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Yang F, Yan S, Zhu L, Wang FX, Liu F, Cheng L, Yao H, Wu N, Lu R, Wu H. Evaluation of panel of neutralising murine monoclonal antibodies and a humanised bispecific antibody against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in a mouse model. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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Clavero-Álvarez A, Di Mambro T, Perez-Gaviro S, Magnani M, Bruscolini P. Humanization of Antibodies using a Statistical Inference Approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14820. [PMID: 30287940 PMCID: PMC6172228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody humanization is a key step in the preclinical phase of the development of therapeutic antibodies, originally developed and tested in non-human models (most typically, in mouse). The standard technique of Complementarity-Determining Regions (CDR) grafting into human Framework Regions of germline sequences has some important drawbacks, in that the resulting sequences often need further back-mutations to ensure functionality and/or stability. Here we propose a new method to characterize the statistical distribution of the sequences of the variable regions of human antibodies, that takes into account phenotypical correlations between pairs of residues, both within and between chains. We define a "humanness score" of a sequence, comparing its performance in distinguishing human from murine sequences, with that of some alternative scores in the literature. We also compare the score with the experimental immunogenicity of clinically used antibodies. Finally, we use the humanness score as an optimization function and perform a search in the sequence space, starting from different murine sequences and keeping the CDR regions unchanged. Our results show that our humanness score outperforms other methods in sequence classification, and the optimization protocol is able to generate humanized sequences that are recognized as human by standard homology modelling tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Di Mambro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Sergio Perez-Gaviro
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, 50090, Spain.,Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Bruscolini
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain. .,Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
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Khantasup K, Chantima W, Sangma C, Poomputsa K, Dharakul T. Design and Generation of Humanized Single-chain Fv Derived from Mouse Hybridoma for Potential Targeting Application. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 34:404-17. [PMID: 26683180 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2015.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable antibody fragments (scFvs) are attractive candidates for targeted immunotherapy in several human diseases. In this study, a concise humanization strategy combined with an optimized production method for humanizing scFvs was successfully employed. Two antibody clones, one directed against the hemagglutinin of H5N1 influenza virus, the other against EpCAM, a cancer biomarker, were used to demonstrate the validity of the method. Heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) variable regions of immunoglobulin genes from mouse hybridoma cells were sequenced and subjected to the construction of mouse scFv 3-D structure. Based on in silico modeling, the humanized version of the scFv was designed via complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting with the retention of mouse framework region (FR) residues identified by primary sequence analysis. Root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) value between mouse and humanized scFv structures was calculated to evaluate the preservation of CDR conformation. Mouse and humanized scFv genes were then constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. Using this method, we successfully generated humanized scFvs that retained the targeting activity of their respective mouse scFv counterparts. In addition, the humanized scFvs were engineered with a C-terminal cysteine residue (hscFv-C) for site-directed conjugation for use in future targeting applications. The hscFv-C expression was extensively optimized to improve protein production yield. The protocol yielded a 20-fold increase in production of hscFv-Cs in E. coli periplasm. The strategy described in this study may be applicable in the humanization of other antibodies derived from mouse hybridoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Khantasup
- 1 Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Chantima
- 2 Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand .,4 National Nanotechnology Center , National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Chak Sangma
- 5 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Poomputsa
- 6 Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tararaj Dharakul
- 3 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand .,4 National Nanotechnology Center , National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Mallajosyula VVA, Citron M, Ferrara F, Temperton NJ, Liang X, Flynn JA, Varadarajan R. Hemagglutinin Sequence Conservation Guided Stem Immunogen Design from Influenza A H3 Subtype. Front Immunol 2015; 6:329. [PMID: 26167164 PMCID: PMC4481277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal epidemics caused by influenza A (H1 and H3 subtypes) and B viruses are a major global health threat. The traditional, trivalent influenza vaccines have limited efficacy because of rapid antigenic evolution of the circulating viruses. This antigenic variability mediates viral escape from the host immune responses, necessitating annual vaccine updates. Influenza vaccines elicit a protective antibody response, primarily targeting the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). However, the predominant humoral response is against the hypervariable head domain of HA, thereby restricting the breadth of protection. In contrast, the conserved, subdominant stem domain of HA is a potential "universal" vaccine candidate. We designed an HA stem-fragment immunogen from the 1968 pandemic H3N2 strain (A/Hong Kong/1/68) guided by a comprehensive H3 HA sequence conservation analysis. The biophysical properties of the designed immunogen were further improved by C-terminal fusion of a trimerization motif, "isoleucine-zipper", or "foldon". These immunogens elicited cross-reactive, antiviral antibodies and conferred partial protection against a lethal, homologous HK68 virus challenge in vivo. Furthermore, bacterial expression of these immunogens is economical and facilitates rapid scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Chatham, Kent , UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Chatham, Kent , UK
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Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this review is to selectively identify some representative experimental antiviral drugs which are promising in preclinical and clinical studies, but yet to be fully licensed, and discuss how they have a potential role in complementing our existing arsenal of antiviral drugs to combat pandemic influenza. This review will focus on discussing their mechanisms of actions, current state of development, safety, efficacy from preclinical and/or clinical studies. These experimental drugs can be classified into virus or host specific, depending on the individual drug's targeting action. This article will highlight novel anti-inflammatory drugs which can be used to mitigate cytokine storm caused by pandemic influenza viruses as a treatment option or strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kondo
- Dept. Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Grabherr R. The passive strategy: increasing the force in the battle against influenza. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1476-7. [PMID: 25104227 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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