1
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Yan Y, Xing T, Huang X, Peng W, Wang S, Li N. Affinity-Resolved Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Tool to Study the Attribute-and-Function Relationship in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38986034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of critical quality attributes (CQAs) is an important aspect during the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Attributes that affect either the target binding or Fc receptor engagement may have direct impacts on the drug safety and efficacy and thus are considered as CQAs. Native size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based competitive binding assay has recently been reported and demonstrated significant benefits compared to conventional approaches for CQA identification, owing to its faster turn-around and higher multiplexity. Expanding on the similar concept, we report the development of a novel affinity-resolved size exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (AR-SEC-MS) method for rapid CQA evaluation in therapeutic mAbs. This method features wide applicability, fast turn-around, high multiplexity, and easy implementation. Using the well-studied Fc gamma receptor III-A (FcγRIIIa) and Fc interaction as a model system, the effectiveness of this method in studying the attribute-and-function relationship was demonstrated. Further, two case studies were detailed to showcase the application of this method in assessing CQAs related to antibody target binding, which included unusual N-linked glycosylation in a bispecific antibody and Met oxidation in a monospecific antibody, both occurring within the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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2
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Romann P, Vuillemin T, Pavone S, Jordan M, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Bielser JM, Herwig C, Villiger TK. Maduramycin, a novel glycosylation modulator for mammalian fed-batch and steady-state perfusion processes. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:73-85. [PMID: 38340899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Controlling high-mannose (HM) content of therapeutic proteins during process intensification, reformulation for subcutaneous delivery, antibody-drug conjugate or biosimilar manufacturing represents an ongoing challenge. Even though a range of glycosylation levers to increase HM content exist, modulators specially increasing M5 glycans are still scarce. Several compounds of the polyether ionophore family were screened for their ability to selectively increase M5 glycans of mAb products and compared to the well-known α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine known to increase mainly M8-M9 glycans. Maduramycin, amongst other promising polyether ionophores, showed the desired effect on different cell lines. For fed-batch processes, a double bolus addition modulator feed strategy was developed maximizing the effect on glycosylation by minimizing impact on culture performance. Further, a continuous feeding strategy for steady-state perfusion processes was successfully developed, enabling consistent product quality at elevated HM glycan levels. With kifunensine and maduramycin showing inverse effects on the relative HM distribution, a combined usage of these modulators was further evaluated to fine-tune a desired HM glycan pattern. The discovered HM modulators expand the current HM modulating toolbox for biotherapeutics. Their application not only for fed-batch processes, but also steady-state perfusion processes, make them a universal tool with regards to fully continuous manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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3
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Choi Y, Choi Y, Hong S. Recent Technological and Intellectual Property Trends in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Research. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:221. [PMID: 38399275 PMCID: PMC10892729 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy, an advanced therapeutic technology comprising antibodies, chemical linkers, and cytotoxic payloads, addresses the limitations of traditional chemotherapy. This study explores key elements of ADC therapy, focusing on antibody development, linker design, and cytotoxic payload delivery. The global rise in cancer incidence has driven increased investment in anticancer agents, resulting in significant growth in the ADC therapy market. Over the past two decades, notable progress has been made, with approvals for 14 ADC treatments targeting various cancers by 2022. Diverse ADC therapies for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have emerged, with numerous candidates currently undergoing clinical trials. Recent years have seen a noteworthy increase in ADC therapy clinical trials, marked by the initiation of numerous new therapies in 2022. Research and development, coupled with patent applications, have intensified, notably from major companies like Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY, USA), AbbVie Pharmaceuticals Inc. (USA), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Tarrytown, NY, USA), and Seagen Inc. (Bothell, WA, USA). While ADC therapy holds great promise in anticancer treatment, challenges persist, including premature payload release and immune-related side effects. Ongoing research and innovation are crucial for advancing ADC therapy. Future developments may include novel conjugation methods, stable linker designs, efficient payload delivery technologies, and integration with nanotechnology, driving the evolution of ADC therapy in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Choi
- Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
- Department of BigData, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbeen Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea;
| | - Surin Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea;
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4
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Ewonde Ewonde R, Böttinger K, De Vos J, Lingg N, Jungbauer A, Pohl CA, Huber CG, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Selectivity and Resolving Power of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Targeting the Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Variants. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1121-1128. [PMID: 38190620 PMCID: PMC10809212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the mechanistic understanding of retention and selectivity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. It provides valuable insights into crucial method-development parameters involved in achieving chromatographic resolution for profiling molecular variants of trastuzumab. Retention characteristics have been assessed for three column chemistries, i.e., butyl, alkylamide, and long-stranded multialkylamide ligands, while distinguishing column hydrophobicity and surface area. Salt type and specifically chloride ions proved to be the key driver for improving chromatographic selectivity, and this was attributed to the spatial distribution of ions at the protein surface, which is ion-specific. The effect was notably more pronounced on the multialkylamide column, as proteins intercalated between the multiamide polymer strands, enabling steric effects. Column coupling proved to be an effective approach for maximizing resolution between molecular variants present in the trastuzumab reference sample and trastuzumab variants induced by forced oxidation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS peptide mapping experiments after fraction collection indicate that the presence of chloride in the mobile phase enables the selectivity of site-specific deamidation (N30) situated at the heavy chain. Moreover, site-specific oxidation of peptides (M255, W420, and M431) was observed for peptides situated at the Fc region close to the CH2-CH3 interface, previously reported to activate unfolding of trastuzumab, increasing the accessible surface area and hence resulting in an increase in chromatographic retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ewonde Ewonde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katharina Böttinger
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess
Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Department
of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Meudt M, Pannek M, Glogowski N, Higel F, Thanisch K, Knape MJ. CE methods for charge variant analysis of mAbs and complex format biotherapeutics. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38233206 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and complex formats, such as bispecifics, is crucial for therapeutic applications. In this study, we developed two capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based methods, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (iCIEF), for analyzing a broad spectrum of mAbs and complex mAb formats. For CZE, we introduced a new buffer system and optimized the background electrolyte (BGE) with an alternative dynamic coating agent and a superior polymeric additive. The pH of the BGE was increased, leading to enhanced resolution of high pI and complex format mAbs. In iCIEF, we identified an ampholyte combination offering a highly linear pH gradient and covering a suitable pH range. We also investigated alternatives to denaturing stabilizers and found that non-detergent sulfobetaine 195 exhibited excellent properties for iCIEF applications. These optimized methods provide a framework for the charge heterogeneity analysis of therapeutic mAbs and complex formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Meudt
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Pannek
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- Rentschler Biopharma SE, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Nina Glogowski
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Katharina Thanisch
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthias J Knape
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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6
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Chen H, Qiu D, Shi J, Wang N, Li M, Wu Y, Tian Y, Bu X, Liu Q, Jiang Y, Hamilton SE, Han P, Sun S. In-Depth Structure and Function Characterization of Heterogeneous Interchain Cysteine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:212-221. [PMID: 38230295 PMCID: PMC10789146 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), integrating high specificity of antigen-targeting antibodies and high potency of cell-killing chemical drugs, have become one of the most rapidly expanding therapeutic biologics in oncology. Although ADCs were widely studied from multiple aspects, overall structural elucidation with comprehensive understanding of variants is scarcely reported. Here, for the first time, we present a holistic and in-depth characterization of an interchain cysteine-conjugated ADC, focusing on conjugation and charge heterogeneity, and in vitro biological activities. Conjugation mapping utilized a bottom-up approach, unraveled positional isomer composition, provided insights into the conjugation process, and elucidated how conjugation affects the physicochemical and biological properties of an ADC. Charge profiling combined bottom-up and top-down approaches to interrogate the origin of charge heterogeneity, its impact on function, and best practice for characterization. Specifically, we pioneered the utilization of capillary isoelectric focusing-mass spectrometry to decode not only critical post-translational modifications but also drug load and positional isomer distribution. The study design provides general guidance for in-depth characterization of ADCs, and the analytical findings in turn benefit the discovery and development of future ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Chen
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Danye Qiu
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1150 Lanfeng Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- WuXi
Process Development Analytical Science, WuXi Biologics, 200
Meiliang Road, Binhu District, WuXi, Jiangsu 214092, China
| | - Muchen Li
- WuXi
Process Development Analytical Science, WuXi Biologics, 200
Meiliang Road, Binhu District, WuXi, Jiangsu 214092, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Biologics
Innovation & Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 227 Meisheng Road, Waigaoqiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln
Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yanrui Jiang
- Analytical
Research & Development, MSD, Industrie Nord 1, Schachen (Luzern) CH-6105, Switzerland
| | - Simon E. Hamilton
- Analytical
Research & Development, MSD, 120 Moorgate, London EC2M 6UR, U.K.
| | - Ping Han
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln
Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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7
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Arauzo-Aguilera K, Buscajoni L, Koch K, Thompson G, Robinson C, Berkemeyer M. Yields and product comparison between Escherichia coli BL21 and W3110 in industrially relevant conditions: anti-c-Met scFv as a case study. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:104. [PMID: 37208750 PMCID: PMC10197847 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the biopharmaceutical industry, Escherichia coli is one of the preferred expression hosts for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins. Although increasing the product yield is important, product quality is a major factor in this industry because greatest productivity does not always correspond with the highest quality of the produced protein. While some post-translational modifications, such as disulphide bonds, are required to achieve the biologically active conformation, others may have a negative impact on the product's activity, effectiveness, and/or safety. Therefore, they are classified as product associated impurities, and they represent a crucial quality parameter for regulatory authorities. RESULTS In this study, fermentation conditions of two widely employed industrial E. coli strains, BL21 and W3110 are compared for recombinant protein production of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) in an industrial setting. We found that the BL21 strain produces more soluble scFv than the W3110 strain, even though W3110 produces more recombinant protein in total. A quality assessment on the scFv recovered from the supernatant was then performed. Unexpectedly, even when our scFv is correctly disulphide bonded and cleaved from its signal peptide in both strains, the protein shows charge heterogeneity with up to seven distinguishable variants on cation exchange chromatography. Biophysical characterization confirmed the presence of altered conformations of the two main charged variants. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that BL21 is more productive for this specific scFv than W3110. When assessing product quality, a distinctive profile of the protein was found which was independent of the E. coli strain. This suggests that alterations are present in the recovered product although the exact nature of them could not be determined. This similarity between the two strains' generated products also serves as a sign of their interchangeability. This study encourages the development of innovative, fast, and inexpensive techniques for the detection of heterogeneity while also provoking a debate about whether intact mass spectrometry-based analysis of the protein of interest is sufficient to detect heterogeneity in a product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Buscajoni
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Koch
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gary Thompson
- Wellcome Trust Biological NMR Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Colin Robinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Matthias Berkemeyer
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
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Reinert T, Gahoual R, Mignet N, Kulus A, Allez M, Houzé P, François YN. Simultaneous quantification and structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies after administration using capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115446. [PMID: 37209497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are demonstrating major success in various therapeutic areas such as oncology and the treatment of immune disorders. Over the past two decades, novel analytical methodologies allowed to address the challenges of mAbs characterization in the context of their production. However, after administration only their quantification is performed and insights regarding their structural evolution remain limited. For instance, clinical practice has recently highlighted significant inter-patient differences in mAb clearance and unexpected clinical responses, without providing alternative interpretations. Here, we report the development of a novel analytical strategy based on capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS) for the simultaneous absolute quantification and structural characterization of infliximab (IFX) in human serum. CE-MS/MS quantification was validated over the range 0.4-25 µg·mL-1 corresponding to the IFX therapeutic window and achieved a LOQ of 0.22 µg·mL-1 (1.5 nM) while demonstrating outstanding specificity compared to the ELISA assay. CE-MS/MS allowed structural characterization and estimation of the relative abundance of the six major N-glycosylations expressed by IFX. In addition, the results allowed characterization and determination of the level of modification of post-translational modifications (PTMs) hotspots including deamidation of 4 asparagine and isomerization of 2 aspartate. Concerning N-glycosylation and PTMs, a new normalization strategy was developed to measure the variation of modification levels that occur strictly during the residence time of IFX in the patient's system, overcoming artefactual modifications induced by sample treatment and/or storage. The CE-MS/MS methodology was applied to the analysis of samples from patients with Crohn's disease. The data identified a gradual deamidation of a particular asparagine residue located in the complementary determining region that correlated with IFX residence time, while the evolution of IFX concentration showed significant variability among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Reinert
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, France; Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Kulus
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm, U1160 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, France
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9
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Kaur R, Jain R, Budholiya N, Rathore AS. Long term culturing of CHO cells: phenotypic drift and quality attributes of the expressed monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:357-370. [PMID: 36707452 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establishing cell lines with enhanced protein production requires a deep understanding of the cellular dynamics and cell line stability. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of long term culturing (LTC) on cell morphology and altered cellular functions possibly leading to phenotypic drift, impacting product yield and quality. Study highlights the orthogonal cellular and analytical assay toolbox to define cell line stability for optimal culture performance and product quality. METHODS We investigated recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) expressing CHO cells for 60 passages or 180 generations and assessed the cell growth characteristics and morphology by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Quality attributes of expressed mAb is accessed by performing charge variants, glycan, and host cell protein analysis. RESULTS We observed a 1.65-fold increase in viable cell population and 1.3-fold increase in cell specific growth rate. A 2.5-fold decrease in antibody titer and abatement of actin filament indicate cellular phenotypic drift. Mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ΨM) signified cell health and metabolic activity during LTC. Host cell protein production is reduced by 1.8-fold. Charge heterogeneity was perturbed with 12.5% and 43% reduction in abundance of acidic and basic charge variants respectively. Glycan profile indicated a decline in fucosylation with 17% increase in galactosylated species as compared with early passaged cells. CONCLUSION LTC impinges on cellular phenotype as well as the quality of the expressed antibody, suggesting a defined subculturing limit to retain stable protein expression and cell morphology to achieve consistent product quality. Study signifies the changes in cellular and metabolic markers, suggesting cellular and analytical toolbox which could play a significant role in defining cell characteristics and ensured product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Niharika Budholiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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10
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Spanov B, Olaleye O, Mesurado T, Govorukhina N, Jungbauer A, van de Merbel NC, Lingg N, Bischoff R. Pertuzumab Charge Variant Analysis and Complementarity-Determining Region Stability Assessment to Deamidation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3951-3958. [PMID: 36795375 PMCID: PMC9979147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer in combination with trastuzumab. Charge variants of trastuzumab have been extensively described in the literature; however, little is known about the charge heterogeneity of pertuzumab. Here, changes in the ion-exchange profile of pertuzumab were evaluated by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography after stressing it for up to 3 weeks at physiological and elevated pH and 37 °C. Isolated charge variants arising under stress conditions were characterized by peptide mapping. The results of peptide mapping showed that deamidation in the Fc domain and N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain are the main contributors to charge heterogeneity. The heavy chain CDR2, which is the only CDR containing asparagine residues, was quite resistant to deamidation under stress conditions according to peptide mapping results. Using surface plasmon resonance, it was shown that the affinity of pertuzumab for the HER2 target receptor does not change under stress conditions. Peptide mapping analysis of clinical samples showed an average of 2-3% deamidation in the heavy chain CDR2, 20-25% deamidation in the Fc domain, and 10-15% N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in the heavy chain. These findings suggest that in vitro stress studies are able to predict in vivo modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomés Mesurado
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Nico C. van de Merbel
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,Bioanalytical
Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department
of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,
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11
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van Schaick G, Domínguez-Vega E, Castel J, Wuhrer M, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Online Collision-Induced Unfolding of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Glyco-Variants through Direct Hyphenation of Cation Exchange Chromatography with Native Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3932-3939. [PMID: 36791123 PMCID: PMC9979139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) not only substantially increase structural heterogeneity of proteins but can also alter the conformation or even biological functions. Monitoring of these PTMs is particularly important for therapeutic products, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), since their efficacy and safety may depend on the PTM profile. Innovative analytical strategies should be developed to map these PTMs as well as explore possible induced conformational changes. Cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) coupled with native mass spectrometry has already emerged as a valuable asset for the characterization of mAb charge variants. Nevertheless, questions regarding protein conformation cannot be explored using this approach. Thus, we have combined CEX separation with collision-induced unfolding (CIU) experiments to monitor the unfolding pattern of separated mAbs and thereby pick up subtle conformational differences without impairing the CEX resolution. Using this novel strategy, only four CEX-CIU runs had to be recorded for a complete CIU fingerprint either at the intact mAb level or after enzymatic digestion at the mAb subunit level. As a proof of concept, CEX-CIU was first used for an isobaric mAb mixture to highlight the possibility to acquire individual CIU fingerprints of CEX-separated species without compromising CEX separation performances. CEX-CIU was next successfully applied to conformational characterization of mAb glyco-variants, in order to derive glycoform-specific information on the gas-phase unfolding, and CIU patterns of Fc fragments, revealing increased resistance of sialylated glycoforms against gas-phase unfolding. Altogether, we demonstrated the possibilities and benefits of combining CEX with CIU for in-depth characterization of mAb glycoforms, paving the way for linking conformational changes and resistance to gas-phase unfolding charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje van Schaick
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France,
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12
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Schwahn AB, Baek J, Lin S, Pohl CA, Cook K. A Universal Eluent System for Method Scouting and Separation of Biotherapeutic Proteins by Ion-Exchange, Size-Exclusion, and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16369-16375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Baek
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California94085, United States
| | - Shanhua Lin
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California94085, United States
| | | | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, HertfordshireHP2 7GE, U.K
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13
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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14
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Ladner Y, Liu D, Montels J, Morel J, Perrin C. Enzymatic Reaction Automation in Nanodroplet Microfluidic for the Quality Control of Monoclonal Antibodies. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Optimized Methods for Analytical and Functional Comparison of Biosimilar mAb Drugs: A Case Study for Avastin, Mvasi, and Zirabev. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody used to reduce angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, by binding to VEGF-A. Many pharmaceutical companies have developed biosimilars of Bevacizumab in the last decade. The official reports provided by the FDA and EMA summarize the analytical performance of biosimilars as compared to the originators without giving detailed analytical procedures. In the current study, several key methods were optimized and reported for analytical and functional comparison of bevacizumab originators (Avastin, Altuzan) and approved commercial biosimilars (Zirabev and Mvasi). This case study presents a comparative analysis of a set of biosimilars under optimized analytical conditions for the first time in the literature. The chemical structure of all products was analyzed at intact protein and peptide levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry; the major glycoforms and posttranslational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, N-terminal PyroGlu addition, and C-terminal Lys clipping, were compared. The SPR technique was used to reveal antigen and some receptor binding kinetics of all products, and the ELISA technique was used for C1q binding affinity analysis. Finally, the inhibition performance of the samples was evaluated by an MTS-based proliferation assay in vitro. Major glycoforms were similar, with minor differences among the samples. Posttranslational modifications, except C-terminal Lys, were determined similarly, while unclipped Lys percentage was higher in Zirabev. The binding kinetics for VEGF, FcRn, FcγRIa, and C1q were similar or in the value range of originators. The anti-proliferative effect of Zirabev was slightly higher than the originators and Mvasi. The analysis of biosimilars under the same conditions could provide a new aspect to the literature in terms of the applied analytical techniques. Further studies in this field would be helpful to better understand the inter-comparability of the biosimilars.
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16
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Böttinger K, Esser-Skala W, Segl M, Herwig C, Huber CG. At-line quantitative profiling of monoclonal antibody products during bioprocessing using HPLC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1207:339813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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17
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Wang L, Ding MY, Wang J, Gao JG, Liu RM, Li HT. Effects of Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Cysteine on the Structure of Sip Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:805325. [PMID: 35572629 PMCID: PMC9100928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.805325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis, a gram-positive bacteria, has three insecticidal proteins: Vip (vegetative insecticidal protein), Cry (crystal), and Sip (secreted insecticidal protein). Of the three, Sip proteins have insecticidal activity against larvae of Coleoptera. However, the Sip1Aa protein has little solubility in the supernatant because of inclusion bodies. This makes it more difficult to study, and thus research on Sip proteins is limited, which hinders the study of their mechanistic functions and insecticidal mechanisms. This highlights the importance of further investigation of the Sip1Aa protein. Disulfide bonds play an important role in the stability and function of proteins. Here, we successfully constructed mutant proteins with high insecticidal activity. The tertiary structure of the Sip1Aa protein was analyzed with homologous modeling and bioinformatics to predict the conserved domain of the protein. Cysteine was used to replace amino acids via site-directed mutagenesis. We successfully constructed Sip149-251, Sip153-248, Sip158-243, and Sip178-314 mutant proteins with higher solubility than Sip1Aa. Sip153-248 and Sip158-243 were the most stable compared to Sip1Aa, followed by Sip149-251 and Sip178-314. The insecticidal activity of Sip153-248 (Sip158-243) was 2.76 (2.26) times higher than that of Sip1Aa. The insecticidal activity of Sip149-251 and Sip178-314 did not differ significantly from that of Sip1Aa. Basic structural properties, physicochemical properties, and the spatial structure of the mutation site of Sip1Aa and the mutant proteins were analyzed. These results provide a molecular basis for using Sip1Aa to control Coleopteran insects and contribute to the study of the Sip1Aa insecticidal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Yue Ding
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ji-Guo Gao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-Guo Gao,
| | - Rong-Mei Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai-Tao Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hai-Tao Li,
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18
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Graf A, Lemke J, Schulze M, Soeldner R, Rebner K, Hoehse M, Matuszczyk J. A Novel Approach for Non-Invasive Continuous In-Line Control of Perfusion Cell Cultivations by Raman Spectroscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:719614. [PMID: 35547168 PMCID: PMC9081366 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.719614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous manufacturing is becoming more important in the biopharmaceutical industry. This processing strategy is favorable, as it is more efficient, flexible, and has the potential to produce higher and more consistent product quality. At the same time, it faces some challenges, especially in cell culture. As a steady state has to be maintained over a prolonged time, it is unavoidable to implement advanced process analytical technologies to control the relevant process parameters in a fast and precise manner. One such analytical technology is Raman spectroscopy, which has proven its advantages for process monitoring and control mostly in (fed-) batch cultivations. In this study, an in-line flow cell for Raman spectroscopy is included in the cell-free harvest stream of a perfusion process. Quantitative models for glucose and lactate were generated based on five cultivations originating from varying bioreactor scales. After successfully validating the glucose model (Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) of ∼0.2 g/L), it was employed for control of an external glucose feed in cultivation with a glucose-free perfusion medium. The generated model was successfully applied to perform process control at 4 g/L and 1.5 g/L glucose over several days, respectively, with variability of ±0.4 g/L. The results demonstrate the high potential of Raman spectroscopy for advanced process monitoring and control of a perfusion process with a bioreactor and scale-independent measurement method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Graf
- Product Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Lemke
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: J. Lemke,
| | - M. Schulze
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Soeldner
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K. Rebner
- Process Analysis and Technology PA&T, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - M. Hoehse
- Product Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Matuszczyk
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Achieving charge variant profile of innovator molecule during development of monoclonal antibody based biosimilars – use of media components. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Singh SK, Kumar D, Nagpal S, Dubey SK, Rathore AS. A Charge Variant of Bevacizumab Offers Enhanced FcRn-Dependent Pharmacokinetic Half-Life and Efficacy. Pharm Res 2022; 39:851-865. [PMID: 35355206 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine variants of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) result from incomplete clipping of the C-terminal lysine residues of the heavy chain. Although the structure of the lysine variants has been determined for several mAb products, a detailed study that investigates the impact of lysine charge variants on PK/PD and preclinical safety is yet to be published. OBJECTIVE An in-depth investigation of the impact of C- terminal lysine clipping of mAbs on safety and efficacy for bevacizumab charge variants. METHOD Charge variant isolation using semi-preparative chromatography is followed by a comparative analysis of FcRn binding, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in relevant animal models. RESULTS K1 variant exhibited improved FcRn binding affinity (4-fold), half-life (1.3-fold), and anti-tumor activity (1.3-fold) as compared to the K0 (main) product. However, the K2 variant, even though exhibited higher FcRn affinity (2-fold), displayed lower half-life (1.6-fold) and anti-tumor activity at medium and low doses. Differential proteomic analysis revealed that seven pathways (such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, carbon metabolism, synthesis of amino acids) were significantly enriched. Higher efficacy of the K1 variant is likely due to higher bioavailability of the drug, leading to complete downregulation of the pathways that facilitate catering of the energy requirements of the proliferating tumor cells. On the contrary, the K2 variant exhibits a shorter half-life, resulting only in partial reduction in the metabolic/energy requirements of the growing tumor cells. CONCLUSION Overall, we conclude that the mAb half-life, dosage, and efficacy of a biotherapeutic product are significantly impacted by the charge variant profile of a biotherapeutic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | | - Sunil K Dubey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Limited, Kolkata, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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21
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Yao X, Qi G, Qu Y, Yun S, Sun W, Liang C, Du M, Li Z. Structural Characterization of RC28-E, a Recombinant Fusion Protein With Dual Targets on VEGF and FGF2. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221086989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growthfactor (FGF) play important roles in angiogenesis-related diseases. RC28-E is a soluble fusion protein composed of the human VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) extracellular domain 2 (ECD 2), VEGFR2 ECD 3, FGFR1 ECDs 2 and 3, and the Fc regions of human immunoglobulin G1. By targeting both VEGF and FGF2, RC28-E may represent a useful antiangiogenetic agent, but structural and functional characterizations of this fusion protein are needed. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate, imaged capillary isoelectric focusing, and bio-layer interferometry were used to characterize the properties of RC28-E. The purity of RC28-E was confirmed to be 98% or greater. The glycosylation modification of RC28-E was found to be very complicated, with 11 potential N-linked glycosylation points and 23 types of N-glycans, causing high heterogeneity of the protein. The primary modifications of the amino acid sequence of RC28-E protein included C-terminal K truncation, N-deamidation, and M-oxidation modification. Notably, RC28-E demonstrated a higher affinity for both VEGF and FGF2 than VEGF trap or FGF trap for their respective targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guiping Qi
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | | | - Shasha Yun
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | | | | | - Mupeng Du
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
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22
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Park JU, Han HJ, Baik JY. Energy metabolism in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: Productivity and beyond. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Zhang Z, Yan Y, Wang S, Li N. A competitive binding-mass spectrometry strategy for high-throughput evaluation of potential critical quality attributes of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2133674. [PMID: 36224723 PMCID: PMC9559042 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2133674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a propensity to host a large number of chemical and enzymatical modifications that need to be properly assessed for their potential impact on target binding. Traditional strategies of assessing the criticality of these attributes often involve a laborious and low-throughput variant enrichment step prior to binding affinity measurement. Here, we developed a novel competitive binding-based enrichment strategy followed by mass spectrometry analysis (namely, competitive binding-MS) to achieve high-throughput evaluation of potential critical quality attributes in therapeutic mAbs. Leveraging the differences in target binding capability under competitive binding conditions, the criticality of multiple mAb attributes can be simultaneously evaluated by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. The utility of this new workflow was demonstrated in three mAb case studies, where different post-translational modifications occurring within the complementarity-determining regions were successfully interrogated for their impact on antigen binding. As this workflow does not require prior enrichment (e.g., by forced degradation or liquid chromatography fractionation) of the variants, it is particularly valuable during the mAb candidate developability assessment, where fast turn-around time is highly desired to assist candidate selection. Abbreviations: ACN: acetonitrile; ADCC: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; AEX: anion exchange chromatography; bsAb: bispecific antibody; CDC: complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CDR: complementarity-determining region; CML: carboxymethylation; CQA: critical quality attribute; DDA: data-dependent acquisition; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DTT: dithiothreitol; FA: formic acid; Fab: Fragment antigen-binding; FcRn: neonatal Fc receptor; HC: heavy chain; HIC: hydrophobic interaction chromatography; IAA: iodoacetamide; IEX: ion exchange chromatography; LC: light chain; mAb monoclonal antibody; msAb: monospecific antibody; MS: mass spectrometry; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; pI: isoelectric point; PTM: post-translational modification; SCX: strong cation exchange chromatography; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; XIC: extracted ion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Zhang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
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24
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de Graaf SC, Hoek M, Tamara S, Heck AJR. A perspective toward mass spectrometry-based de novo sequencing of endogenous antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2079449. [PMID: 35699511 PMCID: PMC9225641 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2079449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in therapeutic and endogenous humoral antibody characterization is identifying the amino acid sequence. So far, this task has been mainly tackled through sequencing of B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires at the nucleotide level. Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as an alternative tool for obtaining sequence information directly at the – most relevant – protein level. Although several MS methods are now well established, analysis of recombinant and endogenous antibodies comes with a specific set of challenges, requiring approaches beyond the conventional proteomics workflows. Here, we review the challenges in MS-based sequencing of both recombinant as well as endogenous humoral antibodies and outline state-of-the-art methods attempting to overcome these obstacles. We highlight recent examples and discuss remaining challenges. We foresee a great future for these approaches making de novo antibody sequencing and discovery by MS-based techniques feasible, even for complex clinical samples from endogenous sources such as serum and other liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan C de Graaf
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Max Hoek
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
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25
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Dash R, Singh SK, Chirmule N, Rathore AS. Assessment of Functional Characterization and Comparability of Biotherapeutics: a Review. AAPS J 2021; 24:15. [PMID: 34931298 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biosimilars is a complex process. The key to their successful development and commercialization is an in-depth understanding of the key product attributes that impact safety and efficacy and the strategies to control them. Functional assessment of mAb is a crucial part of the comparability of biopharmaceutical drugs. The development of a relevant and robust functional assay requires an interdisciplinary approach and sufficient flexibility to balance regulatory concerns as well as dynamics and variability during the manufacturing process. Although many advanced tools are available to study and compare the potency and bioactivity of the protein, most of these techniques suffer from major shortcomings that limit their routine use. These include the complexity of the task, establishment of the relevance of the chosen method with the mechanism of action (MOA) of the biosimilar, cost and extended time of analysis, and often the ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting data. To overcome or to address these challenges, the use of multiple orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is a necessary prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaleen Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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26
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Pot S, Gstöttner C, Heinrich K, Hoelterhoff S, Grunert I, Leiss M, Bathke A, Domínguez-Vega E. Fast analysis of antibody-derived therapeutics by automated multidimensional liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339015. [PMID: 34625261 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of therapeutic antibodies is commonly performed by bottom-up approaches, involving sample preparation and peptide analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Conventional sample preparation requires extensive hands-on time and can increase the risk of inducing artificial modifications as many off-line steps - denaturation, disulfide-reduction, alkylation and tryptic digestion - are performed. In this study, we developed an on-line multidimensional (mD)-LC-MS bottom-up approach for fast sample preparation and analysis of (formulated) monoclonal antibodies and antibody-derived therapeutics. This approach allows on-column reduction, tryptic digestion and subsequent peptide analysis by RP-MS. Optimization of the 1D -and 2D flow and temperature improved the trapping of small polar peptides during on-line peptide mapping analysis. These adaptations increased the sequence coverage (95-98% versus 86-94% for off-line approaches) and allowed identification of various PTMs (i.e. deamidation of asparagine, methionine oxidation and lysine glycation) within a single analysis. This workflow enables a fast (<2 h) characterization of antibody heterogeneities within a single run and a low amount of protein (10 μg). Importantly, the new mD-LC-MS bottom-up method was able to detect the polar, fast-eluting peptides: Fc oxidation at Hc-Met-252 and the Fc N-glycosylation at Hc-Asn-297, which can be challenging using mD-LC-MS. Moreover, the method showed good comparability across the different measurements (RSD of retention time in the range of 0.2-1.8% for polar peptides). The LC system was controlled by only a standard commercial software package which makes implementation for fast characterization of quality attributes relatively easy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Pot
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Katrin Heinrich
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sina Hoelterhoff
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Grunert
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anja Bathke
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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27
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Cao M, De Mel N, Wang J, Parthemore C, Jiao Y, Chen W, Lin S, Liu D, Kilby G, Chen X. Characterization of N-Terminal Glutamate Cyclization in Monoclonal Antibody and Bispecific Antibody Using Charge Heterogeneity Assays and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:335-344. [PMID: 34516988 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal glutamate (E) cyclization to form pyroglutamate (pE) generates charge heterogeneities for mAbs and proteins. Thus far, pE formation rate in lyophilized formulation as compared to in liquid formulation has not been reported. Impact of pE on antibody biological activity has only been predicted or assessed using stressed samples that may contain other confounding degradations besides pE. Additionally, application of hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) to separate pE has not been reported. In our study, N-terminal E cyclization was identified as the major degradation pathway in lyophilized formulation at elevated temperature for both monoclonal antibody (mAb-A) and IgG-like bispecific antibody (bsAb-A). pE was enriched in salt-gradient ion exchange chromatography (IEC) as pre-peak and in HIC as post-peak for both mAb-A and bsAb-A. Structure-function studies with pE-enriched IEC and HIC fractions confirmed that pE did not affect binding activities for mAb-A and bsAb-A. In vitro incubation of bsAb-A in serum and PBS revealed that the serum matrix may play a role in pE conversion in human serum, in contrast to the chemical reaction mechanism reported. These techniques can help in characterization of N-terminal E-to-pE cyclization and quality attribute severity assessment during therapeutic protein product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Cao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878.
| | - Niluka De Mel
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Jihong Wang
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Conner Parthemore
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Yang Jiao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Weimin Chen
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Shihua Lin
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Greg Kilby
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
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28
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Bryan L, Clynes M, Meleady P. The emerging role of cellular post-translational modifications in modulating growth and productivity of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107757. [PMID: 33895332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used host cell lines used for the production human therapeutic proteins. Much research over the past two decades has focussed on improving the growth, titre and cell specific productivity of CHO cells and in turn lowering the costs associated with production of recombinant proteins. CHO cell engineering has become of particular interest in recent years following the publication of the CHO cell genome and the availability of data relating to the proteome, transcriptome and metabolome of CHO cells. However, data relating to the cellular post-translational modification (PTMs) which can affect the functionality of CHO cellular proteins has only begun to be presented in recent years. PTMs are important to many cellular processes and can further alter proteins by increasing the complexity of proteins and their interactions. In this review, we describe the research presented from CHO cells to date related on three of the most important PTMs; glycosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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29
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Song YE, Dubois H, Hoffmann M, D́Eri S, Fromentin Y, Wiesner J, Pfenninger A, Clavier S, Pieper A, Duhau L, Roth U. Automated mass spectrometry multi-attribute method analyses for process development and characterization of mAbs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, McAuley A, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Identification of critical chemical modifications by size exclusion chromatography of stressed antibody-target complexes with competitive binding. MAbs 2021; 13:1887612. [PMID: 33616001 PMCID: PMC7899689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1887612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical modifications (attributes) in the binding regions of stressed therapeutic proteins may affect binding to target and efficacy of therapeutic proteins. The method presented here describes the criticality assessment of therapeutic antibody modifications by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of competitive binding between a stressed antibody and its target, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), followed by SEC fractionation and peptide mapping characterization of bound and unbound antibodies. When stressed antibody and its target were mixed at a stoichiometric molar ratio of 1:2, only antibody-receptor complex eluted from SEC, indicating that binding was not decreased to break the complex. When a smaller amount of the receptor was provided (1:1), the antibody species with modifications reducing binding eluted as unbound from SEC, while the antibody-receptor complex eluted as the bound fraction. Peptide mapping revealed ratios of modifications between unbound and bound fractions. Statistical analysis after triplicate measurements (n = 3) indicated that heavy chain (HC) D102 isomerization and light chain (LC) N30 deamidation were four-fold higher in unbound fraction with high statistical significance. Although HC N55 deamidation and M107 oxidation were also abundant, they were not statistically different between unbound and bound. Our findings agree with previously published potency measurements of collected CEX fractions and the crystal structure of antibody and HER2. Overall, competitive SEC of stressed antibody-receptor mixture followed by peptide mapping is a useful tool in revealing critical residues and modifications involved in the antibody-target binding, even if they elute as a complex from SEC when mixed at 1:2 stoichiometric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Arnold McAuley
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.,Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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31
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Schulze S, Oltmanns A, Fufezan C, Krägenbring J, Mormann M, Pohlschröder M, Hippler M. SugarPy facilitates the universal, discovery-driven analysis of intact glycopeptides. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:5330-5336. [PMID: 33325487 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Protein glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification with crucial cellular functions in all domains of life. Currently, large-scale glycoproteomics approaches rely on glycan database dependent algorithms and are thus unsuitable for discovery-driven analyses of glycoproteomes. RESULTS Therefore, we devised SugarPy, a glycan database independent Python module, and validated it on the glycoproteome of human breast milk. We further demonstrated its applicability by analyzing glycoproteomes with uncommon glycans stemming from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the archaeon Haloferax volcanii. SugarPy also facilitated the novel characterization of glycoproteins from the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. AVAILABILITY The source code is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/SugarPy/SugarPy), and its implementation in Python ensures support for all operating systems. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulze
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Leidy Laboratories, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anne Oltmanns
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Fufezan
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Muenster, Germany.,Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Krägenbring
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Muenster, Germany.,University of Muenster, Institute for Hygiene, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- University of Muenster, Institute for Hygiene, Muenster, Germany
| | - Mechthild Pohlschröder
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Leidy Laboratories, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael Hippler
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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32
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Carrara SC, Ulitzka M, Grzeschik J, Kornmann H, Hock B, Kolmar H. From cell line development to the formulated drug product: The art of manufacturing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120164. [PMID: 33309833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related products have steadily grown to become the dominant product class within the biopharmaceutical market. Production of antibodies requires special precautions to ensure safety and efficacy of the product. In particular, minimizing antibody product heterogeneity is crucial as drug substance variants may impair the activity, efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of an antibody, consequently resulting in the failure of a product in pre-clinical and clinical development. This review will cover the manufacturing and formulation challenges and advances of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, focusing on improved processes to minimize variants and ensure batch-to-batch consistency. Processes put in place by regulatory agencies, such as Quality-by-Design (QbD) and current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), and how their implementation has aided drug development in pharmaceutical companies will be reviewed. Advances in formulation and considerations on the intended use of a therapeutic antibody, including the route of administration and patient compliance, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Ulitzka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henri Kornmann
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland.
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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33
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Láng JA, Balogh ZC, Nyitrai MF, Juhász C, Gilicze AKB, Iliás A, Zólyomi Z, Bodor C, Rábai E. In vitro functional characterization of biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 37:41-50. [PMID: 34895654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The key factor in successful development and marketing of biosimilar antibodies is a deep understanding of their critical quality attributes and the ability to control them. Comprehensive functional characterization is therefore at the heart of the process and is a crucial part of regulatory requirements. Establishment of a scientifically sound molecule-specific functional in vitro assay panel requires diligent planning and high flexibility in order to respond to both regulatory requirements and the ever-changing demands relevant to the different stages of the development and production process. Relevance of the chosen assays to the in vivo mechanism of action is of key importance to the stepwise evidence-based demonstration of biosimilarity. Use of a sound interdisciplinary approach and orthogonal state-of-the-art techniques is also unavoidable for gaining in-depth understanding of the biosimilar candidate. The aim of the present review is to give a snapshot on the methodic landscape as depicted by the available literature discussing the in vitro techniques used for the functional characterization of approved biosimilar therapeutic antibodies. Emerging hot topics of the field and relevant structure-function relationships are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Anna Láng
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Cselovszkiné Balogh
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary.
| | - Mónika Fizilné Nyitrai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Cintia Juhász
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Katalin Baráné Gilicze
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsolt Zólyomi
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Bodor
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Rábai
- Biotechnology Research & Development Division/Bioassay Development Group, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői Street 19-21 1103 Budapest Hungary
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34
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Esser-Skala W, Wohlschlager T, Regl C, Huber CG. A Simple Strategy to Eliminate Hexosylation Bias in the Relative Quantification of N-Glycosylation in Biopharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16225-16232. [PMID: 32496655 PMCID: PMC7539909 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
N‐glycosylation may affect the safety and efficacy of biopharmaceuticals and is thus monitored during manufacturing. Mass spectrometry of the intact protein is increasingly used to reveal co‐existing glycosylation variants. However, quantification of N‐glycoforms via this approach may be biased by single hexose residues as introduced by glycation or O‐glycosylation. Herein, we describe a simple strategy to reveal actual N‐glycoform abundances of therapeutic antibodies, involving experimental determination of glycation levels followed by computational elimination of the “hexosylation bias”. We show that actual N‐glycoform abundances may significantly deviate from initially determined values. Indeed, glycation may even obscure considerable differences in N‐glycosylation patterns of drug product batches. Our observations may thus have implications for biopharmaceutical quality control. Moreover, we solve an instance of the problem of isobaricity, which is fundamental to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Esser-Skala
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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35
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Esser‐Skala W, Wohlschlager T, Regl C, Huber CG. Eine einfache Strategie zur Korrektur des Fehlers aufgrund von Hexosylierung bei relativer Quantifizierung der N‐Glykosylierungsvarianten von Biopharmazeutika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Esser‐Skala
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften Bioanalytical Research Labs Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
- Christian-Doppler-Labor für Innovative Werkzeuge zur Charakterisierung von Biosimilars Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften Bioanalytical Research Labs Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
- Christian-Doppler-Labor für Innovative Werkzeuge zur Charakterisierung von Biosimilars Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
| | - Christof Regl
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften Bioanalytical Research Labs Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
- Christian-Doppler-Labor für Innovative Werkzeuge zur Charakterisierung von Biosimilars Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften Bioanalytical Research Labs Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
- Christian-Doppler-Labor für Innovative Werkzeuge zur Charakterisierung von Biosimilars Universität Salzburg Hellbrunner Straße 34 5020 Salzburg Österreich
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36
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Schöneich C. Photo-Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins: Mechanistic Aspects. Pharm Res 2020; 37:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Characterization of IgG1 Fc Deamidation at Asparagine 325 and Its Impact on Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity and FcγRIIIa Binding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:383. [PMID: 31941950 PMCID: PMC6962426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important mechanism of action for many therapeutic antibodies. A therapeutic immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody lost more than half of its ADCC activity after heat stress at 40 °C for 4 months. Size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography were used to fractionate various size and charge variants from the stressed IgG1. Physicochemical characterization of these fractions revealed that a rarely seen crystallizable fragment (Fc) modification, N325 deamidation, exhibited a positive correlation with the loss of ADCC activity. A further surface plasmon resonance study showed that this modification disrupted the binding between the IgG1 Fc and Fcγ receptor IIIa, resulting in decreased ADCC activity of the IgG1 antibody. Mutants of N325/D and N325/Q were made to confirm the effect of N325 deamidation on ADCC. We hypothesize that N325 deamidation altered the local three-dimensional structure, which might interfere with the binding and interaction with the effector cell. Because of its impact on biological activity, N325 deamidation is a critical quality attribute for products whose mechanism of action includes ADCC. A thorough understanding of the criticality of N325 deamidation and appropriate monitoring can help ensure the safety and efficacy of IgG1 or Fc-fusion products.
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38
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Larroque M, Larroque C, Morel J, Bonnet PA, Perrin C. An in-line enzymatic microreactor for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies by capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2020; 145:1759-1767. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In-line enzymatic microreactor and electrophoretic strategy for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Claudia Bich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Marion Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Christian Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier cedex 5
- France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
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39
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Chevallier V, Andersen MR, Malphettes L. Oxidative stress-alleviating strategies to improve recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:1172-1186. [PMID: 31814104 PMCID: PMC7078918 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large scale biopharmaceutical production of biologics relies on the overexpression of foreign proteins by cells cultivated in stirred tank bioreactors. It is well recognized and documented fact that protein overexpression may impact host cell metabolism and that factors associated with large scale culture, such as the hydrodynamic forces and inhomogeneities within the bioreactors, may promote cellular stress. The metabolic adaptations required to support the high‐level expression of recombinant proteins include increased energy production and improved secretory capacity, which, in turn, can lead to a rise of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through the respiration metabolism and the interaction with media components. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant response within the cells. Accumulation of intracellular ROS can interfere with the cellular activities and exert cytotoxic effects via the alternation of cellular components. In this context, strategies aiming to alleviate oxidative stress generated during the culture have been developed to improve cell growth, productivity, and reduce product microheterogeneity. In this review, we present a summary of the different approaches used to decrease the oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells and highlight media development and cell engineering as the main pathways through which ROS levels may be kept under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Chevallier
- Upstream Process Sciences, Biotech Sciences, UCB Nordic A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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40
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Perdomo-Abúndez FC, Vallejo-Castillo L, Vázquez-Leyva S, López-Morales CA, Velasco-Velázquez M, Pavón L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Medina-Rivero E. Development and validation of a mass spectrometric method to determine the identity of rituximab based on its microheterogeneity profile. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1139:121885. [PMID: 31806401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods have been considered the "eyes" for development, characterization and batch releasing of biotherapeutics over the past 40 years. One of the most powerful analytical platform for biotherapeutic analysis is mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS). Due to its wide flexibility and instrumental configurations, LC-MS can determine different physicochemical attributes of proteins, e.g. molecular mass, primary sequence, and posttranslational modifications. Intact molecular mass analysis of therapeutic proteins is essential to confirm their identity. Analytical methods must be validated to support drug quality information during its approval process. Although there are international guidelines that provide general information on validation of analytical methods, practical examples about the design, selection of validation attributes and acceptance criteria of identity LC-MS methods are scarce. Here, according to the recommendations of Q2R1 ICH guideline, we showcase the validation of an LC-MS-TOF method to identity rituximab by determining its intact and deglycosylated molecular mass profiles. The proposed method specifically identified the m/z profile and deconvoluted mass profile of rituximab from deglycosylated rituximab and from excipient blank (specificity) with a maximum error of 76.63 ppm (accuracy) and a maximum Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 0.00315% (precision). Besides, the system suitability test, which was based on the expected mass value of the mass calibrator, confirmed the reliability of the analytical results. In summary, validation showed that the proposed method is suitable for identifying rituximab based on its glycosylated (intact) and deglycosylated mass profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Perdomo-Abúndez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Luis Vallejo-Castillo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Said Vázquez-Leyva
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A López-Morales
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Marco Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Unidad Periférica de Investigación en Biomedicina Translacional (CMN 20 de noviembre, ISSSTE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Medina-Rivero
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
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Krepper W, Burgstaller D, Jungbauer A, Satzer P. Mid-manufacturing storage: Antibody stability after chromatography and precipitation based capture steps. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2928. [PMID: 31622530 PMCID: PMC7187330 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of the IgG2 subclass were captured from the clarified cell culture fluid either by protein A chromatography or by polyethylene glycol precipitation. The captured intermediates were stored as neutralized eluates (protein A chromatography) or in solid form as polyethylene glycol precipitates over a period of 13 months at three temperatures, −20°C, 5°C, and room temperature to compare the capture technologies in regard of the resulting product storability. Monomer content, high molecular mass impurities product loss and changes in the composition of the charge variants were determined at six time points during the storage. At the beginning and end of the study, samples were additionally tested by differential scanning calorimetry, differential scanning fluorimetry, and circular dichroism to determine structural alterations occurring during storage. Protein A purified material was highly stable at all tested temperatures in regard of monomer content and product losses. A transient, acidic isoform was formed during the chromatography step which re‐converted to the main charged variant upon storage within a matter of days. Precipitated antibodies could be stored at −20 or 5°C for 3 months without product losses but afterwards recovery yields dropped to 65%. At room temperature, the precipitated antibody was not stable and degraded within 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walpurga Krepper
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Burgstaller
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Satzer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Wallner J, Sissolak B, Sommeregger W, Lingg N, Striedner G, Vorauer-Uhl K. Lectin bio-layer interferometry for assessing product quality of Fc- glycosylated immunoglobulin G. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2864. [PMID: 31180180 PMCID: PMC6852021 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation, as the most prominent posttranslational modification, is recognized as an important quality attribute of monoclonal antibodies affected by various bioprocess parameters and cellular physiology. A method of lectin‐based bio‐layer interferometry (LBLI) to relatively rank galactosylation and fucosylation levels was developed. For this purpose, Fc‐glycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) was recombinantly produced with varying bioprocess conditions in 15 L bioreactor and accumulated IgG was harvested. The reliability, the robustness and the applicability of LBLI to different samples has been proven. Data obtained from LC–MS analysis served as reference and were compared to the LBLI results. The introduced method is based on non‐fluidic bio‐layer interferometry (BLI), which becomes recently a standard tool for determining biomolecular interactions in a label‐free, real‐time and high‐throughput manner. For the intended purpose, biotinylated lectins were immobilized on disposable optical fiber streptavidin (SA) biosensor tips. Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) was used to detect the core fucose and Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 (RCA120) to determine galactosylation levels. In our case study it could be shown that fucosylation was not affected by variations in glucose feed concentration and cultivation temperature. However, the galactosylation could be correlated with the ratio of mean specific productivity (qP) and ammonium (qNH4+) but was unrelated to the ratio of mean qP and the specific glucose consumption (qgluc). This presented method strengthens the applicability of the BLI platform, which already enables measurement of several product related characteristics, such as product quantity as well as kinetic rates (kd,kon) and affinity constants (kD) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wallner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sissolak
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommeregger
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Lu J, Pang J, Chen Y, Dong Q, Sheng J, Luo Y, Lu Y, Lin B, Liu T. Application of Microfluidic Chips in Separation and Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles in Liquid Biopsy for Cancer. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060390. [PMID: 31212643 PMCID: PMC6630239 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are becoming a promising biomarker in liquid biopsy of cancer. Separation EV from cell culture medium or biofluids with high purity and quality remains a technique challenge. EV manipulation techniques based on microfluidics have been developed in the last decade. Microfluidic-based EV separation techniques developed so far can be classified into two categories: surface biomarker-dependent and size-dependent approaches. Microfluidic techniques allow the integration of EV separation and analysis on a single chip. Integrated EV separation and on-chip analysis have shown great potential in cancer diagnosis and monitoring treatment of responses. In this review, we discuss the development of microfluidic chips for EV separation and analysis. We also detail the clinical application of these microfluidic chips in the liquid biopsy of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Jiushen Pang
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Qi Dong
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Jiahao Sheng
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yong Luo
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian Technology University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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44
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Impact of mammalian cell culture conditions on monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity: an accessory monitoring tool for process development. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1167-1178. [PMID: 31175523 PMCID: PMC6697719 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are predominantly produced in mammalian cell culture bioprocesses. Post-translational modifications affect the micro-heterogeneity of the product and thereby influence important quality attributes, such as stability, solubility, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The analysis of the surface charge distribution of monoclonal antibodies provides aggregated information about these modifications. In this work, we established a direct injection pH gradient cation exchange chromatography method, which determines charge heterogeneity from cell culture supernatant without any purification steps. This tool was further applied to monitor processes that were performed under certain process conditions. Concretely, we were able to provide insights into charge variant formation during a fed-batch process of a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, in turn producing a monoclonal antibody under varying temperatures and glucose feed strategies. Glucose concentration impacted the total emergence of acidic variants, whereas the variation of basic species was mainly dependent on process temperature. The formation rates of acidic species were described with a second-order reaction, where a temperature increase favored the conversion. This platform method will aid as a sophisticated optimization tool for mammalian cell culture processes. It provides a quality fingerprint for the produced mAb, which can be tested, compared to the desired target and confirmed early in the process chain.
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45
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Naderi F, Hashemi M, Bayat H, Mohammadian O, Pourmaleki E, Etemadzadeh MH, Rahimpour A. The Augmenting Effects of the tDNA Insulator on Stable Expression of Monoclonal Antibody in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 37:200-206. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naderi
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Bayat
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mohammadian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Es'hagh Pourmaleki
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Rahimpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Beyer B, Walch N, Jungbauer A, Lingg N. How Similar Is Biosimilar? A Comparison of Infliximab Therapeutics in Regard to Charge Variant Profile and Antigen Binding Affinity. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800340. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Beyer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Nicole Walch
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
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47
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Lu G, Crihfield CL, Gattu S, Veltri LM, Holland LA. Capillary Electrophoresis Separations of Glycans. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7867-7885. [PMID: 29528644 PMCID: PMC6135675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has emerged as a powerful approach for carbohydrate analyses since 2014. The method provides high resolution capable of separating carbohydrates by charge-to-size ratio. Principle applications are heavily focused on N-glycans, which are highly relevant to biological therapeutics and biomarker research. Advances in techniques used for N-glycan structural identification include migration time indexing and exoglycosidase and lectin profiling, as well as mass spectrometry. Capillary electrophoresis methods have been developed that are capable of separating glycans with the same monosaccharide sequence but different positional isomers, as well as determining whether monosaccharides composing a glycan are alpha or beta linked. Significant applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analyses of N-glycans in biomarker discovery and biological therapeutics are emphasized with a brief discussion included on carbohydrate analyses of glycosaminoglycans and mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides relevant to food and plant products. Innovative, emerging techniques in the field are highlighted and the future direction of the technology is projected based on the significant contributions of capillary electrophoresis to glycoscience from 2014 to the present as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lu
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Crihfield
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Srikanth Gattu
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Veltri
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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48
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Kato T, Hasegawa M, Yamamoto T, Miyazaki T, Suzuki R, Wakita T, Suzuki T, Park EY. Expression of a functional intrabody against hepatitis C virus core protein in Escherichia coli and silkworm pupae. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:61-66. [PMID: 29778543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the single-domain intrabody 2H9-L against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) capsid (core) protein inhibits the viral propagation and NF-κB promoter activity induced by the HCV core. In this study, 2H9-L fused with the FLAG tag sequence was expressed in both Escherichia coli and silkworm pupae and then purified. In addition, the full-length and its C terminal deletions of the HCV core protein, i.e., 1-123 amino acid residues (C123), 1-152 amino acid residues (C152), 1-177 amino acid residues (C177) and 1-191 amino acid residues (C191), were expressed as fusion proteins with a 6 × His tag at their N-terminus in E. coli and then purified. Approximately 175 and 132 μg of the intrabody were purified from 100 ml of E. coli culture and 10 silkworm pupae, respectively, by affinity chromatography. The C123, C152, C177 and C191 HCV core protein variants were purified to approximately 152, 127, 103 and 155 μg, respectively, from 100 ml of E. coli culture. An ELISA in which the intrabodies were immobilized revealed that the intrabodies purified from both hosts were bound to all HCV core protein variants. However, their binding to the C191 appeared to be weak compared to their bindings to the other HCV core protein variants. When C152 was immobilized in the ELISA, the binding of each intrabody to the core protein was also observed. These purified intrabodies can be used in biochemical analyses of the inhibitory mechanism of HCV propagation and as protein interference reagents, thus providing a potential pathway to developing a new type of antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Moeko Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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49
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Göbel U, Zhu J. Methods and Advances on Antibodies, Metabolic Engineering, 3D Models, Diagnostics, Imaging, and More. Biotechnol J 2018; 13. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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