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Holstein TW. The Hydra stem cell system - Revisited. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203846. [PMID: 37121433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cnidarians are >600 million years old and are considered the sister group of Bilateria based on numerous molecular phylogenetic studies. Apart from Hydra, the genomes of all major clades of Cnidaria have been uncovered (e.g. Aurelia, Clytia, Nematostella and Acropora) and they reveal a remarkable completeness of the metazoan genomic toolbox. Of particular interest is Hydra, a model system of aging research, regenerative biology, and stem cell biology. With the knowledge gained from scRNA research, it is now possible to characterize the expression profiles of all cell types with great precision. In functional studies, our picture of the Hydra stem cell biology has changed, and we are in the process of obtaining a clear picture of the homeostasis and properties of the different stem cell populations. Even though Hydra is often compared to plant systems, the new data on germline and regeneration, but also on the dynamics and plasticity of the nervous system, show that Hydra with its simple body plan represents in a nutshell the prototype of an animal with stem cell lineages, whose properties correspond in many ways to Bilateria. This review provides an overview of the four stem cell lineages, the two epithelial lineages that constitute the ectoderm and the endoderm, as well as the multipotent somatic interstitial lineage (MPSC) and the germline stem cell lineage (GSC), also known as the interstitial cells of Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Holstein
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
The discovery of Drosophila stem cells with striking similarities to mammalian stem cells has brought new hope for stem cell research. Recent developments in Drosophila stem cell research is bringing wider opportunities for contemporary stem cell biologists. In this regard, Drosophila germ cells are becoming a popular model of stem cell research. In several cases, genes that controlled Drosophila stem cells were later discovered to have functional homologs in mammalian stem cells. Like mammals, Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs) are controlled by both intrinsic as well as external signals. Inside the Drosophila testes, germline and somatic stem cells form a cluster of cells (the hub). Hub cells depend on JAK-STAT signaling, and, in absence of this signal, they do not self-renew. In Drosophila, significant changes occur within the stem cell niche that contributes to a decline in stem cell number over time. In case of aging Drosophila, somatic niche cells show reduced DE-cadherin and unpaired (Upd) proteins. Unpaired proteins are known to directly decrease stem cell number within the niches, and, overexpression of upd within niche cells restored GSCs in older males also . Stem cells in the midgut of Drosophila are also very promising. Reduced Notch signaling was found to increase the number of midgut progenitor cells. On the other hand, activation of the Notch pathway decreased proliferation of these cells. Further research in this area should lead to the discovery of additional factors that regulate stem and progenitor cells in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Singh
- School of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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3
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Abstract
The discovery of
Drosophila stem cells with striking similarities to mammalian stem cells has brought new hope for stem cell research. Recent developments in
Drosophila stem cell research is bringing wider opportunities for contemporary stem cell biologists. In this regard,
Drosophila germ cells are becoming a popular model of stem cell research. In several cases, genes that controlled
Drosophila stem cells were later discovered to have functional homologs in mammalian stem cells. Like mammals,
Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs) are controlled by both intrinsic as well as external signals. Inside the
Drosophila testes, germline and somatic stem cells form a cluster of cells (the hub). Hub cells depend on JAK-STAT signaling, and, in absence of this signal, they do not self-renew. In
Drosophila, significant changes occur within the stem cell niche that contributes to a decline in stem cell number over time. In case of aging
Drosophila, somatic niche cells show reduced DE-cadherin and unpaired (Upd) proteins. Unpaired proteins are known to directly decrease stem cell number within the niches, and, overexpression of
upd within niche cells restored GSCs in older males also . Stem cells in the midgut of
Drosophila are also very promising. Reduced Notch signaling was found to increase the number of midgut progenitor cells. On the other hand, activation of the Notch pathway decreased proliferation of these cells. Further research in this area should lead to the discovery of additional factors that regulate stem and progenitor cells in
Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Singh
- School of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Chong LP, Wang Y, Gad N, Anderson N, Shah B, Zhao R. A highly charged region in the middle domain of plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized heat-shock protein 90 is required for resistance to tunicamycin or high calcium-induced ER stresses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:113-24. [PMID: 25297550 PMCID: PMC4265155 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that is involved in modulating a multitude of cellular processes under both physiological and stress conditions. In Arabidopsis, there are seven HSP90 isoforms (HSP90.1-HSP90.7) that are localized in the cytoplasm/nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where protein folding actively takes place. In this study, we analysed the sequence of ER-localized Arabidopsis HSP90.7 and the other ER GRP94 proteins from plants and animals, and identified a short, charged region that is specifically present in the middle domain of plant-derived GRP94 proteins. To understand the role of this charged region, we analysed transgenic plants that expressed a mutant protein, HSP90.7(Δ22), which had this charged region deleted. We showed that seedlings expressing HSP90.7(Δ22) had significantly enhanced sensitivity to ER stress induced by tunicamycin or a high concentration of calcium, although its general chaperone activity in preventing the model protein from heat-induced aggregation was not significantly affected. We also analysed the ATP-binding and hydrolysis activity of both wild-type and mutant HSP90.7 proteins, and found that they had slightly different ATP-binding affinities. Finally, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a small set of HSP90.7 interactors and showed that the charged region is not required for the candidate client interaction, although it may affect their binding affinity, thus providing potential targets for further investigation of HSP90.7 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Nanette Gad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Nathaniel Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Bhavank Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Rongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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Diecke S, Jung SM, Lee J, Ju JH. Recent technological updates and clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:547-57. [PMID: 25228828 PMCID: PMC4164716 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first described in 2006 and have since emerged as a promising cell source for clinical applications. The rapid progression in iPSC technology is still ongoing and directed toward increasing the efficacy of iPSC production and reducing the immunogenic and tumorigenic potential of these cells. Enormous efforts have been made to apply iPSC-based technology in the clinic, for drug screening approaches and cell replacement therapy. Moreover, disease modeling using patient-specific iPSCs continues to expand our knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and prospective treatment of rare disorders. Furthermore, autologous stem cell therapy with patient-specific iPSCs shows great propensity for the minimization of immune reactions and the provision of a limitless supply of cells for transplantation. In this review, we discuss the recent updates in iPSC technology and the use of iPSCs in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Diecke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are characterized by indeterminate post-embryonic development that is evident, for example, in the continuous branching of shoots and roots. High competence to regenerate tissues is another consequence of such intrinsic developmental plasticity in plants. It has been suggested that specialized groups of cells within plant meristems should be compared to stem cells in animals, but the utility of this label in the context of post-embryonic plant development and regeneration is often debated. SUMMARY This paper is organized into 3 short sections, where (a) key observations and experimental results on tissue regeneration in plants - mainly in the model system Arabidopsis thaliana, (b) stem cell activity and (c) their role in regeneration are described. The main focus is maintained on the critical aspects of defining stem cell-ness in plants, particularly in the context of tissue regeneration. A number of recent excellent reviews are cited throughout the text to give the reader the appropriate tools to dig deeper into the various stimulating topics introduced here. KEY MESSAGES Despite the remarkable somatic developmental plasticity characterizing post-embryonic development in plants, use of the classic concept of stem cells has been imported from the animal literature with the goal of facilitating our understanding and description of plant developmental processes. It is not clear if this is the case, especially in light of the recent experimental results on root regeneration in Arabidopsis mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sena
- Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Sverdlov ED, Mineev K. Mutation rate in stem cells: an underestimated barrier on the way to therapy. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:273-80. [PMID: 23481596 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are thought to have great therapeutic potential, but due to continuously and stochastically arising new mutations that unpredictably change the composition of a cell population, the large-scale manufacturing of SCs with uniform properties and predictable behavior is a challenge. Quantitative evaluation of the characteristic mutation rate of a given stem cell line could be an important criterion in making the decision to use the line in medical practice. Such an evaluation could provide a new quality standard for newly derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines prior to depositing them in stem cell banks. Here, we substantiate this view with simple calculations showing the effect of the mutation rate on changes in the cell population composition due to amplification. Selection of SCs with low mutation rate could reduce the risk of negative side effects during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Sverdlov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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Mooney BM, Raof NA, Li Y, Xie Y. Convergent mechanisms in pluripotent stem cells and cancer: Implications for stem cell engineering. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:408-19. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jung SM, Ju JH. Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Rheumatology. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2013.20.5.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Ho A, Nakatsuji N. Editorial: "crossing boundaries: stem cells, materials, and mesoscopic sciences". Biotechnol J 2012; 7:694-5. [PMID: 22653821 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Crossing Boundaries: Stem Cells, Materials, and Mesoscopic Sciences". This Special Issue, edited by Prof. Anthony Ho and Prof. Norio Nakatsuji, comprises review articles on the interdisciplinary study of stem cells and material science and is a celebration of the friendship and collaboration between Heidelberg University and Kyoto University in Germany and Japan, respectively.
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