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Stutz H. Advances and applications of electromigration methods in the analysis of therapeutic and diagnostic recombinant proteins – A Review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 222:115089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Kraml J, Georges G, Liedl KR. CDR-H3 loop ensemble in solution - conformational selection upon antibody binding. MAbs 2019; 11:1077-1088. [PMID: 31148507 PMCID: PMC6748594 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1618676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed pairs of protein-binding, peptide-binding and hapten-binding antibodies crystallized as complex and in the absence of the antigen with and without conformational differences upon binding in the complementarity-determining region (CDR)-H3 loop. Here, we introduce a molecular dynamics-based approach to capture a diverse conformational ensemble of the CDR-H3 loop in solution. The results clearly indicate that the inherently flexible CDR-H3 loop indeed needs to be characterized as a conformational ensemble. The conformational changes of the CDR-H3 loop in all antibodies investigated follow the paradigm of conformation selection, because we observe the experimentally determined binding competent conformation without the presence of the antigen within the ensemble of pre-existing conformational states in solution before binding. We also demonstrate for several examples that the conformation observed in the antibody crystal structure without antigen present is actually selected to bind the carboxyterminal tail region of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab). Thus, special care must be taken when characterizing antibody CDR-H3 loops by Fab X-ray structures, and the possibility that pre-existing conformations are present should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- a Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Johannes Kraml
- a Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Guy Georges
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- a Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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Hutchings CJ, Colussi P, Clark TG. Ion channels as therapeutic antibody targets. MAbs 2018; 11:265-296. [PMID: 30526315 PMCID: PMC6380435 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1548232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that antibodies have numerous potential benefits when developed as therapeutics. Here, we evaluate the technical challenges of raising antibodies to membrane-spanning proteins together with enabling technologies that may facilitate the discovery of antibody therapeutics to ion channels. Additionally, we discuss the potential targeting opportunities in the anti-ion channel antibody landscape, along with a number of case studies where functional antibodies that target ion channels have been reported. Antibodies currently in development and progressing towards the clinic are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodore G. Clark
- TetraGenetics Inc, Arlington Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
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Morgenstern J, Gil Alvaradejo G, Bluthardt N, Beloqui A, Delaittre G, Hubbuch J. Impact of Polymer Bioconjugation on Protein Stability and Activity Investigated with Discrete Conjugates: Alternatives to PEGylation. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4250-4262. [PMID: 30222929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of synthetic polymers to proteins, known as protein-polymer conjugation, is currently one of the main approaches for improving the physicochemical properties of these biomolecules. The most commonly employed polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), as evidenced by extensive research and clinical track records for its use in biopharmaceuticals. However, the occurrence of allergic reactions or hypersensitivity and the discovery of PEG antibodies, on the one hand, and the rise of controlled polymerization techniques and novel monomers, on the other hand, have been driving the search for alternative polymers for bioconjugation. The present study describes the synthesis, purification, and properties of conjugates of lysozyme with poly( N-acryloylmorpholine) (PNAM) and poly(oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA). Particularly, conjugate species with distinct conjugation degrees are investigated for their residual activity, aggregation behavior, and solubility, by using a high-throughput screening approach. Our study showcases the importance of evaluating conjugates obtained by nonsite-specific modification through isolated species with discrete degrees of conjugation rather than on the batch level. Monovalent conjugates with relatively low molar mass polymers displayed equal or even higher activity than the native protein, while all conjugates showed an improved protein solubility. To achieve a comparable effect on solubility as with PEG, PNAM and POEGMA of higher molar masses were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Morgenstern
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Gabriela Gil Alvaradejo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Nicolai Bluthardt
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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Quantification of PEGylated proteases with varying degree of conjugation in mixtures: An analytical protocol combining protein precipitation and capillary gel electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Isakari Y, Podgornik A, Yoshimoto N, Yamamoto S. Monolith disk chromatography separates PEGylated protein positional isoforms within minutes at low pressure. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:100-6. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Isakari
- Bio-Process Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering and Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Ales Podgornik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Center of Excellence COBIK; Ajdovščina Slovenia
| | - Noriko Yoshimoto
- Bio-Process Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering and Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Shuichi Yamamoto
- Bio-Process Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering and Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
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Tamizi E, Jouyban A. The potential of the capillary electrophoresis techniques for quality control of biopharmaceuticals-A review. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:831-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Biotechnology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmacy Faculty and Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Yoshimoto N, Isakari Y, Itoh D, Yamamoto S. PEG chain length impacts yield of solid-phase protein PEGylation and efficiency of PEGylated protein separation by ion-exchange chromatography: Insights of mechanistic models. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:801-10. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
PEGylation, the covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to protein, isa promising method for making an efficient protein drug. Several PEGylated protein drugs, such as PEGylated interferons, are already on the market and others are presently in their clinical trials. However, the PEGylation reaction is very product specific so that generalized or platform processes for both reaction and purification have not yet been established. In the current issue of Biotechnology Journal, Günter Allmaier and colleagues report a modified microchip capillary gel electrophoresis (MCGE), which allows for a rapid separation (one minute) of PEGylated proteins of different degrees of PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yoshimoto
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering and Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
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