1
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Marschall E, Cass RW, Prasad KM, Swarbrick JD, McKay AI, Payne JAE, Cryle MJ, Tailhades J. Synthetic ramoplanin analogues are accessible by effective incorporation of arylglycines in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:195-203. [PMID: 38131086 PMCID: PMC10732013 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01944f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The threat of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics requires a continual effort to develop alternative treatments. Arylglycines (or phenylglycines) are one of the signature amino acids found in many natural peptide antibiotics, but their propensity for epimerization in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) has prevented their use in long peptide sequences. We have now identified an optimized protocol that allows the synthesis of challenging non-ribosomal peptides including precursors of the glycopeptide antibiotics and an analogue of feglymycin (1 analogue, 20%). We have exploited this protocol to synthesize analogues of the peptide antibiotic ramoplanin using native chemical ligation/desulfurization (1 analogue, 6.5%) and head-to-tail macrocyclization in excellent yield (6 analogues, 3-9%), with these compounds extensively characterized by NMR (U-shaped structure) and antimicrobial activity assays (two clinical isolates). This method significantly reduces synthesis time (6-9 days) when compared with total syntheses (2-3 months) and enables drug discovery programs to include arylglycines in structure-activity relationship studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Marschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Rachel W Cass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Komal M Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - James D Swarbrick
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- Department of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Jennifer A E Payne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Max J Cryle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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2
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Digal LD, Kirkeby EK, Austin MJ, Roberts AG. Design and Evaluation of Ambiphilic Aryl Thiol-Iminium-Based Molecules for Organocatalyzed Thioacyl Aminolysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9319-9325. [PMID: 36936301 PMCID: PMC10018527 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Progress toward the design and synthesis of ambiphilic aryl thiol-iminium-based small molecules for organocatalyzed thioacyl aminolysis is reported. Here we describe the synthesis of a novel tetrahydroisoquinoline-derived scaffold, bearing both thiol and iminium functionalities, capable of promoting the transthioesterification and subsequent amine capture reactions necessary to achieve organocatalyzed thioacyl aminolysis. Model studies demonstrate the ability of this designed organocatalyst to deliver critical intermediates capable of undergoing these individual reactions necessary for the proposed process. Future design improvements and directions toward cysteine-independent organocatalyzed native chemical ligation are discussed.
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3
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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4
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Guan I, Williams K, Liu JST, Liu X. Synthetic Thiol and Selenol Derived Amino Acids for Expanding the Scope of Chemical Protein Synthesis. Front Chem 2022; 9:826764. [PMID: 35237567 PMCID: PMC8883728 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.826764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells employ post-translational modifications (PTMs) as key mechanisms to expand proteome diversity beyond the inherent limitations of a concise genome. The ability to incorporate post-translationally modified amino acids into protein targets via chemical ligation of peptide fragments has enabled the access to homogeneous proteins bearing discrete PTM patterns and empowered functional elucidation of individual modification sites. Native chemical ligation (NCL) represents a powerful and robust means for convergent assembly of two homogeneous, unprotected peptides bearing an N-terminal cysteine residue and a C-terminal thioester, respectively. The subsequent discovery that protein cysteine residues can be chemoselectively desulfurized to alanine has ignited tremendous interest in preparing unnatural thiol-derived variants of proteogenic amino acids for chemical protein synthesis following the ligation-desulfurization logic. Recently, the 21st amino acid selenocysteine, together with other selenyl derivatives of amino acids, have been shown to facilitate ultrafast ligation with peptidyl selenoesters, while the advancement in deselenization chemistry has provided reliable bio-orthogonality to PTMs and other amino acids. The combination of these ligation techniques and desulfurization/deselenization chemistries has led to streamlined synthesis of multiple structurally-complex, post-translationally modified proteins. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest chemical synthesis of thiolated and selenylated amino-acid building blocks and exemplify their important roles in conquering challenging protein targets with distinct PTM patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Guan
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kayla Williams
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna Shu Ting Liu
- The Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xuyu Liu
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Xuyu Liu,
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5
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Schmidt N, Abendroth F, Vázquez O, Hantschel O. Synthesis of the l- and d-SH2 domain of the leukaemia oncogene Bcr-Abl. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1008-1012. [PMID: 35975004 PMCID: PMC9347351 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The d- and l-versions of the Bcr-Abl SH2 domain (12.7 kDa) were synthesized. Key optimizations included pseudoproline incorporation, N-terminal hydrophilic tail addition and mild N-acetoxy succinimide acetylation. Their folding and activity are as for the recombinant protein. Our results will enable engineering of mirror-image monobody antagonists of the central oncoprotein Bcr-Abl. The d- and l-versions of the Bcr-Abl SH2 domain (12.7 kDa) were synthesized successfully and show similar folding as compared to a recombinantly expressed version.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Abendroth
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olalla Vázquez
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hantschel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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6
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Lamb C, Shi J, Wilden JD, Macmillan D. Novel electrochemically-mediated peptide dethiylation in processes relevant to native chemical ligation. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7343-7350. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we explore electrochemical dethiylation in processes relevant to Native Chemical Ligation (NCL). NCL’s reliance on the redox active amino acid cysteine and β-mercaptoamine derivatives suggests a potential role for...
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7
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Perkins WS, Davison RT, Shelkey GB, Lawson VE, Hutton GE, Miller JS. Unmasking latent thioesters under hydrophobic-compatible conditions. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3358. [PMID: 34121261 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic latent C-terminal thioesters were converted into thioesters, and were also coupled with cysteine in one-pot reactions, using conditions generally compatible with hydrophobic materials. The reaction conditions (ethanethiol and triethylamine in a mixture of DMF and THF) are compatible with acid-labile protecting groups (Boc/t-Bu) that are standard in Fmoc peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade S Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Ryan T Davison
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Gregory B Shelkey
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Vernon E Lawson
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Grace E Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Justin S Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
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8
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Tan Y, Wu H, Wei T, Li X. Chemical Protein Synthesis: Advances, Challenges, and Outlooks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20288-20298. [PMID: 33211477 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary chemical protein synthesis has been dramatically advanced over the past few decades, which has enabled chemists to reach the landscape of synthetic biomacromolecules. Chemical synthesis can produce synthetic proteins with precisely controlled structures which are difficult or impossible to obtain via gene expression systems. Herein, we summarize the key enabling ligation technologies, major strategic developments, and some selected representative applications of synthetic proteins and provide an outlook for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
| | - Tongyao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
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9
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Bajaj K, Pillai GG, Sakhuja R, Kumar D. Expansion of Phosphane Treasure Box for Staudinger Peptide Ligation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12147-12159. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
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10
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Abstract
Protein semisynthesis-defined herein as the assembly of a protein from a combination of synthetic and recombinant fragments-is a burgeoning field of chemical biology that has impacted many areas in the life sciences. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of this area. We begin by discussing the various chemical and enzymatic methods now available for the manufacture of custom proteins containing noncoded elements. This section begins with a discussion of methods that are more chemical in origin and ends with those that employ biocatalysts. We also illustrate the commonalities that exist between these seemingly disparate methods and show how this is allowing for the development of integrated chemoenzymatic methods. This methodology discussion provides the technical foundation for the second part of the review where we cover the great many biological problems that have now been addressed using these tools. Finally, we end the piece with a short discussion on the frontiers of the field and the opportunities available for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Frick Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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11
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Hayashi G, Okamoto A. Novel Strategies of Peptide Ligation for Accelerating Chemical Protein Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
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12
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Chow HY, Zhang Y, Matheson E, Li X. Ligation Technologies for the Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9971-10001. [PMID: 31318534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have been attracting a lot of attention in recent decades, especially in the area of drug discovery, as more and more naturally occurring cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities have been discovered. Chemical synthesis of cyclic peptides is essential when studying their structure-activity relationships. Conventional peptide cyclization methods via direct coupling have inherent limitations, like the susceptibility to epimerization at the C-terminus, poor solubility of fully protected peptide precursors, and low yield caused by oligomerization. In this regard, chemoselective ligation-mediated cyclization methods have emerged as effective strategies for cyclic peptide synthesis. The toolbox for cyclic peptide synthesis has been expanded substantially in the past two decades, allowing more efficient synthesis of cyclic peptides with various scaffolds and modifications. This Review will explore different chemoselective ligation technologies used for cyclic peptide synthesis that generate both native and unnatural peptide linkages. The practical issues and limitations of different methods will be discussed. The advance in cyclic peptide synthesis will benefit the biological and medicinal study of cyclic peptides, an important class of macrocycles with potentials in numerous fields, notably in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yee Chow
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China
| | - Eilidh Matheson
- School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH8 9LE , United Kingdom
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
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13
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Spengler J, Blanco-Canosa JB, Forni L, Albericio F. One-Pot Peptide Ligation-Oxidative Cyclization Protocol for the Preparation of Short-/Medium-Size Disulfide Cyclopeptides. Org Lett 2018; 20:4306-4309. [PMID: 29953237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Native chemical ligation (NCL) employing the N-methylbenzimidazolinone (MeNbz) linker readily provided the linear precursor of a 16-mer peptide that is difficult to obtain by stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis. NCL and the workup conditions were improved toward a protocol that allows for quantitative removal of the 4-hydroxymercaptophenol additive and subsequent formation of the disulfide bridge in the NCL cocktail by oxidation in air, tolerated by the presence of tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spengler
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Barcelona Science Park , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam , km 7 via Muyuna , Tena , Napo , Ecuador
| | - Juan B Blanco-Canosa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Barcelona Science Park , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling , Jordi Girona 18-26 , 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , Barcelona Science Park , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,School of Chemistry and Physics , University of KwaZulu-Natal , University Road , Westville , Durban 4001 , South Africa
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14
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15
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Rapid and efficient protein synthesis through expansion of the native chemical ligation concept. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Loibl SF, Dallmann A, Hennig K, Juds C, Seitz O. Features of Auxiliaries That Enable Native Chemical Ligation beyond Glycine and Cleavage via Radical Fragmentation. Chemistry 2018; 24:3623-3633. [PMID: 29334413 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Native chemical ligation (NCL) is an invaluable tool in the total chemical synthesis of proteins. Ligation auxiliaries overcome the requirement for cysteine. However, the reported auxiliaries remained limited to glycine-containing ligation sites and the acidic conditions applied for cleavage of the typically applied N-benzyl-type linkages promote side reactions. With the aim to improve upon both ligation and cleavage, we systematically investigated alternative ligation scaffolds that challenge the N-benzyl dogma. The study revealed that auxiliary-mediated peptide couplings are fastest when the ligation proceeds via 5-membered rather than 6-membered rings. Substituents in α-position of the amine shall be avoided. We observed, perhaps surprisingly, that additional β-substituents accelerated the ligation conferred by the β-mercaptoethyl scaffold. We also describe a potentially general means to remove ligation auxiliaries by treatment with an aqueous solution of triscarboxyethylphosphine (TCEP) and morpholine at pH 8.5. NMR analysis of a 13 C-labeled auxiliary showed that cleavage most likely proceeds through a radical-triggered oxidative fragmentation. High ligation rates provided by β-substituted 2-mercaptoethyl scaffolds, their facile introduction as well as the mildness of the cleavage reaction are attractive features for protein synthesis beyond cysteine and glycine ligation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Loibl
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Dallmann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen Hennig
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Juds
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Charron CL, Cottam Jones JM, Hutton CA. Are Aminomethyl Thioesters Viable Intermediates in Native Chemical Ligation Type Amide Bond Forming Reactions? Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The condensation of N-mercaptomethyl amines and thioesters is a potential route to amides, via aminomethyl thioester intermediates, in a native chemical ligation type process followed by self-cleavage of the ‘mercaptomethyl’ auxiliary. This paper describes investigations towards the preparation of aminomethyl thioesters, and subsequent conversion into amides, from a three-component coupling of formaldehyde, a thioacid, and an amine. Our studies suggest that while such intermediates may be formed en route to amides, no advantages are offered over the direct reaction of the amine and thioacid precursors.
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18
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An N-protection free ligation of the peptide thioester and the peptide with an N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxyamino group at its N-terminus. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Kitzig S, Rück-Braun K. Synthesis of hemithioindigo-based chromopeptides by using the Tmb auxiliary in native chemical ligation studies. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:567-573. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kitzig
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin; Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - K. Rück-Braun
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin; Str. des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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20
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Chai H, Le Mai Hoang K, Vu MD, Pasunooti K, Liu CF, Liu XW. N
-Linked Glycosyl Auxiliary-Mediated Native Chemical Ligation on Aspartic Acid: Application towards N
-Glycopeptide Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chai
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Kim Le Mai Hoang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Minh Duy Vu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Kalyan Pasunooti
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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21
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Chai H, Le Mai Hoang K, Vu MD, Pasunooti K, Liu CF, Liu XW. N-Linked Glycosyl Auxiliary-Mediated Native Chemical Ligation on Aspartic Acid: Application towards N-Glycopeptide Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10363-7. [PMID: 27444333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A practical approach towards N-glycopeptide synthesis using an auxiliary-mediated dual native chemical ligation (NCL) has been developed. The first NCL connects an N-linked glycosyl auxiliary to the thioester side chain of an N-terminal aspartate oligopeptide. This intermediate undergoes a second NCL with a C-terminal thioester oligopeptide. Mild cleavage provides the desired N-glycopeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chai
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Kim Le Mai Hoang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Minh Duy Vu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Kalyan Pasunooti
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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22
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Xie RL, Xu L, Li JB, Chu GC, Wang T, Huang YC, Li YM. Chemical Synthesis of K48-Linked Diubiquitin by Incorporation of a Lysine-Linked Auxiliary Handle. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Behrendt R, White P, Offer J. Advances in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:4-27. [PMID: 26785684 PMCID: PMC4745034 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Today, Fmoc SPPS is the method of choice for peptide synthesis. Very-high-quality Fmoc building blocks are available at low cost because of the economies of scale arising from current multiton production of therapeutic peptides by Fmoc SPPS. Many modified derivatives are commercially available as Fmoc building blocks, making synthetic access to a broad range of peptide derivatives straightforward. The number of synthetic peptides entering clinical trials has grown continuously over the last decade, and recent advances in the Fmoc SPPS technology are a response to the growing demand from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Improvements are being continually reported for peptide quality, synthesis time and novel synthetic targets. Topical peptide research has contributed to a continuous improvement and expansion of Fmoc SPPS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Behrendt
- Novabiochem, Merck & CieIm Laternenacker 58200SchaffhausenSwitzerland
| | - Peter White
- Novabiochem, Merck Chemicals LtdPadge RoadBeestonNG9 2JRUK
| | - John Offer
- The Francis Crick Institute215 Euston RoadLondonNW1 2BEUK
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24
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Hojo H. A strategy for the synthesis of hydrophobic proteins and glycoproteins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6368-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00827e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic glycoprotein was successfully synthesized by the reverse polarity protection strategy combined with the O-acylisopeptide method, which will be useful for the synthesis of various hydrophobic (glyco)proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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25
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Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. The road to the synthesis of "difficult peptides". Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:631-54. [PMID: 26612670 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a renaissance of peptides as drugs. This progress, together with advances in the structural behavior of peptides, has attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical industry in these molecules as potential APIs. In the past, major peptide-based drugs were inspired by sequences extracted from natural structures of low molecular weight. In contrast, nowadays, the peptides being studied by academic and industrial groups comprise more sophisticated sequences. For instance, they consist of long amino acid chains and show a high tendency to form aggregates. Some researchers have claimed that preparing medium-sized proteins is now feasible with chemical ligation techniques, in contrast to medium-sized peptide syntheses. The complexity associated with the synthesis of certain peptides is exemplified by the so-called "difficult peptides", a concept introduced in the 80's. This refers to sequences that show inter- or intra-molecular β-sheet interactions significant enough to form aggregates during peptide synthesis. These structural associations are stabilized and mediated by non-covalent hydrogen bonds that arise on the backbone of the peptide and-depending on the sequence-are favored. The tendency of peptide chains to aggregate is translated into a list of common behavioral features attributed to "difficult peptides" which hinder their synthesis. In this regard, this manuscript summarizes the strategies used to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with the synthesis of known "difficult peptides". Here we evaluate several external factors, as well as methods to incorporate chemical modifications into sequences, in order to describe the strategies that are effective for the synthesis of "difficult peptides". These approaches have been classified and ordered to provide an extensive guide for achieving the synthesis of peptides with the aforementioned features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paradís-Bas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Roberts AG, Johnston EV, Shieh JH, Sondey JP, Hendrickson RC, Moore MAS, Danishefsky SJ. Fully Synthetic Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Enabled by Isonitrile-Mediated Coupling of Large, Side-Chain-Unprotected Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13167-75. [PMID: 26401918 PMCID: PMC4617663 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an endogenous glycoprotein involved in hematopoiesis. Natively glycosylated and nonglycosylated recombinant forms, lenograstim and filgrastim, respectively, are used clinically to manage neutropenia in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment. Despite their comparable therapeutic potential, the purpose of O-linked glycosylation at Thr133 remains a subject of controversy. In light of this, we have developed a synthetic platform to prepare G-CSF aglycone with the goal of enabling access to native and designed glycoforms with site-selectivity and glycan homogeneity. To address the synthesis of a relatively large, aggregation-prone sequence, we advanced an isonitrile-mediated ligation method. The chemoselective activation and coupling of C-terminal peptidyl Gly thioacids with the N-terminus of an unprotected peptide provide ligated peptides directly in a manner complementary to that with conventional native chemical ligation-desulfurization strategies. Herein, we describe the details and application of this method as it enabled the convergent total synthesis of G-CSF aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Roberts
- Laboratory for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Eric V. Johnston
- Laboratory for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jae-Hung Shieh
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Joseph P. Sondey
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ronald C. Hendrickson
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Malcolm A. S. Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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27
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Pardo A, Hogenauer TJ, Cai Z, Vellucci JA, Castillo EM, Dirk CW, Franz AH, Michael K. Efficient Photochemical Synthesis of Peptide-α-Phenylthioesters. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1884-1889. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Bello C, Wang S, Meng L, Moremen KW, Becker CFW. A PEGylated photocleavable auxiliary mediates the sequential enzymatic glycosylation and native chemical ligation of peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7711-5. [PMID: 25980981 PMCID: PMC4524672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research aimed at understanding the specific role of glycosylation patterns in protein function would greatly benefit from additional approaches allowing direct access to homogeneous glycoproteins. Herein the development and application of an efficient approach for the synthesis of complex homogenously glycosylated peptides based on a multifunctional photocleavable auxiliary is described. The presence of a PEG polymer within the auxiliary enables sequential enzymatic glycosylation and straightforward isolation in excellent yields. The auxiliary-modified peptides can be directly used in native chemical ligations with peptide thioesters easily obtained by direct hydrazinolysis of the respective glycosylated peptidyl resins and subsequent oxidation. The ligated glycopeptides can be smoothly deprotected by UV irradiation. We apply this approach to the preparation of variants of the epithelial tumor marker MUC1 carrying one or more Tn, T, or sialyl-T antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bello
- Fakultät Chemie, Institut für Biologische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (USA)
| | - Lu Meng
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (USA)
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (USA)
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Fakultät Chemie, Institut für Biologische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna (Austria).
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29
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Blanco-Canosa JB, Nardone B, Albericio F, Dawson PE. Chemical Protein Synthesis Using a Second-Generation N-Acylurea Linker for the Preparation of Peptide-Thioester Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7197-209. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brunello Nardone
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni
Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 N. Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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30
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Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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31
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Bello C, Wang S, Meng L, Moremen KW, Becker CFW. Ein PEGyliertes, lichtspaltbares Auxiliar für die sequenzielle enzymatische Glykosylierung und native chemische Ligation von Peptiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Yang R, Bi X, Li F, Cao Y, Liu CF. Native chemical ubiquitination using a genetically incorporated azidonorleucine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7971-4. [PMID: 24915456 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A robust chemical ubiquitination method was developed. The method employed a genetically incorporated azidonorleucine as an orthogonal lysine precursor for the installation of a Gly residue bearing an Nα-auxiliary which mediated the ligation between ubiquitin(1-75)-thioester and the target protein. To demonstrate our methodology, a model protein, K48-linked diubiquitin, was synthesized with an overall yield of 35%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renliang Yang
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
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33
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Chen M, Heimer P, Imhof D. Synthetic strategies for polypeptides and proteins by chemical ligation. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1283-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Panda SS, Jones RA, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Applications of Chemical Ligation in Peptide Synthesis via Acyl Transfer. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 362:229-65. [PMID: 25805142 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The utility of native chemical ligation (NCL) in the solution or solid phase synthesis of peptides, cyclic peptides, glycopeptides, and neoglycoconjugates is reviewed. In addition, the mechanistic details of inter- or intra-molecular NCLs are discussed from experimental and computational points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA,
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35
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Tallon S, Manoni F, Connon SJ. A Practical Aryl Unit for Azlactone Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: Orthogonally Protected Products and A Ligation-Inspired Coupling Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:813-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Tallon S, Manoni F, Connon SJ. A Practical Aryl Unit for Azlactone Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: Orthogonally Protected Products and A Ligation-Inspired Coupling Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Beck-Sickinger AG, Panitz N. Semi-synthesis of chemokines. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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38
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Recent progress in the chemical synthesis of proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 26:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Brust A, Schroeder CI, Alewood PF. High-Throughput Synthesis of Peptide α-Thioesters: A Safety Catch Linker Approach Enabling Parallel Hydrogen Fluoride Cleavage. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1038-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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41
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Liu F, Mayer JP. Protein Chemical Synthesis in Drug Discovery. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:183-228. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Kawakami T. Peptide Thioester Formation via an Intramolecular N to S Acyl Shift for Peptide Ligation. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 362:107-35. [PMID: 25370522 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In chemical protein synthesis, peptide building blocks are prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), and then connected by chemical ligation methods. The peptide thioester is one of key building blocks used in chemical protein synthesis, and improvements in the Fmoc SPPS procedure for preparing such thioesters would be highly desirable. In this review we focus on a method for peptide thioester synthesis based on the use of an intramolecular N to S acyl shift reaction as a key reaction. Amide and thioester forms at the thiol-containing residue are in equilibrium as a result of a reversible intramolecular acyl shift, which is detectable by 13C NMR. The amide form is favored under neutral conditions, while the thioester predominates under acidic conditions. Thiol auxiliaries can be employed to facilitate the formation of a thioester from an amide via an intramolecular N-S acyl shift, and the peptide thioester is formed after intermolecular transthioesterification in the presence of excess amounts of thiols. Even under neutral conditions, thiol auxiliary-containing peptides can be ligated with a cysteinyl peptide via an intramolecular N-S acyl shift, followed by native chemical ligation (NCL) in a one-pot reaction. These procedures can be applied to the chemical synthesis of proteins which are post-translationally modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
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43
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Malins LR, Mitchell NJ, Payne RJ. Peptide ligation chemistry at selenol amino acids. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:64-77. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara R. Malins
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | | | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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44
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Palacio C, Connon SJ. C-5′-Substituted Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives Catalyse the First Highly Enantioselective Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions of Azlactones by Thiolysis. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Strehin I, Gourevitch D, Zhang Y, Heber-Katz E, Messersmith PB. Hydrogels Formed by Oxo-ester Mediated Native Chemical Ligation. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:603-613. [PMID: 23894696 PMCID: PMC3719992 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm00201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxo-ester mediated native chemical ligation (OMNCL) is a variation of the more general native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction that is widely employed for chemoselective ligation of peptide fragments. While OMNCL has been used for a variety of peptide ligations and for biomolecular modification of surfaces, it is typically practiced under harsh conditions that are unsuitable for use in a biological context. In this report we describe the use of OMNCL for polymer hydrogel formation, in-vitro cell encapsulation, and in-vivo implantation. Multivalent polymer precursors containing N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activated oxo-esters and N-cysteine (N-Cys) endgroups were chemically synthesized from branched poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Hydrogels formed rapidly at physiologic pH upon mixing of aqueous solutions of NHS and N-Cys functionalized PEGs. Quantitative 1H NMR experiments showed that the reaction proceeds through an OMNCL pathway involving thiol capture to form a thioester intermediate, followed by an S-to-N acyl rearrangement to yield an amide cross-link. pH and temperature were found to influence gelation rate, allowing tailoring of gelation times from a few seconds to a few minutes. OMNCL hydrogels initially swelled before contracting to reach an equilibrium increase in relative wet weight of 0%. This unique behavior impacted the gel stiffness and was attributed to latent formation of disulfide cross-links between network-bound Cys residues. OMNCL hydrogels were adhesive to hydrated tissue, generating a lap shear adhesion strength of 46 kPa. Cells encapsulated in OMNCL hydrogels maintained high viability, and in-situ formation of OMNCL hydrogel by subcutaneous injection in mice generated a minimal acute inflammatory response. OMNCL represents a promising strategy for chemical cross-linking of hydrogels in a biological context and is an attractive candidate for in-vivo applications such as wound healing, tissue repair, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iossif Strehin
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, Biomedical Engineering Department, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Institute for Bionanotechnology in Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Dmitri Gourevitch
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program
| | - Ellen Heber-Katz
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program
| | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, Biomedical Engineering Department, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Institute for Bionanotechnology in Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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46
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Unverzagt C, Kajihara Y. Chemical assembly of N-glycoproteins: a refined toolbox to address a ubiquitous posttranslational modification. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4408-20. [PMID: 23403448 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incremental developments in the chemistry of peptides, proteins and carbohydrates have enabled researchers to assemble entire glycoproteins with high precision. Based on sophisticated ligation chemistries pure glycoproteins bearing a single glycosylation pattern have become available. The impact of N-glycosylation on the function of glycoproteins is generally recognized but not well understood. Based on the recent advances in the synthesis of glycoproteins by chemical methods researchers can finally start to elucidate the various roles of carbohydrates in complex biomolecules in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganische Chemie, Gebäude NWI, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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47
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Thomas F. Fmoc-based peptide thioester synthesis with self-purifying effect: heading to native chemical ligation in parallel formats. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:141-7. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Thomas
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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48
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Zeyat G, Rück-Braun K. Building photoswitchable 3,4'-AMPB peptides: Probing chemical ligation methods with reducible azobenzene thioesters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:890-6. [PMID: 23015839 PMCID: PMC3388879 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable peptides were synthesized by using cysteine- and auxiliary-based native chemical ligation reactions. For this purpose, the two regioisomeric azobenzene building blocks 3,4'-AMPB thioester 1b and 4,4'-AMPB thioester 2b were employed in the ligation reactions. While 4,4'-AMPB requires the 4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-mercaptobenzyl auxiliary to minimize reduction of the diazene unit, 3,4'-AMPB can be used in combination with the 4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-mercaptobenzyl auxiliary as well as the Nα-2-mercaptoethyl auxiliary. Thus, 3,4'-AMPB derivatives/peptides proved to be significantly less prone to reduction by aliphatic and aromatic thiols than were the 4,4'-AMPB compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Zeyat
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Pattabiraman VR, Ogunkoya AO, Bode JW. Chemical Protein Synthesis by Chemoselective α-Ketoacid-Hydroxylamine (KAHA) Ligations with 5-Oxaproline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pattabiraman VR, Ogunkoya AO, Bode JW. Chemical Protein Synthesis by Chemoselective α-Ketoacid-Hydroxylamine (KAHA) Ligations with 5-Oxaproline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5114-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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