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Paramaswaran Y, Subramanian A, Paramakrishnan N, Ramesh M, Muthuraman A. Therapeutic Investigation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent-Derived Beta-Carotene in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Retinopathy via the Regulation of Blood-Retina Barrier Functions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050647. [PMID: 37242430 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) primarily progresses into retinal degeneration caused by microvascular dysfunction. The pathophysiology of DR progression is still uncertain. This study investigates the function of beta-carotene (PBC) originating from palm oil mill effluent in the treatment of diabetes in mice. An intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes, which was then accelerated by an intravitreal (i.vit.) injection of STZ (20 µL on day 7). PBC (50 and 100 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (DEX: 10 mg/kg) were also administered orally (p.o.) for 21 days. At various time intervals, the optomotor response (OMR) and visual-cue function test (VCFT) responses were evaluated. Biomarkers, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), and catalase activity were determined in retinal tissue samples. DR significantly lowers the spatial frequency threshold (SFT) and time spent in the target quadrant (TSTQ), increases the reaching time in the visual-cue platform (RVCP), lowers retinal GSH and catalase activity levels, and elevates TBARS levels. The treatments of PBC and DEX also ameliorate STZ-induced DR alterations. The potential ameliorative activity of PBC in DR is attributed to its anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative, and control of blood-retinal barrier layer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunna Paramaswaran
- PG Research Scholar, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Nallupillai Paramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Muthusamy Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Omega College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad 501301, Telangana, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
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Takitani K, Kishi K, Miyazaki H, Koh M, Tamaki H, Inoue A, Tamai H. Altered Expression of Retinol Metabolism-Related Genes in an ANIT-Induced Cholestasis Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113337. [PMID: 30373117 PMCID: PMC6274878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is defined as a reduction of bile secretion caused by a dysfunction of bile formation. Insufficient bile secretion into the intestine undermines the formation of micelles, which may result in the reduced absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Here, we investigated the retinol homeostasis and the alterations of retinol metabolism-related genes, including β-carotene 15,15′ monooxygenase (BCMO), lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), cytochrome P450 26A1 (CYP26A1), and retinoic acid receptors (RAR) β, in a α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis rat model. Moreover, we examined the expression of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) target genes. Our results showed that plasma retinol levels were decreased in ANIT rats compared to control rats. On the contrary, hepatic retinol levels were not different between the two groups. The expression of FXR target genes in the liver and intestine of cholestasis model rats was repressed. The BCMO expression was decreased in the liver and increased in the intestine of ANIT rats compared to control rats. Finally, the hepatic expression of LRAT, RARβ, and ALDH1A1 in cholestatic rats was decreased compared to the control rats, while the CYP26A1 expression of the liver was not altered. The increased expression of intestinal BCMO in cholestasis model rats might compensate for decreased circulatory retinol levels. The BCMO expression might be regulated in a tissue-specific manner to maintain the homeostasis of retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka Takitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Kanta Kishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Miyazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Osaka 591-8025, Japan.
| | - Maki Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Tamaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
- Department of Medicine, Shinseikai Daiichi Hospital, Aichi 468-0031, Japan.
| | - Akiko Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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Takitani K, Inoue K, Koh M, Miyazaki H, Inoue A, Kishi K, Tamai H. Altered retinol status and expression of retinol-related proteins in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic model rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015. [PMID: 26060349 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Advanced diabetes is associated with severe complications and impaired nutritional status. Here, we assessed the expression of retinol-associated proteins, including β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCMO), lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and cytochrome P450 26A1 (CYP26A1), and measured retinol levels in the plasma and liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic model rats. Compared to the levels in the control rats, retinol levels in the plasma and liver of STZ rats were decreased and increased, respectively. Hepatic expression of the LRAT gene in STZ rats was lower than that in the controls. In the liver of STZ rats, the expression of ALDH1A1, a retinal metabolizing enzyme was higher, whereas ALDH1A2 expression was lower than in the controls. Hepatic CYP26A1 expression in STZ rats was significantly higher than in the control rats. BCMO expression levels in the liver and intestine of STZ rats were much lower than those of the controls. Altered BCMO expression might affect retinol status. It is considered that the metabolic availability of retinol was lessened despite the accelerated catabolism of retinol; therefore, retinol mobilization may be unbalanced in the liver of rats in the type 1 diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka Takitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirakata City Hospital, 2-14-1 Kinyahonmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka 573-1013, Japan
| | - Maki Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Rosai Hospital, 1179-3 Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 591-8025, Japan
| | - Akiko Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kanta Kishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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Takitani K, Inoue K, Koh M, Miyazaki H, Inoue A, Kishi K, Tamai H. Altered retinol status and expression of retinol-related proteins in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic model rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 56:195-200. [PMID: 26060349 PMCID: PMC4454085 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Advanced diabetes is associated with severe complications and impaired nutritional status. Here, we assessed the expression of retinol-associated proteins, including β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCMO), lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and cytochrome P450 26A1 (CYP26A1), and measured retinol levels in the plasma and liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic model rats. Compared to the levels in the control rats, retinol levels in the plasma and liver of STZ rats were decreased and increased, respectively. Hepatic expression of the LRAT gene in STZ rats was lower than that in the controls. In the liver of STZ rats, the expression of ALDH1A1, a retinal metabolizing enzyme was higher, whereas ALDH1A2 expression was lower than in the controls. Hepatic CYP26A1 expression in STZ rats was significantly higher than in the control rats. BCMO expression levels in the liver and intestine of STZ rats were much lower than those of the controls. Altered BCMO expression might affect retinol status. It is considered that the metabolic availability of retinol was lessened despite the accelerated catabolism of retinol; therefore, retinol mobilization may be unbalanced in the liver of rats in the type 1 diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka Takitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirakata City Hospital, 2-14-1 Kinyahonmachi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka 573-1013, Japan
| | - Maki Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Rosai Hospital, 1179-3 Nagasonecho, Kita-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 591-8025, Japan
| | - Akiko Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kanta Kishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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