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Casey-Power S, Ryan R, Behl G, McLoughlin P, Byrne ME, Fitzhenry L. Hyaluronic Acid: Its Versatile Use in Ocular Drug Delivery with a Specific Focus on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071479. [PMID: 35890371 PMCID: PMC9323903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research is currently being conducted into novel ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS) that are capable of surpassing the limitations associated with conventional intraocular anterior and posterior segment treatments. Nanoformulations, including those synthesised from the natural, hydrophilic glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA), have gained significant traction due to their enhanced intraocular permeation, longer retention times, high physiological stability, inherent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, conventional nanoformulation preparation methods often require large volumes of organic solvent, chemical cross-linkers, and surfactants, which can pose significant toxicity risks. We present a comprehensive, critical review of the use of HA in the field of ophthalmology and ocular drug delivery, with a discussion of the physicochemical and biological properties of HA that render it a suitable excipient for drug delivery to both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The pivotal focus of this review is a discussion of the formation of HA-based nanoparticles via polyelectrolyte complexation, a mild method of preparation driven primarily by electrostatic interaction between opposing polyelectrolytes. To the best of our knowledge, despite the growing number of publications centred around the development of HA-based polyelectrolyte complexes (HA-PECs) for ocular drug delivery, no review articles have been published in this area. This review aims to bridge the identified gap in the literature by (1) reviewing recent advances in the area of HA-PECs for anterior and posterior ODD, (2) describing the mechanism and thermodynamics of polyelectrolyte complexation, and (3) critically evaluating the intrinsic and extrinsic formulation parameters that must be considered when designing HA-PECs for ocular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoirse Casey-Power
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Richie Ryan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Gautam Behl
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Peter McLoughlin
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Mark E. Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (R.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.); (L.F.)
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Giubertoni G, Koenderink GH, Bakker HJ. Direct Observation of Intrachain Hydrogen Bonds in Aqueous Hyaluronan. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8220-8225. [PMID: 31478665 PMCID: PMC6767362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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We use two-dimensional
infrared spectroscopy to study the interactions
between the amide and carboxylate anion groups of hyaluronan polymers
at neutral pH. The spectra reveal the presence of intrachain hydrogen
bonds between the amide and carboxylate anion groups in aqueous solution.
We determine the relative orientation of the amide and carboxylate
anion groups when forming this hydrogen bond and quantify the fraction
of amide groups that participate in hydrogen bonding. We find that
a variation of the pH and/or temperature has a negligible effect on
this fraction, whereas the persistence length of the hyaluronan chains
and the associated viscosity of hyaluronan solutions are known to
change significantly. We conclude that the hydrogen bonding between
the amide and carboxylate anion groups does not significantly contribute
to the chain rigidity of hyaluronan polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huib J Bakker
- AMOLF , Science Park 104 , 1098 XG Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Musilová L, Kašpárková V, Mráček A, Minařík A, Minařík M. The behaviour of hyaluronan solutions in the presence of Hofmeister ions: A light scattering, viscometry and surface tension study. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:395-402. [PMID: 30832872 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic light scattering (DLS), viscosity and surface tension (SFT) measurements were used to characterize influence of salts containing ions of Hofmeister series (Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, NaSCN, NH4SCN and NaCl) on the behaviour of hyaluronan in diluted solutions at a temperature range of 15-45 °C. The results of the study showed that chaotropic and kosmotropic ions notably influenced the folding and unfolding of hyaluronan coils due to interactions between a respective ion and hydrophilic or hydrophobic patches present in the backbone of the polymer chains. This was mainly proved by viscosity and light scattering measurements. The temperature dependence of the hydrodynamic diameter of the hyaluronan coil determined by DLS demonstrated that combinations of chaotropic and kosmotropic ions in one salt (NaCl, NaSCN and (HN4)2SO4) can stabilize the size of the coil in a wide range of temperatures. Tensiometry measurements indicated that certain types of ions present in the solution caused an unfolding of the hyaluronan coils, leading to a decrease of SFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Musilová
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Technology, Department of Physics and Material Engineering, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Kašpárková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Technology, Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Mráček
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Technology, Department of Physics and Material Engineering, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Antonín Minařík
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Technology, Department of Physics and Material Engineering, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Minařík
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Technology, Department of Physics and Material Engineering, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
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The influence of temperature, sucrose and lactose on dilute solution properties of basil ( Ocimumbasilicum ) seed gum. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:623-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cowman MK, Schmidt TA, Raghavan P, Stecco A. Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan in Physiological Conditions. F1000Res 2015; 4:622. [PMID: 26594344 PMCID: PMC4648226 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6885.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is particularly abundant in soft connective tissues. Solutions of HA can be highly viscous with non-Newtonian flow properties. These properties affect the movement of HA-containing fluid layers within and underlying the deep fascia. Changes in the concentration, molecular weight, or even covalent modification of HA in inflammatory conditions, as well as changes in binding interactions with other macromolecules, can have dramatic effects on the sliding movement of fascia. The high molecular weight and the semi-flexible chain of HA are key factors leading to the high viscosity of dilute solutions, and real HA solutions show additional nonideality and greatly increased viscosity due to mutual macromolecular crowding. The shear rate dependence of the viscosity, and the viscoelasticity of HA solutions, depend on the relaxation time of the molecule, which in turn depends on the HA concentration and molecular weight. Temperature can also have an effect on these properties. High viscosity can additionally affect the lubricating function of HA solutions. Immobility can increase the concentration of HA, increase the viscosity, and reduce lubrication and gliding of the layers of connective tissue and muscle. Over time, these changes can alter both muscle structure and function. Inflammation can further increase the viscosity of HA-containing fluids if the HA is modified via covalent attachment of heavy chains derived from Inter-α-Inhibitor. Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes HA, thus reducing its molecular weight, lowering the viscosity of the extracellular matrix fluid and making outflow easier. It can also disrupt any aggregates or gel-like structures that result from HA being modified. Hyaluronidase is used medically primarily as a dispersion agent, but may also be useful in conditions where altered viscosity of the fascia is desired, such as in the treatment of muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Cowman
- Biomatrix Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Schulich School of Engineering - Centre for Bioengineering Research & Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Preeti Raghavan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Stecco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, 35100, Italy
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Dilute solution properties of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) seed gum: Effect of temperature, salt, and sugar. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cowman MK, Matsuoka S. Experimental approaches to hyaluronan structure. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:791-809. [PMID: 15780246 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature describing experimental studies on hyaluronan (HA) is presented. Methods sensitive to the hydrodynamic properties of HA, analyzed in neutral aqueous solution containing NaCl at physiological concentration, can be shown to fit the expected behavior of a high molecular weight linear semi-flexible polymer. The significant nonideality of HA solutions can be predicted by a simple treatment for hydrodynamic interactions between polymer chains. Nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies of HA are also in agreement with a model incorporating dynamically formed and broken hydrogen bonds, contributing to the semi-flexibility of the polymer chain, and segmental motions on the nanosecond time scale. HA shows the capability for self-association in the formation of a viscoelastic putty state at pH 2.5 in the presence of salt, and a gel state at pH 2.5 in mixed organic/aqueous solution containing salt. Ordered and associated structures have also been observed for HA on the surfaces, especially in the presence of surface-structured water. These phenomena can be understood in terms of counterion-mediated polyelectrolyte interactions. The possibility that hyaluronan exists in vivo in environments that induce ordered structures and assemblies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Cowman
- Othmer Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences and Engineering, Polytechnic University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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Rueda C, Arias C, Galera P, López-Cabarcos E, Yagüe A. Mucopolysaccharides in aqueous solutions: effect of ionic strength on titration curves. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2001; 56:527-32. [PMID: 11482790 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We study the changes taking place in hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S) and condroitin 6-sulfate (C6-S), at ionic strengths of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 in NaCl, in a neutralization process in aqueous solution. We apply the equation of Henderson Hasselbalch modified for polyelectrolytes and evaluate the changes in the electrostatic free energy starting from the pK curves as a function of the dissociation degree. For a dissociation degree next to 0.4 corresponding to the -COOH group of the hyaluronic acid, we observed a change in the conformation of the three glycosaminoglycans studied. This conformational change takes place as a consequence of the break of intramolecular links and the beginning of the ionization process. The macromolecules in solution show a structure of random coil sufficiently expanded so that the interaction among the close ionizable groups is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rueda
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.
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Sakurai M, Imai T, Yamashita F, Nakamura K, Komatsu T, Nakagawa LT. Temperature Dependence of Viscosities and Potentiometric Titration Behavior of Aqueous Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(methacrylic acid) Solutions. Polym J 1993. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.25.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Hyaluronic acid from different sources, umbilical cord, vitreous, rooster comb and streptococcus, all exhibit a unique hydration behavior. Each hyaluronic acid and each different salt form has a maximum non-freezable water content at a set concentration beyond which the bound (non-freezable) water decreases. This type of behavior indicates a syneretic process simply due to concentration alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Bettelheim
- Chemistry Department, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530
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11
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Abstract
Recent studies on the (hypercoiled) compact conformation and the pH-induced conformational transition to the extended coil of the hydrophobic poly(acids or bases), which have been well used in industrial and medical circles, are summarized, especially on the basis of our studies on poly(alpha-alkyl acrylic acids) and maleic acid copolymers with hydrophobic aromatic monomers. The stability of the compact conformation and values of various thermodynamic parameters of the transition of the hydrophobic polyelectrolytes suggest the importance of hydrophobic interaction among the side chains to form the compact conformation. Characterization of various physicochemical methods, including 1H-NMR measurements, gives a model of the compact conformation with a more expanded structure than in globular proteins, a free-draining property of the solvent, the conformation fluctuation, etc. Also, the apparent two-state character of each segment in the transition region, a life-time in each state and the cooperative parameter for the compact form formation are discussed. A review of our conformational studies on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic polypeptides is also given. For the anion-induced conformation transition in basic homopoly(alpha-amino acids), hydrophobic characters of the anion and the side chain in the polypeptide are shown to be important, especially in terms of solvation. The difference in the induced conformation by the anion between random and alternating basic copolypeptides is explained by introducing a model which shows the importance of the sequence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in the polypeptide to induce the ordered conformation of the anions. Also, we attempt to explain the difference between the induction of ordered conformation in the basic homo- or copolypeptide in reversed micelles with a large sulfonate (AOT) vs. that in aqueous AOT in terms of the hydrophobic character of the side chains in the polypeptides, AOT and the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugai
- Department of Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
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12
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Piculell L, Lindman B, Einarsson R. Counterion binding and hydration of hyaluronate and chondroitin in solution: An17O,23Na, and25Mg nuclear-magnetic-relaxation study. Biopolymers 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360230906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Balazs EA, Cowman MK, Briller SO, Cleland RL. On the limiting viscosity number of hyaluronate in potassium phosphate buffers between pH 6.5 and 8. Biopolymers 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360220202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The conformational transitions of the alternating maleic acid copolymers with styrene (MA-St)n, and alpha-methyl styrene (MA-MSt)(n) in aqueous solutions were studied by means of various methods. The following results were obtained: 1) The conformational transitions of (MA-St)n from the compact to extended coil form are observed in various salt solutions, as in aqueous NaCl, and the compact form is stabilized by Rb+ and Cs+, but destabilized by Li+. The coions, Br-, I-, ClO4- and SCN- affect scarcely the stability of the compact form. 2) The temperature coefficient of viscosity d In [eta]/dT of (MA-St)n in 0.09 M NaCl was positive for the compact form, but negative for the coil form, and it reflects the transition. 3) The difference between specific heats for the compact and coil forms of (MA-St)n in 0.03 M NaCl is determined to be about 15% of the corresponding heat of transfer of benzene to aqueous medium. 4) A remarkable dilution of the bound monomeric acridine orange to the compact form (MA-St)n is observed and the dimerization free energy of the dye in the compact form is about -2.1 kcal mole at 25 degrees C. 5) Potentiometric, dilatometric and viscometric titrations of (MA-MSt)n in aqueous NaCl at 25 degrees C show a similar conformational transition to that of (MA-St)n. Also, the difference in the molar extinction coefficient at 261 nm indicates the transition. The compact form of (MA-MSt)n is more unstable than that of (MA-St)n. From the results, the compact conformations and the transition mechanism of both the polyacids were discussed in comparison with the results for the maleic acid copolymers with n-alkyl vinyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugai
- Department of Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan
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