1
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Sommerfeld IK, Palm P, Hussnaetter KP, Pieper MI, Bulut S, Lile T, Wagner R, Walkowiak JJ, Elling L, Pich A. Microgels with Immobilized Glycosyltransferases for Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3807-3822. [PMID: 38807305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Glycans, composed of linked monosaccharides, play crucial roles in biology and find diverse applications. Enhancing their enzymatic synthesis can be achieved by immobilizing enzymes on materials such as microgels. Here, we present microgels with immobilized glycosyltransferases, synthesized through droplet microfluidics, immobilizing enzymes either via encapsulation or postattachment. SpyTag-SpyCatcher interaction was used for enzyme binding, among others. Fluorescamine and permeability assays confirmed enzyme immobilization and microgel porosity, while enzymatic activities were determined using HPLC. The potential application of microgels in cascade reactions involving multiple enzymes was demonstrated by combining β4GalT and α3GalT in an enzymatic reaction with high yields. Moreover, a cascade of β4GalT and β3GlcNAcT was successfully implemented. These results pave the way toward a modular membrane bioreactor for automated glycan synthesis containing the presented biocatalytic microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Katja Sommerfeld
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Philip Palm
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Kai Philip Hussnaetter
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Maria Isabell Pieper
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Selin Bulut
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Tudor Lile
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Rebekka Wagner
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jacek Janusz Walkowiak
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, RD Geleen 6167, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI─Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, RD Geleen 6167, The Netherlands
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2
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Frohnmeyer H, Verkade JMM, Spiertz M, Rentsch A, Hoffmann N, Sobota M, Schwede F, Tjeerdsma P, Elling L. Process Development for the Enzymatic Gram-Scale Production of the Unnatural Nucleotide Sugar UDP-6-Azido-GalNAc. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400311. [PMID: 38655621 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Azido sugars hold great promise as substrates in numerous click-chemistry applications. However, the synthesis of activated azido sugars is limited by cost and complexity. Conventional chemical activation methods are intricate and time-consuming. In response, we have developed a process for the large-scale production of UDP-6-azido-GalNAc through enzymatic nucleotide sugar synthesis on a gram scale. Our optimization strategies encompassed refining the process parameters of an enzyme cascade featuring NahK from Bifidobacterium longum and AGX1 from Homo sapiens. Using the repetitive-batch-mode technology, we synthesized up to 2.1 g of UDP-6-azido-GalNAc, achieving yields up to 97 % in five consecutive batch cycles using a single enzyme batch. The synthesis process demonstrated to have total turnover numbers (TTNs) between 4.4-4.8 g of product per gram of enzyme (gP/gE) and STYs ranging from 1.7-2.4 g per liter per hour (g*L-1*h-1). By purification of a product solution pool containing 2.6 g (4.1 mmol) UDP-6-azido-GalNAc, 2.1 g (2,122.1 mg) UDP-6-azido-GalNAc (sodium salt) with a purity of 99.96 % (HPLC) were obtained. The overall recovery after purification was 81 % (3.32 mmol). Our work establishes a robust production platform for the gram-scale synthesis of unnatural nucleotide sugars, opening new avenues for applications in glycan engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Frohnmeyer
- RWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jorge M M Verkade
- Synaffix BV, Pivot Park, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Spiertz
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rentsch
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH & Co. KG, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Niels Hoffmann
- RWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Milan Sobota
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Schwede
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH & Co. KG, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Tjeerdsma
- Synaffix BV, Pivot Park, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Elling
- RWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Gladwin SA, Kenji O, Honda K. One-step preparation of cell-free ATP regeneration module based on non-oxidative glycolysis using thermophilic enzymes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200210. [PMID: 35642750 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an essential cofactor for energy-dependent enzymatic reactions that occur during in vitro biochemical conversion. Recently, an enzyme cascade based on non-oxidative glycolysis, which uses starch and orthophosphate as energy and phosphate sources, respectively, for the regeneration of ATP from adenosine diphosphate, has been developed (Wei et. al., ChemCatChem 2018 , 10 , 5597-5601). However, the 12 enzymes required for this system hampered its practical usability and further testing potential. Here, we addressed this issue by constructing co-expression vectors for the simultaneous gene expression of the 12 enzymes in a single expression strain. All enzymes were sourced from (hyper)thermophiles, which enabled a one-step purification via a heat-treatment process. We showed that the combination of the two enabled the ATP regeneration system to function in a single recombinant Escherichia coli strain. Additionally, this work provides a strategy to rationally design and control proteins expression levels in the co-expression vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Okano Kenji
- Kansai University: Kansai Daigaku, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, JAPAN
| | - Kohsuke Honda
- Osaka University: Osaka Daigaku, International Center for Biotechnology, 2-1 Yamadaoka, 565-0871, Suita, JAPAN
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Frohnmeyer H, Rueben S, Elling L. Gram‐scale production of GDP‐β‐l‐fucose with multi‐enzyme cascades in a repetitive‐batch mode. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Frohnmeyer
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Simon Rueben
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Lothar Elling
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering Pauwelsstr. 20 52074 Aachen GERMANY
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6
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Schelch S, Koszagova R, Kuballa J, Nidetzky B. Immobilization of CMP‐sialic acid synthetase and α2,3‐sialyltransferase for cascade synthesis of 3'‐sialyl β‐D‐galactoside with enzyme reuse. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schelch
- TU Graz: Technische Universitat Graz Institut für Biotechnologie und Bioprozesstechnik AUSTRIA
| | - Romana Koszagova
- Technische Universität Graz: Technische Universitat Graz Institut für Biotechnologie und Bioprozesstechnik AUSTRIA
| | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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7
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Valdés A, Álvarez-Rivera G, Socas-Rodríguez B, Herrero M, Cifuentes A. Capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics: Advances and applications in the period February 2019-February 2021. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:37-56. [PMID: 34473359 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a revision of the main applications of capillary electromigration methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Articles that were published during the period February 2019-February 2021 are included. The work shows the multiple CE methods that have been developed and applied to analyze different types of molecules in foods. Namely, CE methods have been applied to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, carbohydrates, chiral compounds, contaminants, DNAs, food additives, heterocyclic amines, lipids, secondary metabolites, peptides, pesticides, phenols, pigments, polyphenols, proteins, residues, toxins, vitamins, small organic and inorganic compounds, as well as other minor compounds. The last results on the use of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing, including recent microchips developments and new applications of CE in Foodomics, are discussed too. The new procedures of CE to investigate food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage and bioactivity are also included in the present review work.
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
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9
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Gloster TM. Exploitation of carbohydrate processing enzymes in biocatalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:180-188. [PMID: 32203896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exploitation of enzymes in biocatalytic processes provides scope both in the synthesis and degradation of molecules. Enzymes have power not only in their catalytic efficiency, but their chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity means the reactions they catalyze are precise and reproducible. Focusing on carbohydrate processing enzymes, this review covers advances in biocatalysis involving carbohydrates over the last 2-3 years. Given the notorious difficulties in the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates, the use of enzymes for synthesis has potential for significant impact in the future. The use of catabolic enzymes in the degradation of biomass, which can be exploited in the production of biofuels to provide a sustainable and greener source of energy, and the synthesis of molecules that have a range of applications including in the pharmaceutical and food industries will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Gloster
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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10
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Dong X, Li N, Liu Z, Lv X, Shen Y, Li J, Du G, Wang M, Liu L. CRISPRi-Guided Multiplexed Fine-Tuning of Metabolic Flux for Enhanced Lacto- N-neotetraose Production in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2477-2484. [PMID: 32013418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), one of the oligosaccharides in human milk, has many beneficial effects on infant health. In a recent work, we have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain for the production of LNnT. Here, we further improved LNnT production with a xylose-induced clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference system. In particular, the expressions of pfkA and pyk genes in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway module, zwf gene in the pentose phosphate pathway module, and mnaA gene in the teichoic acid synthesis module were downregulated. The LNnT titer was increased from 1.32 to 1.55 g/L. Furthermore, to improve the conversion efficiency of lacto-N-triose II to LNnT, we knocked out tuaD gene in branch pathway and improved the expression of lgtB gene, resulting in the further increase of LNnT titer to 2.01 g/L. Finally, the addition time and amount of inducer xylose were optimized, and LNnT titer reached 2.30 g/L in shake flask and 5.41 g/L in 3 L bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute , Bright Dairy & Food Company, Ltd. , Shanghai 200436 , China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute , Bright Dairy & Food Company, Ltd. , Shanghai 200436 , China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yu Shen
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
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11
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Zhong C, Duić B, Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B. Three‐Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade Immobilized on Solid Support for Biocatalytic Synthesis of Cello−oligosaccharides. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Božidar Duić
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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12
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McArthur JB, Yu H, Chen X. A Bacterial β1-3-Galactosyltransferase Enables Multigram-Scale Synthesis of Human Milk Lacto- N-tetraose (LNT) and Its Fucosides. ACS Catal 2019; 9:10721-10726. [PMID: 33408950 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
β1-3-Linked galactosides such as Galβ1‒3GlcNAcβOR are common carbohydrate motifs found in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOSs), glycolipids, and glycoproteins. Efficient and scalable enzymatic syntheses of these structures have proven challenging due to the lack of access to a highly active β1‒3-galactosyltransferase (β3GalT) in large amounts. Previously reported E. coli β3GalT (EcWbgO) has been identified as a limiting factor for producing a β1-3-galactose-terminated human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) by fermentation. Here we report the identification of an EcWbgO homolog from C. violaceum (Cvβ3GalT) which showed a high efficiency in catalyzing the formation of LNT from lacto-N-triose (LNT II). With the highly active Cvβ3GalT, multigram-scale (>10 gram) synthesis of LNT from lactose was achieved using a sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) glycosylation process. The access to Cvβ3GalT enabled enzymatic synthesis of several fucosylated HMOSs with or without further sialylation including LNFP II, S-LNF II, LNDFH I, LNFP V, and DiFuc-LNT. Among these, LNFP V and DiFuc-LNT would not be accessible by enzymatic synthesis if an active β3GalT were not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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13
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Fischöder T, Cajic S, Grote V, Heinzler R, Reichl U, Franzreb M, Rapp E, Elling L. Enzymatic Cascades for Tailored 13C 6 and 15N Enriched Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:E3482. [PMID: 31557948 PMCID: PMC6803985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several health benefits, associated with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), have been revealed in the last decades. Further progress, however, requires not only the establishment of a simple "routine" method for absolute quantification of complex HMOS mixtures but also the development of novel synthesis strategies to improve access to tailored HMOS. Here, we introduce a combination of salvage-like nucleotide sugar-producing enzyme cascades with Leloir-glycosyltransferases in a sequential pattern for the convenient tailoring of stable isotope-labeled HMOS. We demonstrate the assembly of [13C6]galactose into lacto-N- and lacto-N-neo-type HMOS structures up to octaoses. Further, we present the enzymatic production of UDP-[15N]GlcNAc and its application for the enzymatic synthesis of [13C6/15N]lacto-N-neo-tetraose for the first time. An exemplary application was selected-analysis of tetraose in complex biological mixtures-to show the potential of tailored stable isotope reference standards for the mass spectrometry-based quantification, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) as a fast and straightforward method for absolute quantification of HMOS. Together with the newly available well-defined tailored isotopic HMOS, this can make a crucial contribution to prospective research aiming for a more profound understanding of HMOS structure-function relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valerian Grote
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Heinzler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Bandara MD, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. The chemical synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides: Lacto-N-neotetraose (Galβ1→4GlcNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glc). Carbohydr Res 2019; 483:107743. [PMID: 31319351 PMCID: PMC6717531 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of innovative methods that offer new capabilities for obtaining individual oligosaccharides from human milk will help to improve understanding their roles and boost practical applications. The total chemical synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) has been completed using both linear and convergent strategies. The donor and acceptor protecting and leaving group combinations were found to be of paramount significance to successful couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila D Bandara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.
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Zeuner B, Teze D, Muschiol J, Meyer AS. Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Protein Engineering Strategies for Improved Enzymatic Transglycosylation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2033. [PMID: 31141914 PMCID: PMC6600218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) signify a unique group of oligosaccharides in breast milk, which is of major importance for infant health and development. The functional benefits of HMOs create an enormous impetus for biosynthetic production of HMOs for use as additives in infant formula and other products. HMO molecules can be synthesized chemically, via fermentation, and by enzymatic synthesis. This treatise discusses these different techniques, with particular focus on harnessing enzymes for controlled enzymatic synthesis of HMO molecules. In order to foster precise and high-yield enzymatic synthesis, several novel protein engineering approaches have been reported, mainly concerning changing glycoside hydrolases to catalyze relevant transglycosylations. The protein engineering strategies for these enzymes range from rationally modifying specific catalytic residues, over targeted subsite -1 mutations, to unique and novel transplantations of designed peptide sequences near the active site, so-called loop engineering. These strategies have proven useful to foster enhanced transglycosylation to promote different types of HMO synthesis reactions. The rationale of subsite -1 modification, acceptor binding site matching, and loop engineering, including changes that may alter the spatial arrangement of water in the enzyme active site region, may prove useful for novel enzyme-catalyzed carbohydrate design in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Zeuner
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - David Teze
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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