Influence of sequential oligopeptide carriers on the bioactive structure of conjugated epitopes: Comparative study of the conformation of aHerpes simplex virus glycoprotein gD-1 epitope in the free and conjugated form, and protein “built-in” crystal structure

Targeted delivery with peptidomimetic conjugated self-assembled nanoparticles

Peptides produce specific nanostructures, making them useful for targeting in biological systems but they have low bioavailability, potential immunogenicity and poor metabolic stability. Peptidomimetic self-assembled NPs can possess biological recognition motifs as well as providing desired engineering properties. Inorganic NPs, coated with self-assembled macromers for stability and anti-fouling, and conjugated with target-specific ligands, are advancing imaging from the anatomy-based level to the molecular level. Ligand conjugated NPs are attractive for cell-selective tumor drug delivery, since this process has high transport capacity as well as ligand dependent cell specificity. Peptidomimetic NPs can provide stronger interaction with surface receptors on tumor cells, resulting in higher uptake and reduced drug resistance. Self-assembled NPs conjugated with peptidomimetic antigens are ideal for sustained presentation of vaccine antigens to dendritic cells and subsequent activation of T cell mediated adaptive immune response. Self-assembled NPs are a viable alternative to encapsulation for sustained delivery of proteins in tissue engineering. Cell penetrating peptides conjugated to NPs are used as intracellular delivery vectors for gene expression and as transfection agents for plasmid delivery. In this work, synthesis, characterization, properties, immunogenicity, and medical applications of peptidomimetic NPs in imaging, tumor delivery, vaccination, tissue engineering, and intracellular delivery are reviewed.