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Endocytosis at the Crossroad of Polarity and Signaling Regulation: Learning from Drosophila melanogaster and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094684. [PMID: 35563080 PMCID: PMC9101507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular trafficking through the endosomal–lysosomal system is essential for the transport of cargo proteins, receptors and lipids from the plasma membrane inside the cells and across membranous organelles. By acting as sorting stations, vesicle compartments direct the fate of their content for degradation, recycling to the membrane or transport to the trans-Golgi network. To effectively communicate with their neighbors, cells need to regulate their compartmentation and guide their signaling machineries to cortical membranes underlying these contact sites. Endosomal trafficking is indispensable for the polarized distribution of fate determinants, adaptors and junctional proteins. Conversely, endocytic machineries cooperate with polarity and scaffolding components to internalize receptors and target them to discrete membrane domains. Depending on the cell and tissue context, receptor endocytosis can terminate signaling responses but can also activate them within endosomes that act as signaling platforms. Therefore, cell homeostasis and responses to environmental cues rely on the dynamic cooperation of endosomal–lysosomal machineries with polarity and signaling cues. This review aims to address advances and emerging concepts on the cooperative regulation of endocytosis, polarity and signaling, primarily in Drosophila melanogaster and discuss some of the open questions across the different cell and tissue types that have not yet been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena E. Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St Andrew's place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St Andrew's place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, 1-100 Grattan street, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, 1-100 Grattan street, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Sreejith P, Jang W, To V, Hun Jo Y, Biteau B, Kim C. Lin28 is a critical factor in the function and aging of Drosophila testis stem cell niche. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:855-873. [PMID: 30713156 PMCID: PMC6382437 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related decline in stem cell function is observed in many tissues from invertebrates to humans. While cell intrinsic alterations impair stem cells, aging of the stem cell niche also significantly contributes to the loss of tissue homeostasis associated with reduced regenerative capacity. Hub cells, which constitute the stem cell niche in the Drosophila testis, exhibit age-associated decline in number and activities, yet underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we show that Lin28, a highly conserved RNA binding protein, is expressed in hub cells and its expression dramatically declines in old testis. lin28 mutant testes exhibit hub cell loss and defective hub architecture, recapitulating the normal aging process. Importantly, maintained expression of Lin28 prolongs hub integrity and function in aged testes, suggesting that Lin28 decline is a driver of hub cell aging. Mechanistically, the level of unpaired (upd), a stem cell self-renewal factor, is reduced in lin28 mutant testis and Lin28 protein directly binds and stabilizes upd transcripts, in a let-7 independent manner. Altogether, our results suggest that Lin28 acts to protect upd transcripts in hub cells, and reduction of Lin28 in old testis leads to decreased upd levels, hub cell aging and loss of the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perinthottathil Sreejith
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wijeong Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Van To
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Benoit Biteau
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Changsoo Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Papagiannouli F, Berry CW, Fuller MT. The Dlg Module and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Regulate EGFR Signaling and Cyst Cell-Germline Coordination in the Drosophila Testis. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1024-1040. [PMID: 31006632 PMCID: PMC6523063 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis and repair relies on proper communication of stem cells and their differentiating daughters with the local tissue microenvironment. In the Drosophila male germline adult stem cell lineage, germ cells proliferate and progressively differentiate enclosed in supportive somatic cyst cells, forming a small organoid, the functional unit of differentiation. Here we show that cell polarity and vesicle trafficking influence signal transduction in cyst cells, with profound effects on the germ cells they enclose. Our data suggest that the cortical components Dlg, Scrib, Lgl and the clathrin-mediated endocytic (CME) machinery downregulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Knockdown of dlg, scrib, lgl, or CME components in cyst cells resulted in germ cell death, similar to increased signal transduction via the EGFR, while lowering EGFR or downstream signaling components rescued the defects. This work provides insights into how cell polarity and endocytosis cooperate to regulate signal transduction and sculpt developing tissues. Dlg, Scrib, Lgl, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) attenuate EGFR signaling Knockdown of Dlg module or CME results in cell non-autonomous germ cell death Dlg module and CME control MAPK activation and the levels of the PIP2 phospholipid PIP2 and its synthesizing kinase Sktl/dPIP5K mediate MAPK activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Papagiannouli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA; Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Cameron Wynn Berry
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
| | - Margaret T Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5329, USA
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Barton LJ, Lovander KE, Pinto BS, Geyer PK. Drosophila male and female germline stem cell niches require the nuclear lamina protein Otefin. Dev Biol 2016; 415:75-86. [PMID: 27174470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is an extensive protein network that underlies the inner nuclear envelope. This network includes the LAP2-emerin-MAN1-domain (LEM-D) protein family, proteins that share an association with the chromatin binding protein Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF). Loss of individual LEM-D proteins causes progressive, tissue-restricted diseases, known as laminopathies. Mechanisms associated with laminopathies are not yet understood. Here we present our studies of one of the Drosophila nuclear lamina LEM-D proteins, Otefin (Ote), a homologue of emerin. Previous studies have shown that Ote is autonomously required for the survival of female germline stem cells (GSCs). We demonstrate that Ote is also required for survival of somatic cells in the ovarian niche, with loss of Ote causing a decrease in cap cell number and altered signal transduction. We show germ cell-restricted expression of Ote rescues these defects, revealing a non-autonomous function for Ote in niche maintenance and emphasizing that GSCs contribute to the maintenance of their own niches. Further, we investigate the requirement of Ote in the male fertility. We show that ote mutant males become prematurely sterile as they age. Parallel to observations in females, this sterility is associated with GSC loss and changes in somatic cells of the niche, phenotypes that are largely rescued by germ cell-restricted Ote expression. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that Ote is required autonomously for survival of two stem cell populations, as well as non-autonomously for maintenance of two somatic niches. Finally, our data add to growing evidence that LEM-D proteins have critical roles in stem cell survival and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kaylee E Lovander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Belinda S Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Pamela K Geyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Schardt L, Ander JJ, Lohmann I, Papagiannouli F. Stage-specific control of niche positioning and integrity in the Drosophila testis. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:336-48. [PMID: 26226434 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question is how complex structures are maintained after their initial specification. Stem cells reside in a specialized microenvironment, called niche, which provides essential signals controlling stem cell behavior. We addressed this question by studying the Drosophila male stem cell niche, called the hub. Once specified, the hub cells need to maintain their position and architectural integrity through embryonic, larval and pupal stages of testis organogenesis and during adult life. The Hox gene Abd-B, in addition to its described role in male embryonic gonads, maintains the architecture and positioning of the larval hub from the germline by affecting integrin localization in the neighboring somatic cyst cells. We find that the AbdB-Boss/Sev cascade affects integrin independent of Talin, while genetic interactions depict integrin as the central downstream player in this system. Focal adhesion and integrin-adaptor proteins within the somatic stem cells and cyst cells, such as Paxillin, Pinch and Vav, also contribute to proper hub integrity and positioning. During adult stages, hub positioning is controlled by Abd-B activity in the outer acto-myosin sheath, while Abd-B expression in adult spermatocytes exerts no effect on hub positioning and integrin localization. Our data point at a cell- and stage-specific function of Abd-B and suggest that the occurrence of new cell types and cell interactions in the course of testis organogenesis made it necessary to adapt the whole system by reusing the same players for male stem cell niche positioning and integrity in an alternative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Cell Networks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120, Germany
| | - Janina-Jacqueline Ander
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Cell Networks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Ingrid Lohmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Cell Networks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
| | - Fani Papagiannouli
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Cell Networks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
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Abstract
The discovery of Drosophila stem cells with striking similarities to mammalian stem cells has brought new hope for stem cell research. Recent developments in Drosophila stem cell research is bringing wider opportunities for contemporary stem cell biologists. In this regard, Drosophila germ cells are becoming a popular model of stem cell research. In several cases, genes that controlled Drosophila stem cells were later discovered to have functional homologs in mammalian stem cells. Like mammals, Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs) are controlled by both intrinsic as well as external signals. Inside the Drosophila testes, germline and somatic stem cells form a cluster of cells (the hub). Hub cells depend on JAK-STAT signaling, and, in absence of this signal, they do not self-renew. In Drosophila, significant changes occur within the stem cell niche that contributes to a decline in stem cell number over time. In case of aging Drosophila, somatic niche cells show reduced DE-cadherin and unpaired (Upd) proteins. Unpaired proteins are known to directly decrease stem cell number within the niches, and, overexpression of upd within niche cells restored GSCs in older males also . Stem cells in the midgut of Drosophila are also very promising. Reduced Notch signaling was found to increase the number of midgut progenitor cells. On the other hand, activation of the Notch pathway decreased proliferation of these cells. Further research in this area should lead to the discovery of additional factors that regulate stem and progenitor cells in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Singh
- School of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Abstract
The discovery of
Drosophila stem cells with striking similarities to mammalian stem cells has brought new hope for stem cell research. Recent developments in
Drosophila stem cell research is bringing wider opportunities for contemporary stem cell biologists. In this regard,
Drosophila germ cells are becoming a popular model of stem cell research. In several cases, genes that controlled
Drosophila stem cells were later discovered to have functional homologs in mammalian stem cells. Like mammals,
Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs) are controlled by both intrinsic as well as external signals. Inside the
Drosophila testes, germline and somatic stem cells form a cluster of cells (the hub). Hub cells depend on JAK-STAT signaling, and, in absence of this signal, they do not self-renew. In
Drosophila, significant changes occur within the stem cell niche that contributes to a decline in stem cell number over time. In case of aging
Drosophila, somatic niche cells show reduced DE-cadherin and unpaired (Upd) proteins. Unpaired proteins are known to directly decrease stem cell number within the niches, and, overexpression of
upd within niche cells restored GSCs in older males also . Stem cells in the midgut of
Drosophila are also very promising. Reduced Notch signaling was found to increase the number of midgut progenitor cells. On the other hand, activation of the Notch pathway decreased proliferation of these cells. Further research in this area should lead to the discovery of additional factors that regulate stem and progenitor cells in
Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Singh
- School of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Abstract
The astonishingly long lives of plants and their regeneration capacity depend on the activity of plant stem cells. As in animals, stem cells reside in stem cell niches, which produce signals that regulate the balance between self-renewal and the generation of daughter cells that differentiate into new tissues. Plant stem cell niches are located within the meristems, which are organized structures that are responsible for most post-embryonic development. The continuous organ production that is characteristic of plant growth requires a robust regulatory network to keep the balance between pluripotent stem cells and differentiating progeny. Components of this network have now been elucidated and provide a unique opportunity for comparing strategies that were developed in the animal and plant kingdoms, which underlie the logic of stem cell behaviour.
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Lü MH, Hu CJ, Chen L, Peng X, Chen J, Hu JY, Teng M, Liang GP. miR-27b represses migration of mouse MSCs to burned margins and prolongs wound repair through silencing SDF-1a. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68972. [PMID: 23894385 PMCID: PMC3718818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and its cognate receptor CXCR4 are crucial for the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow (BM) reservoirs to damaged tissues for repair during alarm situations. MicroRNAs are differentially expressed in stem cell niches, suggesting a specialized role in stem cell regulation. Here, we gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating SDF-1α. Methods MSCs from green fluorescent protein transgenic male mice were transfused to irradiated recipient female C57BL/6 mice, and skin burn model of bone marrow-chimeric mice were constructed. Six miRNAs with differential expression in burned murine skin tissue compared to normal skin tissue were identified using microarrays and bioinformatics. The expression of miR-27b and SDF-1α was examined in burned murine skin tissue using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Correlation of miR-27b and SDF-1α expression was analyzed by Pearson analysis Correlation. miRNAs suppressed SDF-1α protein expression by binding directly to its 3′UTR using western blot and luciferase reporter assay. The importance of miRNAs in MSCs chemotaxis was further estimated by decreasing SDF-1α in vivo and in vitro. Results miR-23a, miR-27a and miR-27b expression was significantly lower in the burned skin than in the normal skin (p<0.05). We also found that several miRNAs suppressed SDF-1α protein expression, while just miR-27a and miR-27b directly bound to the SDF-1α 3′UTR. Moreover, the forced over-expression of miR-27a and miR-27b significantly reduced the directional migration of mMSCs in vitro. However, only miR-27b in burn wound margins significantly inhibited the mobilization of MSCs to the epidermis. Conclusion miR-27b may be a unique signature of the stem cell niche in burned mouse skin and can suppress the directional migration of mMSCs by targeting SDF-1α by binding directly to its 3′UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Han Lü
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Jiang Hu
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Peng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JC); (G-PL)
| | - Jiong-Yu Hu
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Miao Teng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Ping Liang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JC); (G-PL)
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Van Etten RA. New insights into the normal and leukemic stem cell niche: a timely review. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 84:5-6. [PMID: 23296593 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Stem cells in the context of evolution and development. Dev Genes Evol 2012; 223:1-3. [PMID: 23223955 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ho A, Nakatsuji N. Editorial: "crossing boundaries: stem cells, materials, and mesoscopic sciences". Biotechnol J 2012; 7:694-5. [PMID: 22653821 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Crossing Boundaries: Stem Cells, Materials, and Mesoscopic Sciences". This Special Issue, edited by Prof. Anthony Ho and Prof. Norio Nakatsuji, comprises review articles on the interdisciplinary study of stem cells and material science and is a celebration of the friendship and collaboration between Heidelberg University and Kyoto University in Germany and Japan, respectively.
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