Therefore, we concluded that activated HSCs can promote the transformation of M1 to M2 macrophages through lactate accumulation, thereby causing liver fibrosis.
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Chetla VS, Khurana A, Bommu S, Laxmi NA, Putty K, Banothu AK, Reddy KK, Bharani KK. Comparative evaluation of the effect of L-Arginine and L-Homoarginine supplementation on reproductive physiology in ewes. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:159-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xie C, Tang B, Wu K, Meng Q, Wang F. Increased serum LOXL2 concentration in pelvic inflammatory disease with pelvic adhesion. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:59. [PMID: 35246120 PMCID: PMC8896148 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to a family of the LOX secretory enzyme, which involves the cross-linkage of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Here, we aimed to analyze the correlation between serum LOXL2 and pelvic adhesion in chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Methods A total of 143 patients with PID and 130 healthy controls were included in this study. The serum levels of LOXL2 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The patients were divided into non-adhesion group (102 cases) and adhesion group (41 cases). Results It was found that the serum level of LOXL2 expression was elevated in PID patients compared with healthy controls, and was elevated in PID patients with pelvic adhesion compared to patients without adhesion. In all PID patients, serum LOXL2 level was positively correlated with matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), whole blood viscosity (WBV) at low shear rate (LSR), WBV at high shear rate (HSR), and hematocrit (HcT). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum LOXL2 level was an independent risk factor for pelvic adhesion in PID patients (OR = 1.058; 95% CI = 1.030–1.086, P < 0.001). Conclusions Serum LOXL2 level not only predicts the presence of PID, but serum LOXL2 concentration is also associated with the presence of pelvic adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Xie
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong New District Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Bixin Tang
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong New District Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kunlun Wu
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong New District Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyi Meng
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong New District Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong New District Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.219 Miaopu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
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Xia Y, Yan M, Wang P, Hamada K, Yan N, Hao H, Gonzalez FJ, Yan T. Withaferin A in the treatment of liver diseases: progress and pharmacokinetic insights. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:685-693. [PMID: 34903587 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal compound used in Ayurvedic medicine in India and elsewhere. While WA was used as an anti-cancer reagent for decades, its role in the treatment of liver diseases has only recently been experimentally explored. Here, the effects of WA in the treatment of liver injury, systematic inflammation, and liver cancer are reviewed, and the toxicity and metabolism of WA as well as pharmacological potentials of other extracts from W. somnifera discussed. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of WA are summarized and pharmacokinetic insights into current progress and future opportunities are highlighted. Significance Statement This review outlines the current experimental progress of WA hepatoprotective activities and highlights gaps in the field. This work also discusses the pharmacokinetics of WA that can be used to guide future studies for the possible treatment of liver diseases with this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Xia
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Mingrui Yan
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Keisuke Hamada
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Nana Yan
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, United States
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Ciszewski WM, Wawro ME, Sacewicz-Hofman I, Sobierajska K. Cytoskeleton Reorganization in EndMT-The Role in Cancer and Fibrotic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111607. [PMID: 34769036 PMCID: PMC8583721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes endothelial plasticity, leading to the development of several diseases, including fibrosis and cancer in numerous organs. The basis of those processes is a phenomenon called the endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which results in the delamination of tightly connected endothelial cells that acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. EndMT-derived cells, known as the myofibroblasts or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are characterized by the loss of cell–cell junctions, loss of endothelial markers, and gain in mesenchymal ones. As a result, the endothelium ceases its primary ability to maintain patent and functional capillaries and induce new blood vessels. At the same time, it acquires the migration and invasion potential typical of mesenchymal cells. The observed modulation of cell shape, increasedcell movement, and invasion abilities are connected with cytoskeleton reorganization. This paper focuses on the review of current knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in the modulation of each cytoskeleton element (microfilaments, microtubule, and intermediate filaments) during EndMT and their role as the potential targets for cancer and fibrosis treatment.
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Zhao X, Wang J, Tang L, Li P, Ru J, Bai Y. Withaferin A protects against hyperuricemia induced kidney injury and its possible mechanisms. Bioengineered 2021; 12:589-600. [PMID: 33517833 PMCID: PMC8806220 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1882761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to explore the effects of Withaferin A (WFA) on hyperuricemia-induced kidney injury and its action mechanism. Potassium oxonate (PO) was employed to establish the hyperuricemic mouse model. The pathological changes of renal tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and masson trichrome staining. The levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were detected using corresponding commercial kits. Expressions of collagen-related and apoptosis-associated proteins in renal tissues were, respectively, evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay, and transporter expressions using western blotting. Followed by WFA, NRK-52E cells were treated with UA before evaluation of apoptosis and fibrosis. Results indicated that WFA ameliorated renal damage, improved kidney function, and decreased levels of creatinine, BUN, UA, and XOD in PO-induced hyperuricemic mice. Furthermore, WFA significantly prevented renal fibrosis and increased the expression of collagen-related proteins. Similarly, WFA markedly inhibited renal apoptosis, accompanied by changes of apoptosis-related proteins. Importantly, expression of transporters responsible for the secretion of organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) was remarkably enhanced whereas that of urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) was reduced in renal tissues of mice with hyperuricemia. In vitro study revealed that WFA notably ameliorated UA-induced cell fibrosis and apoptosis. Taken together, WFA improves kidney function by decreasing UA via regulation of XOD and transporter genes in renal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ru
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Bai
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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Chen CM, Chung YP, Liu CH, Huang KT, Guan SS, Chiang CK, Wu CT, Liu SH. Withaferin A protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidney of a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153352. [PMID: 33007732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withaferin A is a functional ingredient of a traditional medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, which has been broadly used in India for protecting against chronic diseases. This bioactive steroidal lactone possesses multiple functions such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major health problems worldwide with the high complication, morbidity, and mortality rates. The detailed effects and underlying mechanisms of withaferin A on CKD progression still remain to be clarified. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate whether withaferin A treatment ameliorates the development of renal fibrosis and its related mechanisms in a CKD mouse model. METHODS A mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was used to mimic the progression of CKD. Male adult C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with 3 mg/kg/day withaferin A for 14 consecutive days after UUO surgery. Candesartan (5 mg/kg/day) was used as a positive control. RESULTS Both Withaferin A and candesartan treatments significantly ameliorated the histopathological changes and collagen deposition in the UUO kidneys. Withaferin A could significantly reverse the increases in the protein levels of pro-fibrotic factors (fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin), inflammatory signaling molecules (phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB-p65, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2), and cleaved caspase-3, apoptosis, and infiltration of neutrophils in the UUO kidneys. The protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated molecules (GRP78, GRP94, ATF4, CHOP, phosphorylated eIF2α, and cleaved caspase 12) were increased in the kidneys of UUO mice, which could be significantly reversed by withaferin A treatment. CONCLUSION Withaferin A protects against the CKD progression that is, at least in part, associated with the moderation of ER stress-related apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidneys of CKD. Withaferin A may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mu Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Pang Chung
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Tien Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Paediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Tackling Chronic Inflammation with Withanolide Phytochemicals-A Withaferin a Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111107. [PMID: 33182809 PMCID: PMC7696210 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are considered to be one of the biggest threats to human health. Most prescribed pharmaceutical drugs aiming to treat these diseases are characterized by side-effects and negatively affect therapy adherence. Finding alternative treatment strategies to tackle chronic inflammation has therefore been gaining interest over the last few decades. In this context, Withaferin A (WA), a natural bioactive compound isolated from Withania somnifera, has been identified as a promising anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory compound. Although the majority of studies focus on the molecular mechanisms of WA in cancer models, recent evidence demonstrates that WA also holds promise as a new phytotherapeutic agent against chronic inflammatory diseases. By targeting crucial inflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, WA suppresses the inflammatory disease state in several in vitro and preclinical in vivo models of diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cystic fibrosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a concise overview of the molecular mechanisms by which WA orchestrates its anti-inflammatory effects to restore immune homeostasis.
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Chilvery S, Bansod S, Saifi MA, Godugu C. Piperlongumine attenuates bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in mice via inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad and EMT pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106909. [PMID: 32882664 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is a progressive liver injury that may result in excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). However, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) play a central role in the progression of LF through the activation of matrix producing hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Piperlongumine (PL), an alkaloid extracted from Piper longum, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in various diseases but its hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects have not been reported yet. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the protective effect of PL in bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced LF model and explored the molecular mechanisms underlying its antifibrotic effect. BDL group displayed a significant degree of liver damage, oxidative-nitrosative stress, hepatic inflammation and collagen deposition in the liver while these pathological changes were effectively attenuated by treatment with PL. Furthermore, we found that PL treatment greatly inhibited HSCs activation and ECM deposition via downregulation of fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen1a, and collagen3a expression in the fibrotic livers. We further demonstrated that PL administration significantly inhibited TGF-β1/Smad and EMT signaling pathways. Our study demonstrated that PL exerted strong hepatoprotective and antifibrotic activities against BDL-induced LF and might be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilekha Chilvery
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sapana Bansod
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Withaferin A Exerts Preventive Effect on Liver Fibrosis through Oxidative Stress Inhibition in a Sirtuin 3-Dependent Manner. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2452848. [PMID: 33029279 PMCID: PMC7532400 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2452848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a deacetylase involved in the development of many inflammation-related diseases including liver fibrosis. Withaferin A (WFA) is a bioactive constituent derived from the Withania somnifera plant, which has extensive pharmacological activities; however, little is known about the regulatory role of SIRT3 in the WFA-induced antifibrogenic effect. The current study is aimed at investigating the role of SIRT3 in WFA-induced antioxidant effects in liver fibrosis. Our study verified that WFA attenuated platelet-derived growth factor BB- (PDGF-BB-) induced liver fibrosis and promoted PDGF-BB-induced SIRT3 activity and expression in JS1 cells. SIRT3 silencing attenuated the antifibrogenic and antioxidant effects of WFA in activated JS1 cells. Moreover, WFA inhibited carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced liver injury, collagen deposition, and fibrosis; increased the SIRT3 expression; and suppressed the CCl4-induced oxidative stress in fibrotic livers of C57/BL6 mice. Furthermore, the antifibrogenic and antioxidant effects of WFA could be available in CCl4-induced WT (129S1/SvImJ) mice but were unavailable in CCl4-induced SIRT3 knockout (KO) mice. Our study suggested that WFA inhibited liver fibrosis through the inhibition of oxidative stress in a SIRT3-dependent manner. WFA could be a potential compound for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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