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Lan M, Ren Z, Cheng C, Li G, Yang F. Small extracellular vesicles detection using dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic chip for diagnosis of breast cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116382. [PMID: 38749284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) reflect the genotype and phenotype of original cells and are biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of tumors. Yet, their small size and low density make them difficult to isolate and detect in body fluid samples. This study proposes a novel acDEP-Exo chip filled with transparent micro-beads, which formed a non-uniform electrical field, and finally achieved rapid, sensitive, and tunable sEVs capture and detection. The method requires only 20-50 μL of sample, achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 161 particles/μL, and can detect biomarkers within 13 min. We applied the chip to analyze the two markers of sEV's EpCAM and MUC1 in clinical plasma samples from breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy volunteers and found that the combined evaluation of sEV's biomarkers has extremely high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The present study introduces an alternative approach to sEVs isolation and detection, has a great potential in real-time sEVs-based liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ze Ren
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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2
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Leong SY, Lok WW, Goh KY, Ong HB, Tay HM, Su C, Kong F, Upadya M, Wang W, Radnaa E, Menon R, Dao M, Dalan R, Suresh S, Lim DWT, Hou HW. High-Throughput Microfluidic Extraction of Platelet-free Plasma for MicroRNA and Extracellular Vesicle Analysis. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6623-6637. [PMID: 38348825 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Cell-free RNAs and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are valuable biomarkers in liquid biopsies, but they are prone to preanalytical variabilities such as nonstandardized centrifugation or ex vivo blood degradation. Herein, we report a high-throughput and label-free inertial microfluidic device (ExoArc) for isolation of platelet-free plasma from blood for RNA and EV analysis. Unlike conventional inertial microfluidic devices widely used for cell sorting, a submicrometer size cutoff (500 nm) was achieved which completely removed all leukocytes, RBCs, platelets, and cellular debris based on differential lateral migration induced by Dean vortices. The single-step operation also reduced platelet-associated miRNAs (∼2-fold) compared to centrifugation. We clinically validated ExoArc for plasma miRNA profiling (39 samples) and identified a 7-miRNA panel that detects non-small cell lung cancer with ∼90% sensitivity. ExoArc was also coupled with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to isolate EVs within 50 min with ∼10-fold higher yield than ultracentrifugation. As a proof-of-concept for EV-based transcriptomics analysis, we performed miRNA analysis in healthy and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects (n = 3 per group) by coupling ExoArc and ExoArc+SEC with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Among 293 miRNAs detected, plasmas and EVs showed distinct differentially expressed miRNAs in T2DM subjects. We further demonstrated automated in-line EV sorting from low volume culture media for continuous EV monitoring. Overall, the developed ExoArc offers a convenient centrifugation-free workflow to automate plasma and EV isolation for point-of-care diagnostics and quality control in EV manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yuan Leong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Wan Wei Lok
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Kah Yee Goh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583
| | - Hong Boon Ong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Hui Min Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Chengxun Su
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Fang Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Megha Upadya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Wei Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | - Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1062, United States
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1062, United States
| | - Ming Dao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Endocrine and Diabetes, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Darren Wan-Teck Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
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3
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Torres-Castro K, Acuña-Umaña K, Lesser-Rojas L, Reyes DR. Microfluidic Blood Separation: Key Technologies and Critical Figures of Merit. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2117. [PMID: 38004974 PMCID: PMC10672873 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood is a complex sample comprised mostly of plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), and other cells whose concentrations correlate to physiological or pathological health conditions. There are also many blood-circulating biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and various pathogens, that can be used as measurands to diagnose certain diseases. Microfluidic devices are attractive analytical tools for separating blood components in point-of-care (POC) applications. These platforms have the potential advantage of, among other features, being compact and portable. These features can eventually be exploited in clinics and rapid tests performed in households and low-income scenarios. Microfluidic systems have the added benefit of only needing small volumes of blood drawn from patients (from nanoliters to milliliters) while integrating (within the devices) the steps required before detecting analytes. Hence, these systems will reduce the associated costs of purifying blood components of interest (e.g., specific groups of cells or blood biomarkers) for studying and quantifying collected blood fractions. The microfluidic blood separation field has grown since the 2000s, and important advances have been reported in the last few years. Nonetheless, real POC microfluidic blood separation platforms are still elusive. A widespread consensus on what key figures of merit should be reported to assess the quality and yield of these platforms has not been achieved. Knowing what parameters should be reported for microfluidic blood separations will help achieve that consensus and establish a clear road map to promote further commercialization of these devices and attain real POC applications. This review provides an overview of the separation techniques currently used to separate blood components for higher throughput separations (number of cells or particles per minute). We present a summary of the critical parameters that should be considered when designing such devices and the figures of merit that should be explicitly reported when presenting a device's separation capabilities. Ultimately, reporting the relevant figures of merit will benefit this growing community and help pave the road toward commercialization of these microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres-Castro
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katherine Acuña-Umaña
- Medical Devices Master’s Program, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR), Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Leonardo Lesser-Rojas
- Research Center in Atomic, Nuclear and Molecular Sciences (CICANUM), San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- School of Physics, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Darwin R. Reyes
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
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Lu N, Tay HM, Petchakup C, He L, Gong L, Maw KK, Leong SY, Lok WW, Ong HB, Guo R, Li KHH, Hou HW. Label-free microfluidic cell sorting and detection for rapid blood analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1226-1257. [PMID: 36655549 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood tests are considered as standard clinical procedures to screen for markers of diseases and health conditions. However, the complex cellular background (>99.9% RBCs) and biomolecular composition often pose significant technical challenges for accurate blood analysis. An emerging approach for point-of-care blood diagnostics is utilizing "label-free" microfluidic technologies that rely on intrinsic cell properties for blood fractionation and disease detection without any antibody binding. A growing body of clinical evidence has also reported that cellular dysfunction and their biophysical phenotypes are complementary to standard hematoanalyzer analysis (complete blood count) and can provide a more comprehensive health profiling. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in microfluidic label-free separation of different blood cell components including circulating tumor cells, leukocytes, platelets and nanoscale extracellular vesicles. Label-free single cell analysis of intrinsic cell morphology, spectrochemical properties, dielectric parameters and biophysical characteristics as novel blood-based biomarkers will also be presented. Next, we will highlight research efforts that combine label-free microfluidics with machine learning approaches to enhance detection sensitivity and specificity in clinical studies, as well as innovative microfluidic solutions which are capable of fully integrated and label-free blood cell sorting and analysis. Lastly, we will envisage the current challenges and future outlook of label-free microfluidics platforms for high throughput multi-dimensional blood cell analysis to identify non-traditional circulating biomarkers for clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
| | - Hui Min Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Chayakorn Petchakup
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Linwei He
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Lingyan Gong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Kay Khine Maw
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Sheng Yuan Leong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Wan Wei Lok
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Boon Ong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
| | - Ruya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - King Ho Holden Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Blk N3, Level 2, Room 86 (N3-02c-86), 639798, Singapore.
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 65 Nanyang Drive, Block N3, 637460, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
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Bakhtiaridoost S, Habibiyan H, Ghafoorifard H. A microfluidic device to separate high-quality plasma from undiluted whole blood sample using an enhanced gravitational sedimentation mechanism. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340641. [PMID: 36628743 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in lab-on-a-chip systems for plasma separation has led to the presentation of various devices. Trench-based devices benefiting from gravitational sedimentation are efficient structures with air-locking and low speed-drawbacks. The present study introduces a fast, hemolysis-free, highly efficient blood plasma separation microfluidic device. The proposed device is based on gravitational sedimentation combined with dielectrophoresis force to promote the purity of the separated plasma, reduce the separation process time, and overcome the air-locking problem. The effect of geometrical parameters on the separation process is investigated using finite element analysis to attain optimal design specifications. A drop of whole blood (10 μl) is injected into the fabricated chip at four flow rates of 70 nl/s to 100 nl/s. It takes less than 4 min to obtain 2.2 μl plasma from undiluted blood without losing plasma proteins. Additionally, a porous Melt-Blown Polypropylene (MBPP) layer is used to eliminate the air-locking problem, which in previous trench-based microsystems led to time-consuming device preparation steps. Blood samples with various hematocrits (15%-65%) are tested with the applied voltages of 0-20 Vpp through the optimized structure. A purity of 99.98% ± 0.02% (evaluated by hemocytometry) is achieved using optimized dielectrophoresis force by the applied voltage of 20 Vpp, which is more than the previous studies. The UV-Visible spectroscopy results confirm obtaining a non-hemolyzed sample at a flow rate of 70 nl/s. The proposed device achieves a relative increase in the flow rate compared to similar previous studies while maintaining the high quality of the separated plasma. This achievement lies in using the MBPP layer and combining two separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamidreza Habibiyan
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Ghafoorifard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Geng H, Wu Y, Chen Y. C-Terminal Fibronectin Exerts Beneficial Effects in Reducing Tissue Damage and Modulating Macrophage Function in a Murine Septic Model. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1509-1521. [PMID: 37064753 PMCID: PMC10103781 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s398282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibronectin (FN) can improve organ function and slow the progression of sepsis, but full-length FN is hard to be exacted as a therapeutic. Objective This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of C-terminal heparin-binding domain polypeptide of FN (rhFNHC-36) in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated murine septic model and explore its regulatory effects on macrophages. Methods Mice were randomly assigned to four groups: unoperated control (Normal), sham operation control (Sham), CLP-operation with intravenous injection of phosphate-buffered saline (CLP+PBS), and CLP-operation with rhFNHC-36 treatment (CLP+rhFNHC-36). Blood and abdominal fluid samples were subjected to bacterial colony formation assays. Organs (liver, spleen, and lung) were undergone histopathological analyses and/or weighed to obtain organ indices. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, nitric oxide (NO) release from isolated abdominal macrophages, and chemotactic effect of macrophages were measured with commercial kits. Surface programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on macrophages was measured by flow cytometry. Results Mice in the CLP+PBS group showed a lower survival rate than that in the CLP+rhFNHC-36 group. Improved survival was associated with better clearance of bacterial pathogens, as evidenced by colony formation assays. The CLP-induced decrease in thymus and spleen indices was attenuated by rhFNHC-36 treatments. rhFNHC-36 alleviated sepsis-associated tissue damage in liver, spleen, and lung. CLP-mediated increases in plasma IL-6 levels were reversed by rhFNHC-36 treatment. NO levels in peritoneal macrophages after lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulation in the CLP+rhFNHC-36 group were lower than that in the CLP+PBS group. Notably, macrophages from the CLP+rhFNHC-36 group retained better chemotaxis ability. After LPS challenge, these macrophages had a reduced percentage of PD-L1-positive cells compared to those in the CLP+PBS group. Conclusion rhFNHC-36 improved survival of mice with CLP-induced sepsis by reducing tissue damage and modulating macrophage function. Our work provides critical insight for developing FN-based and macrophages-targeted therapeutics for treating sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Geng
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhong Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yuanzhong Chen, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13306908368, Email ;
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7
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Sohail A, Jiang X, Wahid A, Wang H, Cao C, Xiao H. Free-flow zone electrophoresis facilitated proteomics analysis of heterogeneous subpopulations in H1299 lung cancer cells. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1227:340306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Li N, Jiang Y, Lv T, Li G, Yang F. Immunofluorescence analysis of breast cancer biomarkers using antibody-conjugated microbeads embedded in a microfluidic-based liquid biopsy chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Luna R, Heineck DP, Bucher E, Heiser L, Ibsen SD. Theoretical and experimental analysis of negative dielectrophoresis‐induced particle trajectories. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1366-1377. [PMID: 35377504 PMCID: PMC9325439 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many biomedical analysis applications require trapping and manipulating single cells and cell clusters within microfluidic devices. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label‐free technique that can achieve flexible cell trapping, without physical barriers, using electric field gradients created in the device by an electrode microarray. Little is known about how fluid flow forces created by the electrodes, such as thermally driven convection and electroosmosis, affect DEP‐based cell capture under high conductance media conditions that simulate physiologically relevant fluids such as blood or plasma. Here, we compare theoretical trajectories of particles under the influence of negative DEP (nDEP) with observed trajectories of real particles in a high conductance buffer. We used 10‐µm diameter polystyrene beads as model cells and tracked their trajectories in the DEP microfluidic chip. The theoretical nDEP trajectories were in close agreement with the observed particle behavior. This agreement indicates that the movement of the particles was highly dominated by the DEP force and that contributions from thermal‐ and electroosmotic‐driven flows were negligible under these experimental conditions. The analysis protocol developed here offers a strategy that can be applied to future studies with different applied voltages, frequencies, conductivities, and polarization properties of the targeted particles and surrounding medium. These findings motivate further DEP device development to manipulate particle trajectories for trapping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Luna
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Daniel P. Heineck
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Elmar Bucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Laura Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
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Cha H, Fallahi H, Dai Y, Yuan D, An H, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Multiphysics microfluidics for cell manipulation and separation: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:423-444. [PMID: 35048916 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiphysics microfluidics, which combines multiple functional physical processes in a microfluidics platform, is an emerging research area that has attracted increasing interest for diverse biomedical applications. Multiphysics microfluidics is expected to overcome the limitations of individual physical phenomena through combining their advantages. Furthermore, multiphysics microfluidics is superior for cell manipulation due to its high precision, better sensitivity, real-time tunability, and multi-target sorting capabilities. These exciting features motivate us to review this state-of-the-art field and reassess the feasibility of coupling multiple physical processes. To confine the scope of this paper, we mainly focus on five common forces in microfluidics: inertial lift, elastic, dielectrophoresis (DEP), magnetophoresis (MP), and acoustic forces. This review first explains the working mechanisms of single physical phenomena. Next, we classify multiphysics techniques in terms of cascaded connections and physical coupling, and we elaborate on combinations of designs and working mechanisms in systems reported in the literature to date. Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining multiple physical processes and associated design schemes and propose several promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Hedieh Fallahi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Yuchen Dai
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Dan Yuan
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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11
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Hang Y, Boryczka J, Wu N. Visible-light and near-infrared fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering point-of-care sensing and bio-imaging: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:329-375. [PMID: 34897302 PMCID: PMC9135580 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article deals with the concepts, principles and applications of visible-light and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in in vitro point-of-care testing (POCT) and in vivo bio-imaging. It has discussed how to utilize the biological transparency windows to improve the penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio, and how to use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to amplify fluorescence and SERS signals. This article has highlighted some plasmonic fluorescence and SERS probes. It has also reviewed the design strategies of fluorescent and SERS sensors in the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. Particularly, it has provided perspectives on the integration of fluorescent and SERS sensors into microfluidic chips as lab-on-chips to realize point-of-care testing. It has also discussed the design of active microfluidic devices and non-paper- or paper-based lateral flow assays for in vitro diagnostics. In addition, this article has discussed the strategies to design in vivo NIR fluorescence and SERS bio-imaging platforms for monitoring physiological processes and disease progression in live cells and tissues. Moreover, it has highlighted the applications of POCT and bio-imaging in testing toxins, heavy metals, illicit drugs, cancers, traumatic brain injuries, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, HIV and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Hang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Jennifer Boryczka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
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Kwon S, Oh J, Lee MS, Um E, Jeong J, Kang JH. Enhanced Diamagnetic Repulsion of Blood Cells Enables Versatile Plasma Separation for Biomarker Analysis in Blood. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100797. [PMID: 33978996 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A hemolysis-free and highly efficient plasma separation platform enabled by enhanced diamagnetic repulsion of blood cells in undiluted whole blood is reported. Complete removal of blood cells from blood plasma is achieved by supplementing blood with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which turns the blood plasma into a paramagnetic condition, and thus, all blood cells are repelled by magnets. The blood plasma is successfully collected from 4 mL of blood at flow rates up to 100 µL min-1 without losing plasma proteins, platelets, or exosomes with 83.3±1.64% of plasma volume recovery, which is superior over the conventional microfluidic methods. The theoretical model elucidates the diamagnetic repulsion of blood cells considering hematocrit-dependent viscosity, which allows to determine a range of optimal flow rates to harvest platelet-rich plasma and platelet-free plasma. For clinical validations, it is demonstrated that the method enables the greater recovery of bacterial DNA from the infected blood than centrifugation and the immunoassay in whole blood without prior plasma separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyong Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eujin Um
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwoo Jeong
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo H Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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13
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wan K, Wu M, Guo L, Liu X, Wei G. On the design, functions, and biomedical applications of high-throughput dielectrophoretic micro-/nanoplatforms: a review. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4330-4358. [PMID: 33620368 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient, rapid and label-free micro-/nanoparticle separation technique, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has attracted widespread attention in recent years, especially in the field of biomedicine, which exhibits huge potential in biomedically relevant applications such as disease diagnosis, cancer cell screening, biosensing, and others. DEP technology has been greatly developed recently from the low-flux laboratory level to high-throughput practical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of DEP technology in biomedical applications, including firstly the design of various types and materials of DEP electrode and flow channel, design of input signals, and other improved designs. Then, functional tailoring of DEP systems with endowed specific functions including separation, purification, capture, enrichment and connection of biosamples, as well as the integration of multifunctions, are demonstrated. After that, representative DEP biomedical application examples in aspects of disease detection, drug synthesis and screening, biosensing and cell positioning are presented. Finally, limitations of existing DEP platforms on biomedical application are discussed, in which emphasis is given to the impact of other electrodynamic effects such as electrophoresis (EP), electroosmosis (EO) and electrothermal (ET) effects on DEP efficiency. This article aims to provide new ideas for the design of novel DEP micro-/nanoplatforms with desirable high throughput toward application in the biomedical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Keming Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Mingxue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Lei Guo
- Research Center for High-Value Utilization of Waste Biomass, College of Life Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
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14
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. Microscale nonlinear electrokinetics for the analysis of cellular materials in clinical applications: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:104. [PMID: 33651196 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents a discussion of some of the latest advancements in the field of microscale electrokinetics for the analysis of cells and subcellular materials in clinical applications. The introduction presents an overview on the use of electric fields, i.e., electrokinetics, in microfluidics devices and discusses the potential of electrokinetic-based methods for the analysis of liquid biopsies in clinical and point-of-care applications. This is followed by four comprehensive sections that present some of the newest findings on the analysis of circulating tumor cells, blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), stem cells, and subcellular particles (extracellular vesicles and mitochondria). The valuable contributions discussed here (with 131 references) were mainly published during the last 3 to 4 years, providing the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art in the use of microscale electrokinetic methods in clinical analysis. Finally, the conclusions summarize the main advancements and discuss the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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15
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Sarno B, Heineck D, Heller MJ, Ibsen SD. Dielectrophoresis: Developments and applications from 2010 to 2020. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:539-564. [PMID: 33191521 PMCID: PMC7986072 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 20th century has seen tremendous innovation of dielectrophoresis (DEP) technologies, with applications being developed in areas ranging from industrial processing to micro- and nanoscale biotechnology. From 2010 to present day, there have been 981 publications about DEP. Of over 2600 DEP patents held by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 106 were filed in 2019 alone. This review focuses on DEP-based technologies and application developments between 2010 and 2020, with an aim to highlight the progress and to identify potential areas for future research. A major trend over the last 10 years has been the use of DEP techniques for biological and clinical applications. It has been used in various forms on a diverse array of biologically derived molecules and particles to manipulate and study them including proteins, exosomes, bacteria, yeast, stem cells, cancer cells, and blood cells. DEP has also been used to manipulate nano- and micron-sized particles in order to fabricate different structures. The next 10 years are likely to see the increase in DEP-related patent applications begin to result in a greater level of technology commercialization. Also during this time, innovations in DEP technology will likely be leveraged to continue the existing trend to further biological and medical-focused applications as well as applications in microfabrication. As a tool leveraged by engineering and imaginative scientific design, DEP offers unique capabilities to manipulate small particles in precise ways that can help solve problems and enable scientific inquiry that cannot be addressed using conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sarno
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Daniel Heineck
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
| | - Michael J. Heller
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- University of California San Diego–NanoengineeringLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- Oregon Health and Science University–The Knight Cancer Institute's Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterPortlandORUSA
- Oregon Health and Science University–Biomedical EngineeringPortlandORUSA
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16
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Çağlayan Z, Demircan Yalçın Y, Külah H. A Prominent Cell Manipulation Technique in BioMEMS: Dielectrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E990. [PMID: 33153069 PMCID: PMC7693018 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BioMEMS, the biological and biomedical applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), has attracted considerable attention in recent years and has found widespread applications in disease detection, advanced diagnosis, therapy, drug delivery, implantable devices, and tissue engineering. One of the most essential and leading goals of the BioMEMS and biosensor technologies is to develop point-of-care (POC) testing systems to perform rapid prognostic or diagnostic tests at a patient site with high accuracy. Manipulation of particles in the analyte of interest is a vital task for POC and biosensor platforms. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the induced movement of particles in a non-uniform electrical field due to polarization effects, is an accurate, fast, low-cost, and marker-free manipulation technique. It has been indicated as a promising method to characterize, isolate, transport, and trap various particles. The aim of this review is to provide fundamental theory and principles of DEP technique, to explain its importance for the BioMEMS and biosensor fields with detailed references to readers, and to identify and exemplify the application areas in biosensors and POC devices. Finally, the challenges faced in DEP-based systems and the future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Çağlayan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Demircan Yalçın
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
| | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
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Nasiri R, Shamloo A, Ahadian S, Amirifar L, Akbari J, Goudie MJ, Lee K, Ashammakhi N, Dokmeci MR, Di Carlo D, Khademhosseini A. Microfluidic-Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000171. [PMID: 32529791 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell separation is a key step in many biomedical research areas including biotechnology, cancer research, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. While conventional cell sorting approaches have led to high-efficiency sorting by exploiting the cell's specific properties, microfluidics has shown great promise in cell separation by exploiting different physical principles and using different properties of the cells. In particular, label-free cell separation techniques are highly recommended to minimize cell damage and avoid costly and labor-intensive steps of labeling molecular signatures of cells. In general, microfluidic-based cell sorting approaches can separate cells using "intrinsic" (e.g., fluid dynamic forces) versus "extrinsic" external forces (e.g., magnetic, electric field, etc.) and by using different properties of cells including size, density, deformability, shape, as well as electrical, magnetic, and compressibility/acoustic properties to select target cells from a heterogeneous cell population. In this work, principles and applications of the most commonly used label-free microfluidic-based cell separation methods are described. In particular, applications of microfluidic methods for the separation of circulating tumor cells, blood cells, immune cells, stem cells, and other biological cells are summarized. Computational approaches complementing such microfluidic methods are also explained. Finally, challenges and perspectives to further develop microfluidic-based cell separation methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Nasiri
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Leyla Amirifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Javad Akbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Marcus J Goudie
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - KangJu Lee
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Chen J, Yang F, Li G. Separation of Macrophages Using a Dielectrophoresis-Based Microfluidic Device. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xia L, Yang J, Su R, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Huang S, Chen Y, Li G. Recent Progress in Fast Sample Preparation Techniques. Anal Chem 2019; 92:34-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiani Yang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rihui Su
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wanjun Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanhui Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Simin Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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20
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Exploring contraction–expansion inertial microfluidic‐based particle separation devices integrated with curved channels. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Fan L, Zhu X, Yan Q, Zhe J, Zhao L. A passive microfluidic device for continuous microparticle enrichment. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:1000-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang‐Liang Fan
- School of Food Equipment Engineering and Science Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Liang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron OH USA
| | - Qing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron OH USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
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