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Wang H, Hu X, Zhang M, Yang L, Xu Y, Gu X, Jiang J, Hu W. Development of an HSV-1 production process involving serum-reduced culturing and bead-to-bead transfer. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:383. [PMID: 38896301 PMCID: PMC11186949 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) plays an important role in the field of gene therapy and viral vaccines, especially as an oncolytic virus. However, the mass production of HSV-1 viral vectors remains a challenge in the industry. In this study, a microcarrier-mediated serum-reduced medium culture was used to improve the bioprocess of HSV-1 production and increase HSV-1 yields. The composition of the culture media, which included a basal medium, serum concentration, and glutamine additive, was optimized. The process was successfully conducted in a 1 L bioreactor, and virus production was threefold greater than that of conventional processes with a 10% serum medium. The bead-to-bead transfer process was also developed to further increase scalability. In spinner flasks, the detachment rate increased from 49.4 to 80.6% when combined agitation was performed during digestion; the overall recovery proportion increased from 37.9 to 71.1% after the operational steps were optimized. Specifically, microcarrier loss was reduced during aspiration and transfer, and microcarriers and detached cells were separated with filters. Comparable cell growth was achieved with the baseline process using 2D culture as the inoculum by exchanging the subculture medium. To increase virus production after bead-to-bead transfer, critical parameters, including shear stress during digestion, TrypLE and EDTA concentrations in the subculture, and the CCI, were identified from 47 parameters via correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The optimized bead-to-bead transfer process achieved an average of 90.4% overall recovery and comparable virus production compared to that of the baseline process. This study is the first to report the optimization of HSV-1 production in Vero cells cultured on microcarriers in serum-reduced medium after bead-to-bead transfer. KEY POINTS: • An HSV-1 production process was developed that involves culturing in serum-reduced medium, and this process achieved threefold greater virus production than that of traditional processes. • An indirect bead-to-bead transfer process was developed with over 90% recovery yield in bioreactors. • HSV-1 production after bead-to-bead transfer was optimized and was comparable to that achieved with 2D culture as inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Wang
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
| | - Xiuhua Hu
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
| | - Yueying Xu
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
| | - Xiaoxu Gu
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China.
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Microbial and Viral Platforms (MVP), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China.
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Schini A, De Canditiis B, Sanchez C, Pierrelee M, Voltz KE, Jourdainne L. Influence of cell specific parameters in a dielectric spectroscopy conversion model used to monitor viable cell density in bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300028. [PMID: 37318800 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the biopharmaceutical industry, the use of mammalian cells to produce therapeutic proteins is becoming increasingly widespread. Monitoring of these cultures via different analysis techniques is essential to ensure a good quality product while respecting good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulations. Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) tools provide real-time measurements of the physiological state of the culture and enable process automation. Dielectric spectroscopy is a PAT that can be used to monitor the viable cell concentration (VCC) of living cells after processing raw permittivity data. Several modeling approaches exist and estimate biomass with different accuracy. The accuracy of the Cole-Cole and Maxwell Wagner's equations are studied here in the determination of the VCC and cell radius in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) culture. A sensitivity analysis performed on the parameters entering the equations highlighted the importance of the cell specific parameters such as internal conductivity (σi ) and membrane capacitance (Cm ) in the accuracy of the estimation of VCC and cell radius. The most accurate optimization method found to improve the accuracy involves in-process adjustments of Cm and σi in the model equations with samplings from the bioreactor. This combination of offline and in situ data improved the estimation precision of the VCC by 69% compared to a purely mechanistic model without offline adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Schini
- Millipore S.A.S. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Célia Sanchez
- Millipore S.A.S. (an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Darmstadt, Germany
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Pawar D, Lo Presti D, Silvestri S, Schena E, Massaroni C. Current and future technologies for monitoring cultured meat: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113464. [PMID: 37803787 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The high population growth rate, massive animal food consumption, fast economic progress, and limited food resources could lead to a food crisis in the future. There is a huge requirement for dietary proteins including cultured meat is being progressed to fulfill the need for meat-derived proteins in the diet. However, production of cultured meat requires monitoring numerous bioprocess parameters. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various widely adopted techniques (optical, spectroscopic, electrochemical, capacitive, FETs, resistive, microscopy, and ultrasound) for monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters that can improve the bioprocess control in cultured meat. The methods, operating principle, merits/demerits, and the main open challenges are reviewed with the aim to support the readers in advancing knowledge on novel sensing systems for cultured meat applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyandeo Pawar
- Microwave Materials Group, Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Athani P.O, Thrissur, Kerala 680581, India.
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Silvestri
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Magnússon A, Pajander J, Sin G, Stocks S. Determining the linear correlation between dielectric spectroscopy and viable biomass concentration in filamentous fungal fermentations. Biotechnol Lett 2023:10.1007/s10529-023-03384-w. [PMID: 37227599 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dielectric spectroscopy is commonly used for online monitoring of biomass growth. It is however not utilized for biomass concentration measurements due to poor correlation with Cell Dry Weight (CDW). A calibration methodology is developed that can directly measure viable biomass concentration in a commercial filamentous process using dielectric values, without recourse to independent and challenging viability determinations. RESULTS The methodology is applied to samples from the industrial scale fermentation of a filamentous fungus, Acremonium fusidioides. By mixing fresh and heat-killed samples, linear responses were verified and sample viability could be fitted with the dielectric [Formula: see text] values and total solids concentration. The study included a total of 26 samples across 21 different cultivations, with a legacy at-line viable cell analyzer requiring 2 ml samples, and a modern on-line probe operated at-line with 2 different sample presentation volumes, one compatible with the legacy analyzer, a larger sample volume of 100 ml being compatible with calibration for on-line operation. The linear model provided an [Formula: see text] value of 0.99 between [Formula: see text] and viable biomass across the sample set using either instrument. The difference in ∆C when analyzing 100 mL and 2 mL samples with an in-line probe can be adjusted by a scalar factor of 1.33 within the microbial system used in this study, preserving the linear relation with [Formula: see text] of 0.97. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to directly estimate viable biomass concentrations utilizing dielectric spectroscopy without recourse to extensive and difficult to execute independent viability studies. The same method can be applied to calibrate different instruments to measure viable biomass concentration. Small sample volumes are appropriate as long as the sample volumes are kept consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atli Magnússon
- LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark.
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Gürkan Sin
- LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stuart Stocks
- LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Bergin A, Carvell J, Butler M. Applications of bio-capacitance to cell culture manufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yi S, McCracken R, Davide J, Salovich DR, Whitmer T, Bhat A, Vlasak J, Ha S, Sehlin D, Califano J, Ploeger K, Mukherjee M. Development of process analytical tools for rapid monitoring of live virus vaccines in manufacturing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15494. [PMID: 36109543 PMCID: PMC9476422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of end-to-end large-scale live virus vaccine (LVV) manufacturing, process analytical technology (PAT) tools enable timely monitoring of critical process parameters (CPP) and significantly guide process development and characterization. In a commercial setting, these very same tools can enable real time monitoring of CPPs on the shop floor and inform harvest decisions, predict peak potency, and serve as surrogates for release potency assays. Here we introduce the development of four advanced PAT tools for upstream and downstream process monitoring in LVV manufacturing. The first tool explores the application of capacitance probes for real time monitoring of viable cell density in bioreactors. The second tool utilizes high content imaging to determine optimum time of infection in a microcarrier process. The third tool uses flow virometry (or nanoscale flow cytometry) to monitor total virus particle counts across upstream and downstream process steps and establishes a robust correlation to virus potency. The fourth and final tool explores the use of nucleic acid dye staining to discriminate between “good” and “damaged” virus particles and uses this strategy to also monitor virus aggregates generated sometimes during downstream processing. Collectively, these tools provide a comprehensive monitoring toolbox and represent a significantly enhanced control strategy for the manufacturing of LVVs.
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Rafferty C, O'Mahony J, Rea R, Burgoyne B, Balss KM, Lyngberg O, O'Mahony-Hartnett C, Hill D, Schaefer E. Raman spectroscopic based chemometric models to support a dynamic capacitance based cell culture feeding strategy. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1415-1429. [PMID: 32303846 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple process analytical technology (PAT) tools are now being applied in tandem for cell culture. Research presented used two in-line probes, capacitance for a dynamic feeding strategy and Raman spectroscopy for real-time monitoring. Data collected from eight batches at the 15,000 L scale were used to develop process models. Raman spectroscopic data were modelled using Partial Least Squares (PLS) by two methods-(1) use of the full dataset and (2) split the dataset based on the capacitance feeding strategy. Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the first model method of capacitance was 1.54 pf/cm and the second modelling method was 1.40 pf/cm. The second Raman method demonstrated results within expected process limits for capacitance and a 0.01% difference in total nutrient feed compared to the capacitance probe. Additional variables modelled using Raman spectroscopy were viable cell density (VCD), viability, average cell diameter, and viable cell volume (VCV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Rafferty
- Janssen Sciences Ireland UC, BioTherapeutic Development, Ringaskiddy, Cork, Ireland. .,Cork Institute of Technology, Biological Sciences, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Cork Institute of Technology, Biological Sciences, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rosemary Rea
- Cork Institute of Technology, Biological Sciences, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barbara Burgoyne
- Janssen Sciences Ireland UC, Product Quality Management, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karin M Balss
- Janssen Supply Group, Advanced Technology Center of Excellence, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Olav Lyngberg
- Janssen Supply Group, Advanced Technology Center of Excellence, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | | | - Dan Hill
- Biogen, Global Process Analytics, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Eugene Schaefer
- Janssen Research and Development Malvern, DPDS, BioTherapeutic Development, Malvern, PA, USA
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Metze S, Blioch S, Matuszczyk J, Greller G, Grimm C, Scholz J, Hoehse M. Multivariate data analysis of capacitance frequency scanning for online monitoring of viable cell concentrations in small-scale bioreactors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:2089-2102. [PMID: 31608427 PMCID: PMC8285309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Viable cell concentration (VCC) is one of the most important process attributes during mammalian cell cultivations. Current state-of-the-art measurements of VCC comprise offline methods which do not allow for continuous process data. According to the FDA's process analytical technology initiative, process monitoring and control should be applied to gain process understanding and to ensure high product quality. In this work, the use of an inline capacitance probe to monitor online VCCs of a mammalian CHO cell culture process in small-scale bioreactors (250 mL) was investigated. Capacitance sensors using single frequency are increasingly common for biomass monitoring. However, the single-frequency signal corresponds to the cell polarization that represents the viable cell volume. Therefore single-frequency measurements are dependent on cell diameter changes. Measuring the capacitance across various frequencies (frequency scanning) can provide information about the VCC and cope with changing cell diameter. Applying multivariate data analysis on the frequency scanning data successfully enabled direct online monitoring of VCCs in this study. The multivariate model was trained with data from 5 standard cultivations. The model provided a prediction of VCCs with relative errors from 5.5 to 11%, which is a good agreement with the acceptance criterion based on the offline reference method accuracy (approximately 10% relative error) and strongly improved compared with single-frequency results (16 to 23% relative error). Furthermore, robustness trials were conducted to demonstrate the model's predictive ability under challenging conditions. The process deviations in regard to dilution steps and feed variations were detected immediately in the online prediction of the VCC with relative errors between 6.7 and 13.2%. Thus in summary, the presented method on capacitance frequency scanning demonstrates its suitability for process monitoring and control that can save batches, time, and cost. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Metze
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz University of Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30161, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Blioch
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Matuszczyk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Greller
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Scholz
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marek Hoehse
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Str. 11, 37079, Göttingen, Germany.
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Monitoring online biomass with a capacitance sensor during scale-up of industrially relevant CHO cell culture fed-batch processes in single-use bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:193-205. [PMID: 31549309 PMCID: PMC6960217 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, the FDA published a guideline to implement process analytical technologies (PAT) in biopharmaceutical processes for process monitoring to gain process understanding and for the control of important process parameters. Viable cell concentration (VCC) is one of the most important key performance indicator (KPI) during mammalian cell cultivation processes. Commonly, this is measured offline. In this work, we demonstrated the comparability and scalability of linear regression models derived from online capacitance measurements. The linear regressions were used to predict the VCC and other familiar offline biomass indicators, like the viable cell volume (VCV) and the wet cell weight (WCW), in two different industrially relevant CHO cell culture processes (Process A and Process B). Therefore, different single-use bioreactor scales (50–2000 L) were used to prove feasibility and scalability of the in-line sensor integration. Coefficient of determinations of 0.79 for Process A and 0.99 for Process B for the WCW were achieved. The VCV was described with high coefficients of determination of 0.96 (Process A) and 0.98 (Process B), respectively. In agreement with other work from the literature, the VCC was only described within the exponential growth phase, but resulting in excellent coefficients of determination of 0.99 (Process A) and 0.96 (Process B), respectively. Monitoring these KPIs online using linear regression models appeared to be scale-independent, enabled deeper process understanding (e.g. here demonstrated in monitoring, the feeding profile) and showed the potential of this method for process control.
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