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Michaud M, Nonglaton G, Anxionnaz-Minvielle Z. Wall-Immobilized Biocatalyst vs. Packed Bed in Miniaturized Continuous Reactors: Performances and Scale-Up. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400086. [PMID: 38618870 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable biocatalysis syntheses have gained considerable popularity over the years. However, further optimizations - notably to reduce costs - are required if the methods are to be successfully deployed in a range of areas. As part of this drive, various enzyme immobilization strategies have been studied, alongside process intensification from batch to continuous production. The flow bioreactor portfolio mainly ranges between packed bed reactors and wall-immobilized enzyme miniaturized reactors. Because of their simplicity, packed bed reactors are the most frequently encountered at lab-scale. However, at industrial scale, the growing pressure drop induced by the increase in equipment size hampers their implementation for some applications. Wall-immobilized miniaturized reactors require less pumping power, but a new problem arises due to their reduced enzyme-loading capacity. This review starts with a presentation of the current technology portfolio and a reminder of the metrics to be applied with flow bioreactors. Then, a benchmarking of the most recent relevant works is presented. The scale-up perspectives of the various options are presented in detail, highlighting key features of industrial requirements. One of the main objectives of this review is to clarify the strategies on which future study should center to maximize the performance of wall-immobilized enzyme reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Michaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTCH, Laboratoire Composants et Systèmes Thermiques (LCST), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Nonglaton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTIS, Plateforme de Recherche Intégration, fonctionnalisation de Surfaces et Microfabrication (PRISM), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Zoé Anxionnaz-Minvielle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTCH, Laboratoire Composants et Systèmes Thermiques (LCST), F-38000, Grenoble, France
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2
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Small tools for sweet challenges: advances in microfluidic technologies for glycan synthesis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5139-5163. [PMID: 35199190 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycans, including oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, play an integral role in modulating the biological functions of macromolecules. Many physiological and pathological processes are mediated by interactions between glycans, which has led to the use of glycans as biosensors for pathogen and biomarker detection. Elucidating the relationship between glycan structure and biological function is critical for advancing our understanding of the impact glycans have on human health and disease and for expanding the repertoire of glycans available for bioanalysis, especially for diagnostics. Such efforts have been limited by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of homogenous glycan samples needed to resolve the exact relationships between glycan structure and their structural or modulatory functions on a given glycoconjugate. Synthetic strategies offer a viable route for overcoming these technical hurdles. In recent years, microfluidics have emerged as powerful tools for realizing high-throughput and reproducible syntheses of homogenous glycans for the potential use in functional studies. This critical review provides readers with an overview of the microfluidic technologies that have been developed for chemical and enzymatic glycan synthesis. The advantages and limitations associated with using microreactor platforms to improve the scalability, productivity, and selectivity of glycosylation reactions will be discussed, as well as suggested future work that can address certain pitfalls.
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3D printed ceramics as solid supports for enzyme immobilization: an automated DoE approach for applications in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2021; 11:675-689. [PMID: 34745652 PMCID: PMC8563604 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D printing has emerged in the field of chemical engineering as a powerful manufacturing technique to rapidly design and produce tailor-made reaction equipment. In fact, reactors with complex internal geometries can be easily fabricated, optimized and interchanged in order to respond to precise process needs, such as improved mixing and increased surface area. These advantages make them interesting especially for catalytic applications, since customized structured bed reactors can be easily produced. 3D printing applications are not limited to reactor design, it is also possible to realize functional low cost alternatives to analytical equipment that can be used to increase the level of process understanding while keeping the investment costs low. In this work, in-house designed ceramic structured inserts printed via vat photopolymerization (VPP) are presented and characterized. The flow behavior inside these inserts was determined with residence time distribution (RTD) experiments enabled by in-house designed and 3D printed inline photometric flow cells. As a proof of concept, these structured inserts were fitted in an HPLC column to serve as solid inorganic supports for the immobilization of the enzyme Phenolic acid Decarboxylase (bsPAD), which catalyzes the decarboxylation of cinnamic acids. The conversion of coumaric acid to vinylphenol was chosen as a model system to prove the implementation of these engineered inserts in a continuous biocatalytic application with high product yield and process stability. The setup was further automated in order to quickly identify the optimum operating conditions via a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The use of a systematic optimization, together with the adaptability of 3D printed equipment to the process requirements, render the presented approach highly promising for a more feasible implementation of biocatalysts in continuous industrial processes. Graphical abstract. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41981-021-00163-4.
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Zhang H, Bai Y, Zhu N, Xu J. Microfluidic reactor with immobilized enzyme-from construction to applications: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Venezia V, Califano V, Pota G, Costantini A, Landi G, Di Benedetto A. CFD Simulations of Microreactors for the Hydrolysis of Cellobiose to Glucose by β-Glucosidase Enzyme. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E790. [PMID: 32825698 PMCID: PMC7570393 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass-derived compounds represents a valid strategy to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, with geopolitical and environmental benefits. In particular, β-glucosidase (BG) enzyme is the bottleneck in the degradation of cellulose because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellobiose, a known inhibitor of the other cellulolytic enzymes. However, free enzymes are unstable, expensive and difficult to recover. For this reason, the immobilization of BG on a suitable support is crucial to improve its catalytic performance. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to test the hydrolysis reaction in a monolith channel coated by BG adsorbed on a wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) washcoat. We initially defined the physical properties of the mixture, the parameters related to kinetics and mass transfers and the initial and boundary conditions thanks to our preliminary experimental tests. Numerical simulation results have shown great similarity with the experimental ones, demonstrating the validity of this model. Following this, it was possible to explore in real time the behavior of the system, varying other specified parameters (i.e., the mixture inlet velocity or the enzymatic load on the reactor surface) without carrying out other experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Venezia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | | | - Giulio Pota
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Gianluca Landi
- Instutute for Researches on Combustion-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Almerinda Di Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
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Adebar N, Gröger H. Heterogeneous Catalysts “on the Move”: Flow Chemistry with Fluid Immobilised (Bio)Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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7
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Immobilization of β-Glucosidase over Structured Cordierite Monoliths Washcoated with Wrinkled Silica Nanoparticles. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic conversion of biomass-derived compounds represents a key step in the biorefinery flowsheet, allowing low-temperature high-efficiency reactions. β-Glucosidases are able to hydrolyze cellobiose into glucose. Wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) were demonstrated to be a good support for the immobilization of β-glucosidases, showing better performance than free enzymes in batch reaction; on the other hand, immobilized enzyme microreactors (IEMs) are receiving significant attention, because small quantities of reagents can be used, and favorable heat and mass transfer can be achieved with respect to conventional batch systems. In this work, we prepared, characterized, and tested structured enzymatic reactor compounds by a honeycomb monolith, a WSN washcoat, and β-glucosidases as the active phase. Powder and structured materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Structured catalysts were tested under both batch and continuous flow reaction conditions and compared to powder catalysts (batch reaction). The WSN washcoat was attached well onto the monolith walls, as suggested by the negligible weight loss after ultrasound treatment; the WSNs preserved their shape, porosity, and individual nature when deposited onto the monolith walls. The immobilized enzyme microreactors proved to be very efficient in hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose, showing a complete conversion under continuous flow reaction at a batch-equivalent contact time equal to 120 min vs. 24 h obtained in the batch experiments. The apparent KM value showed a 20-fold decrease with respect to the batch process, due to the absence of external diffusive transport limitations.
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8
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Febbraio F, Ionata E, Marcolongo L. Forty years of study on the thermostable β-glycosidase from S. solfataricus: Production, biochemical characterization and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:602-618. [PMID: 32621790 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to make the point on the fortieth years study on the β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus. This enzyme represents one of the thermophilic biocatalysts, which is more extensively studied as witnessed by the numerous literature reports available since 1980. Comprehensive biochemical studies highlighted its broad substrate specificity for β-d-galacto-, gluco-, and fuco-sides and also showed its remarkable exo-glucosidase and transglycosidase activities. The enzyme demonstrated to be active and stable over a wide range of temperature and pHs, withstanding to several drastic conditions comprising solvents and detergents. Over the years, a great deal of studies were focused on its homotetrameric tridimensional structure, elucidating several structural features involved in the enzyme stability, such as ion pairs and post-translational modifications. Several β-glycosidase mutants were produced in the years in order to understand its peculiar behavior in extreme conditions and/or to improve its functional properties. The β-glycosidase overproduction was also afforded reporting numerous studies dealing with its production in the mesophilic host Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and Lactococcus lactis. Relevant applications in food, beverages, bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceutical fields of this enzyme, both in free and immobilized forms, highlighted its biotechnological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Ionata
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Loredana Marcolongo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, 80131, Italy
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9
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Bhavsar KV, Yadav GD. n-Butyl levulinate synthesis using lipase catalysis: comparison of batch reactor versus continuous flow packed bed tubular microreactor. J Flow Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Sigurdardóttir SB, Lehmann J, Ovtar S, Grivel J, Negra MD, Kaiser A, Pinelo M. Enzyme Immobilization on Inorganic Surfaces for Membrane Reactor Applications: Mass Transfer Challenges, Enzyme Leakage and Reuse of Materials. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigyn Björk Sigurdardóttir
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Chemical Engineering Søltofts Plads, Building 229 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jonas Lehmann
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Energy Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Simona Ovtar
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Energy Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Jean‐Claude Grivel
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Energy Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Michela Della Negra
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Energy Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Energy Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Chemical Engineering Søltofts Plads, Building 229 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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12
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Wei C, Zhou Y, Zhuang W, Li G, Jiang M, Zhang H. Improving the performance of immobilized β-glucosidase using a microreactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:377-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Šalić A, Zelić B. Synergy of Microtechnology and Biotechnology: Microreactors as an Effective Tool
for Biotransformation Processes §: §The paper was presented at European Biotechnology Congress, 25-27 May 2017, Dubrovnik, Croatia. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56:464-479. [PMID: 30923444 PMCID: PMC6399720 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.04.18.5673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that microreactors have been present for more than 40 years now and that their potential has been extensively exploited in chemical synthesis, analytics and screening, to date very few biocatalytic processes have been explored in microreactors. It is claimed that enzymatic microreactor technology is exactly in the same place where chemical microreactors were 15 years ago. However, general opinion is that the efforts devoted to the research of micro-enzymatic reactors will inaugurate a new breakthrough in bio-based processing. The aim of this review is to explore the synergy between microtechnology, mainly microreactors, and biotechnology, and to assess its potential, opportunities, challenges and future application in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Šalić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Zelić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Flow Bioreactors as Complementary Tools for Biocatalytic Process Intensification. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 36:73-88. [PMID: 29054312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has widened its scope and relevance since new molecular tools, including improved expression systems for proteins, protein and metabolic engineering, and rational techniques for immobilization, have become available. However, applications are still sometimes hampered by low productivity and difficulties in scaling up. A practical and reasonable step to improve the performances of biocatalysts (including both enzymes and whole-cell systems) is to use them in flow reactors. This review describes the state of the art on the design and use of biocatalysis in flow reactors. The encouraging successes of this enabling technology are critically discussed, highlighting new opportunities, problems to be solved and technological advances.
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15
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Valikhani D, Bolivar JM, Viefhues M, McIlroy DN, Vrouwe EX, Nidetzky B. A Spring in Performance: Silica Nanosprings Boost Enzyme Immobilization in Microfluidic Channels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34641-34649. [PMID: 28921951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme microreactors are important tools of miniaturized analytics and have promising applications in continuous biomanufacturing. A fundamental problem of their design is that plain microchannels without extensive static internals, or packings, offer limited exposed surface area for immobilizing the enzyme. To boost the immobilization in a manner broadly applicable to enzymes, we coated borosilicate microchannels with silica nanosprings and attached the enzyme, sucrose phosphorylase, via a silica-binding module genetically fused to it. We showed with confocal fluorescence microscopy that the enzyme was able to penetrate the ∼70 μm-thick nanospring layer and became distributed uniformly in it. Compared with the plain surface, the activity of immobilized enzyme was enhanced 4.5-fold upon surface coating with nanosprings and further increased up to 10-fold by modifying the surface of the nanosprings with sulfonate groups. Operational stability during continuous-flow biocatalytic synthesis of α-glucose 1-phosphate was improved by a factor of 11 when the microreactor coated with nanosprings was used. More than 85% of the initial conversion rate was retained after 840 reactor cycles performed with a single loading of enzyme. By varying the substrate flow rate, the microreactor performance was conveniently switched between steady states of quantitative product yield (50 mM) and optimum productivity (19 mM min-1) at a lower product yield of 40%. Surface coating with silica nanosprings thus extends the possibilities for enzyme immobilization in microchannels. It effectively boosts the biocatalytic function of a microstructured reactor limited otherwise by the solid surface available for immobilizing the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Valikhani
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Viefhues
- Micronit Microtechnologies B.V. , Colosseum 15, 7521 PV, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David N McIlroy
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-3072, United States
| | - Elwin X Vrouwe
- Micronit Microtechnologies B.V. , Colosseum 15, 7521 PV, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Bolivar JM, Luley-Goedl C, Leitner E, Sawangwan T, Nidetzky B. Production of glucosyl glycerol by immobilized sucrose phosphorylase: Options for enzyme fixation on a solid support and application in microscale flow format. J Biotechnol 2017; 257:131-138. [PMID: 28161416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
2-O-(α-d-Glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (αGG) is a natural osmolyte. αGG is produced industrially for application as an active cosmetic ingredient. The biocatalytic process involves a selective transglucosylation from sucrose to glycerol catalyzed by sucrose phosphorylase (SPase). Here we examined immobilization of SPase (from Leuconostoc mesenteroides) on solid support with the aim of enabling continuous production of αGG. By fusing SPase to the polycationic binding module Zbasic2 we demonstrated single-step noncovalent immobilization of the enzyme chimera to different porous supports offering an anionic surface. We showed that immobilization facilitated by Zbasic2 was similarly efficient as immobilization by multipoint covalent attachment on epoxy-activated supports in terms of production of αGG. Enzyme loadings of up to 90mg enzyme g-1 support were obtained and the immobilized SPase was about half as effective as the enzyme in solution. The high regio- and chemo-selectivity of soluble SPase in αGG synthesis was retained in the immobilized enzyme and product yields of >85% were obtained at titers of ∼800mM. The Zbasic2-SPase immobilizates were fully recyclable: besides reuse of the enzyme activity, easy recovery of the solid support for fresh immobilizations was facilitated by the reversible nature of the enzyme attachment. Application of immobilized Zbasic2-SPase for continuous production of αGG in a microstructured flow reactor was demonstrated. Space-time yields of 500mmol αGG L-1h-1 were obtained at product titers of ∼200mM. The continuous microreactor was operated for 16days and an operational half-life of about 10days was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ernestine Leitner
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thornthan Sawangwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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17
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18
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Valikhani D, Bolivar JM, Pfeiffer M, Nidetzky B. Multivalency Effects on the Immobilization of Sucrose Phosphorylase in Flow Microchannels and Their Use in the Development of a High-Performance Biocatalytic Microreactor. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Valikhani
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 A-8010 Graz Austria
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19
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Du LH, Cheng BZ, Yang WJ, Xu LL, Luo XP. Markovnikov addition of imidazole derivatives with vinyl esters catalyzed by lipase TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus/K2CO3 in a continuous-flow microreactor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05983j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a simple and efficient method for Markovnikov addition of imidazole derivatives to vinyl esters catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM/K2CO3 in a continuous-flow microreactor was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhe Jiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Bing-Zhuo Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhe Jiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Wen-Jun Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhe Jiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Liang-Liang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhe Jiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xi-Ping Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhe Jiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology
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20
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21
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Tomaszewski B, Schmid A, Buehler K. Biocatalytic Production of Catechols Using a High Pressure Tube-in-Tube Segmented Flow Microreactor. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5002116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Tomaszewski
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology,
Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology,
Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katja Buehler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology,
Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Policarpo RL, Kang H, Liao X, Rabideau AE, Simon MD, Pentelute BL. Flow-based enzymatic ligation by sortase A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9203-8. [PMID: 24989829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sortase-mediated ligation (sortagging) is a versatile, powerful strategy for protein modification. Because the sortase reaction reaches equilibrium, a large excess of polyglycine nucleophile is often employed to drive the reaction forward and suppress sortase-mediated side reactions. A flow-based sortagging platform employing immobilized sortase A within a microreactor was developed that permits efficient sortagging at low nucleophile concentrations. The platform was tested with several reaction partners and used to generate a protein bioconjugate inaccessible by solution-phase batch sortagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco L Policarpo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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23
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Policarpo RL, Kang H, Liao X, Rabideau AE, Simon MD, Pentelute BL. Flow-Based Enzymatic Ligation by Sortase A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Lawrence J, O'Sullivan B, Lye GJ, Wohlgemuth R, Szita N. Microfluidic multi-input reactor for biocatalytic synthesis using transketolase. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS. B, ENZYMATIC 2013; 95:111-117. [PMID: 24187515 PMCID: PMC3724052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic synthesis in continuous-flow microreactors is of increasing interest for the production of specialty chemicals. However, the yield of production achievable in these reactors can be limited by the adverse effects of high substrate concentration on the biocatalyst, including inhibition and denaturation. Fed-batch reactors have been developed in order to overcome this problem, but no continuous-flow solution exists. We present the design of a novel multi-input microfluidic reactor, capable of substrate feeding at multiple points, as a first step towards overcoming these problems in a continuous-flow setting. Using the transketolase-(TK) catalysed reaction of lithium hydroxypyruvate (HPA) and glycolaldehyde (GA) to l-erythrulose (ERY), we demonstrate the transposition of a fed-batch substrate feeding strategy to our microfluidic reactor. We obtained a 4.5-fold increase in output concentration and a 5-fold increase in throughput compared with a single input reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Gary J. Lye
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | | | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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25
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Denčić I, de Vaan S, Noël T, Meuldijk J, de Croon M, Hessel V. Lipase-Based Biocatalytic Flow Process in a Packed-Bed Microreactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie400348f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Denčić
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro
Flow
Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Simone de Vaan
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro
Flow
Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro
Flow
Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Jan Meuldijk
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro
Flow
Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Mart de Croon
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro
Flow
Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro
Flow
Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
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26
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Denčić I, Noël T, Meuldijk J, de Croon M, Hessel V. Micro reaction technology for valorization of biomolecules using enzymes and metal catalysts. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Denčić
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Jan Meuldijk
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Mart de Croon
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering/Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
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27
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Effectiveness factor for thin catalytic coatings: Improved analytical approximation using perturbation techniques. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Dencic I, Meuldijk J, de Croon M, Hessel V. From a Review of Noble Metal versus Enzyme Catalysts for Glucose Oxidation Under Conventional Conditions Towards a Process Design Analysis for Continuous-flow Operation. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2011.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Sefidbakht Y, Nazari K, Farivar F, Moosavi-Movahedi Z, Sheibani N, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Microperoxidase-11/NH2-FSM16 as a H2O2-resistant heterogeneous nanobiocatalyst: a suicide-inactivation study. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-011-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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30
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Marques MP, Fernandes P. Microfluidic devices: useful tools for bioprocess intensification. Molecules 2011; 16:8368-401. [PMID: 21963626 PMCID: PMC6264232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dawn of the new millennium saw a trend towards the dedicated use of microfluidic devices for process intensification in biotechnology. As the last decade went by, it became evident that this pattern was not a short-lived fad, since the deliverables related to this field of research have been consistently piling-up. The application of process intensification in biotechnology is therefore seemingly catching up with the trend already observed in the chemical engineering area, where the use of microfluidic devices has already been upgraded to production scale. The goal of the present work is therefore to provide an updated overview of the developments centered on the use of microfluidic devices for process intensification in biotechnology. Within such scope, particular focus will be given to different designs, configurations and modes of operation of microreactors, but reference to similar features regarding microfluidic devices in downstream processing will not be overlooked. Engineering considerations and fluid dynamics issues, namely related to the characterization of flow in microchannels, promotion of micromixing and predictive tools, will also be addressed, as well as reflection on the analytics required to take full advantage of the possibilities provided by microfluidic devices in process intensification. Strategies developed to ease the implementation of experimental set-ups anchored in the use of microfluidic devices will be briefly tackled. Finally, realistic considerations on the current advantages and limitation on the use of microfluidic devices for process intensification, as well as prospective near future developments in the field, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P.C. Marques
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, IST, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, IST, Lisboa, Portugal
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31
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Enhancing the functional properties of thermophilic enzymes by chemical modification and immobilization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:326-46. [PMID: 22112558 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of proteins (mostly typically enzymes) onto solid supports is mature technology and has been used successfully to enhance biocatalytic processes in a wide range of industrial applications. However, continued developments in immobilization technology have led to more sophisticated and specialized applications of the process. A combination of targeted chemistries, for both the support and the protein, sometimes in combination with additional chemical and/or genetic engineering, has led to the development of methods for the modification of protein functional properties, for enhancing protein stability and for the recovery of specific proteins from complex mixtures. In particular, the development of effective methods for immobilizing large multi-subunit proteins with multiple covalent linkages (multi-point immobilization) has been effective in stabilizing proteins where subunit dissociation is the initial step in enzyme inactivation. In some instances, multiple benefits are achievable in a single process. Here we comprehensively review the literature pertaining to immobilization and chemical modification of different enzyme classes from thermophiles, with emphasis on the chemistries involved and their implications for modification of the enzyme functional properties. We also highlight the potential for synergies in the combined use of immobilization and other chemical modifications.
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32
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Bolivar JM, Wiesbauer J, Nidetzky B. Biotransformations in microstructured reactors: more than flowing with the stream? Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:333-42. [PMID: 21546108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Costantini F, Benetti EM, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J, Vancso GJ, Verboom W. Enzyme-functionalized polymer brush films on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors with tunable biocatalytic activity. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3407-3412. [PMID: 20941436 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00187b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The lipase from Candida Rugosa was immobilized to a poly(methacrylic acid) polymer brush layer, grown on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors. The hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate was used as a model reaction to study the activity of this biocatalytic system. The amount of bound lipase could be tuned by changing the polymerization time of the brush formation. The Michaelis-Menten constants and V(max) values, determined for immobilized and free lipase, are similar, demonstrating that the lipase's substrate affinity and its activity remain unchanged upon immobilization to the microchannel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Costantini
- Molecular Nanofabrication (MnF), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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34
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Lipase immobilized microstructured fiber based flow-through microreactor for facile lipid transformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Miniaturization in biocatalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:858-79. [PMID: 20479988 PMCID: PMC2869239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11030858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biocatalysts for the production of both consumer goods and building blocks for chemical synthesis is consistently gaining relevance. A significant contribution for recent advances towards further implementation of enzymes and whole cells is related to the developments in miniature reactor technology and insights into flow behavior. Due to the high level of parallelization and reduced requirements of chemicals, intensive screening of biocatalysts and process variables has become more feasible and reproducibility of the bioconversion processes has been substantially improved. The present work aims to provide an overview of the applications of miniaturized reactors in bioconversion processes, considering multi-well plates and microfluidic devices, update information on the engineering characterization of the hardware used, and present perspective developments in this area of research.
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36
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Bertau M, Fröhlich P. Reaktionstechnische Aspekte der biokatalytischen Herstellung funktionalisierter Organosiloxane. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Carrier-free immobilized enzymes for biocatalysis. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 32:341-50. [PMID: 19943180 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the preparation of carrier-free insoluble enzymes are reviewed. The technology of cross-linked enzyme aggregates has now been applied to a range of synthetically useful activities. Fusion proteins are also gaining momentum because they allow a relatively selective aggregation or even a specific self-assembly of the desired enzyme activity into insoluble particles in the absence of potentially denaturing chemicals required for precipitation and cross-linking. Recycling of insoluble protein particles for multiple rounds of batchwise reaction has been demonstrated in selected biotransformations. However, for application in a fully continuous biocatalytic process, low resistance to mechanical stress and high compressibility are issues for consideration on carrier-free enzyme particles.
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38
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Schwarz A, Thomsen MS, Nidetzky B. Enzymatic synthesis of beta-glucosylglycerol using a continuous-flow microreactor containing thermostable beta-glycoside hydrolase CelB immobilized on coated microchannel walls. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:865-72. [PMID: 19350624 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
beta-Glucosylglycerol (betaGG) has potential applications as a moisturizing agent in cosmetic products. A stereochemically selective method of its synthesis is kinetically controlled enzymatic transglucosylation from a suitable donor substrate to glycerol as acceptor. Here, the thermostable beta-glycosidase CelB from Pyrococcus furiosus was used to develop a microstructured immobilized enzyme reactor for production of betaGG under conditions of continuous flow at 70 degrees C. Using CelB covalently attached onto coated microchannel walls to give an effective enzyme activity of 30 U per total reactor working volume of 25 microL, substrate conversion and formation of transglucosylation product was monitored in dependence of glucosyl donor (2-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside (oNPGlc), 3.0 or 15 mM; cellobiose, 250 mM), the concentration of glycerol (0.25-1.0 M), and the average residence time (0.2-90 s). Glycerol caused a concentration-dependent decrease in the conversion of the glucosyl donor via hydrolysis and strongly suppressed participation of the substrate in the reaction as glucosyl acceptor. The yields of betaGG were > or =80% and approximately 60% based on oNPGlc and cellobiose converted, respectively, and maintained up to near exhaustion of substrate (> or =80%), giving about 120 mM (30 g/L) of betaGG from the reaction of cellobiose and 1 M glycerol. The structure of the transglucosylation products, 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-rac-glycerol (79%) and 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (21%), was derived from NMR analysis of the product mixture of cellobiose conversion. The microstructured reactor showed conversion characteristics similar to those for a batchwise operated stirred reactor employing soluble CelB. The advantage of miniaturization to the microfluidic format lies in the fast characterization of full reaction time courses for a range of process conditions using only a minimum amount of enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schwarz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj N. Rao
- Rane Rao Reshamia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai - 400 705, India, and Institute of Biotechnology 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Rane Rao Reshamia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai - 400 705, India, and Institute of Biotechnology 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Würges
- Rane Rao Reshamia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai - 400 705, India, and Institute of Biotechnology 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Minör
- Rane Rao Reshamia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai - 400 705, India, and Institute of Biotechnology 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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