1
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Ahangarpour M, Brimble MA, Kavianinia I. Late-Stage Desulfurization Enables Rapid and Efficient Solid-Phase Synthesis of Cathepsin-Cleavable Linkers for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:1007-1014. [PMID: 38874557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of linker-payloads is a critical step in developing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a rapidly advancing therapeutic approach in oncology. The conventional method for synthesizing cathepsin B-labile dipeptide linkers, which are commonly used in ADC development, involves the solution-phase assembly of cathepsin B-sensitive dipeptides, followed by the installation of self-immolative para-aminobenzyl carbonate to facilitate the attachment of potent cytotoxic payloads. However, this approach is often low yield and laborious, especially when extending the peptide chain with components like glutamic acid to improve mouse serum stability or charged amino acids or poly(ethylene glycol) moieties to enhance linker hydrophilicity. Here, we introduce a novel approach utilizing late-stage desulfurization chemistry, enabling safe, facile, and cost-effective access to the cathepsin B-cleavable linker, Val-Ala-PABC-MMAE, on resin for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Ahangarpour
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Iman Kavianinia
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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2
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Sato K, Uemura H, Narumi T, Mase N. Leveraging Hydrazide as Protection for Carboxylic Acid: Suppression of Aspartimide Formation during Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2024; 26:4497-4501. [PMID: 38768369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous optimizations in peptide synthesis, the formation of aspartimide remains a significant side reaction that needs to be addressed. Herein, we introduce an approach that utilizes hydrazide as a carboxylic-acid-protecting group to reduce the formation of aspartimide. The aspartic acid hydrazide effectively suppressed the formation of aspartimide, even under microwave conditions, and was readily converted to native aspartic acid using CuSO4 in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Haruna Uemura
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Narumi
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Mase
- Department of Engineering Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
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3
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Mthembu SN, Chakraborty A, Schönleber R, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Morpholine, a strong contender for Fmoc removal in solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3538. [PMID: 37609959 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Morpholine, which scores 7.5 in terms of greenness and is not a regulated substance, could be considered a strong contender for Fmoc removal in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Morpholine in dimethylformamide (DMF) (50%-60%) efficiently removes Fmoc in SPPS, minimizes the formation of diketopiperazine, and almost avoids the aspartimide formation. As a proof of concept, somatostatin has been synthesized using 50% morpholine in DMF with the same purity as when using 20% piperidine-DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinenhlanhla N Mthembu
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Amit Chakraborty
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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4
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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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5
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Leko M, Filippova P, Dorosh M, Rustler K, Bruckdorfer T, Burov S. 2-Chlorotrityl Chloride and 4-Methylbenzhydryl Bromide Resin Loading Using the Mixture of Organic Solvents: A “Greener” Alternative to Dichloromethane and N,N-Dimethylformamide. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leko
- Cytomed JSC, Orlovo-Denisovsky pr. 14A, 197375 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Filippova
- Cytomed JSC, Orlovo-Denisovsky pr. 14A, 197375 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Dorosh
- Cytomed JSC, Orlovo-Denisovsky pr. 14A, 197375 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Karin Rustler
- Iris Biotech, Adalbert-Zoellner-Str. 1, 95615 Marktredwitz, Germany
| | | | - Sergey Burov
- Cytomed JSC, Orlovo-Denisovsky pr. 14A, 197375 St. Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Guryanov I, Korzhikov-Vlakh V, Bhattacharya M, Biondi B, Masiero G, Formaggio F, Tennikova T, Urtti A. Conformationally Constrained Peptides with High Affinity to the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10900-10907. [PMID: 34269584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design of efficient vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors is a high-priority research area aimed at the treatment of pathological angiogenesis. Among other compounds, v114* has been identified as a potent VEGF-binding peptide. In order to improve the affinity to VEGF, we built a conformational constrain in its structure. To this aim, Cα-tetrasubstituted amino acid Aib was introduced into the N-terminal tail, peptide loop, or C-terminal helix. NMR studies confirmed the stabilization of the helical conformation in proximity to the Aib residue. We found that the induction of the N-terminal helical structure or stabilization of the C-terminal helix can noticeably increase the peptide affinity to the VEGF. These peptides efficiently inhibited VEGF-stimulated cell proliferation as well. The insertion of the non-proteinogenic Aib residue significantly enhanced the stability of the peptides in the vitreous environment. Thus, these Aib-containing peptides are promising candidates for the design of VEGF inhibitors with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Guryanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Viktor Korzhikov-Vlakh
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Barbara Biondi
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giulia Masiero
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Tatiana Tennikova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Arto Urtti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, Kuopio 70211, Finland
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7
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Winkler DFH. Automated Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2103:59-94. [PMID: 31879919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of solid-phase peptide synthesis by Bruce Merrifield paved the way for a synthesis carried out by machines. Automated peptide synthesis is a fast and convenient way of synthesizing many peptides simultaneously. This chapter tries to give a general guidance for the development of synthesis protocols for the peptide synthesizer. It also provides some suggestions for the modification of the synthesized peptides. Additionally, many examples of possible challenges during and after the synthesis are given in order to support the reader in finding the best synthesis strategy. Numerous references are given to many of the described matters.
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8
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Pryyma A, Gunasekera S, Lewin J, Perrin DM. Rapid, High-Yielding Solid-Phase Synthesis of Cathepsin-B Cleavable Linkers for Targeted Cancer Therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2685-2690. [PMID: 33274932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constitute an emerging class of anticancer agents that deliver potent payloads selectively to tumors while avoiding systemic toxicity associated with conventional chemotherapeutics. Critical to ADC development is a serum-stable linker designed to decompose inside targeted cells thereby releasing the toxic payload. A protease-cleavable linker comprising a valine-citrulline (Val-Cit) motif has been successfully incorporated into three FDA-approved ADCs and is found in numerous preclinical candidates. Herein, we present a high-yielding and facile synthetic strategy for a Val-Cit linker that avoids extensive protecting group manipulation and laborious chromatography associated with previous syntheses and provides yields that are up to 10-fold higher than by standard methods. This method is easily scalable and takes advantage of cost-effective coupling reagents and high loading 2-chlorotrityl chloride (2-CTC) resin. Modularity allows for introduction of various conjugation handles in final stages of the synthesis. Facile access to such analogues serves to expand the repertoire of available enzymatically cleavable linkers for ADC generation. This methodology empowers a robust and facile library generation and future exploration into linker analogues containing unnatural amino acids as a selectivity tuning tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Pryyma
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Shanal Gunasekera
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Joshua Lewin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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9
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El-Faham A, Albericio F, Manne SR, de la Torre BG. OxymaPure Coupling Reagents: Beyond Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOxymaPure [ethyl 2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate] is an exceptional reagent with which to suppress racemization and enhance coupling efficiency during amide bond formation. The tremendous popularity of OxymaPure has led to the development of several Oxyma-based reagents. OxymaPure and its derived reagents are widely used in solid- and solution-phase peptide chemistry. This review summarizes the recent developments and applications of OxymaPure and Oxyma-based reagents in peptide chemistry, in particular in solution-phase chemistry. Moreover, the side reaction associated with OxymaPure is also discussed.1 Introduction2 Oxyma-Based Coupling Reagents2.1 Aminium/Uronium Salts of OxymaPure2.2 Phosphonium Salts of OxymaPure2.3 Oxyma-Based Phosphates2.4 Sulfonate Esters of OxymaPure2.5 Benzoate Esters of OxymaPure2.6 Carbonates of OxymaPure Derivatives3 OxymaPure Derivatives4 Other Oxime-Based Additives and Coupling Reagents5 Side Reactions Using OxymaPure Derivatives6 Conclusion7 List of Abbreviations
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University,
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC)
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona
| | - Srinivasa Rao Manne
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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10
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Ferreira VFC, Correia JDG, Farinha CM, Mendes F. Improved Fmoc-solid-phase peptide synthesis of an extracellular loop of CFTR for antibody selection by the phage display technology. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3253. [PMID: 32400108 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), a life-shortening genetic disease, is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that codes for the CFTR protein, the major chloride channel expressed at the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The development of an imaging probe capable of non-invasively detect CFTR at the cell surface could be of great advantage for the management of CF. With that purpose, we synthesized the first extracellular loop of CFTR protein (ECL1) through fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), according to a reported methodology. However, aspartimide formation, a well-characterized side reaction in Fmoc-SPPS, prompted us to adopt a different side-chain protection strategy for aspartic acid residues present in ECL1 sequence. The peptide was subsequently modified via PEGylation and biotinylation, and cyclized through disulfide bridge formation, mimicking the native loop conformation in CFTR protein. Herein, we report improvements in the synthesis of the first extracellular loop of CFTR, including peptide modifications that can be used to improve antigen presentation in phage display for selection of novel antibodies against plasma membrane CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera F C Ferreira
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,DECN-Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Farinha
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Mendes
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,DECN-Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Chow HY, Chen D, Li X. Improved total synthesis of the antibiotic A54145B. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4401-4405. [PMID: 32296805 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A54145B is a calcium-dependent cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic that is active against Gram-positive pathogens. Herein, we report an improved synthetic route toward A54145B in terms of the yield and time required. The key changes include using a pre-assembled minimalist tetradepsipeptide building block to solve the difficult on-resin esterification from our previous synthetic route, and a new macrocyclization site to avoid the peptide self-cleavage problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yee Chow
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Delin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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12
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El‐Faham A, Albericio F. Carpino's protecting groups, beyond the Boc and the Fmoc. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El‐Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceKing Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAlexandria University Ibrahimia, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceKing Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal, University Road Westville, Durban South Africa
- CIBER‐BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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13
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Samson D, Rentsch D, Minuth M, Meier T, Loidl G. The aspartimide problem persists: Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS) chain termination due to formation of N-terminal piperazine-2,5-diones. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3193. [PMID: 31309675 PMCID: PMC6772008 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspartimide (Asi) formation is a notorious side reaction in peptide synthesis that is well characterized and described in literature. In this context, we observed significant amounts of chain termination in Fmoc‐SPPS while synthesizing the N‐terminal Xaa‐Asp‐Yaa motif. This termination was caused by the formation of piperazine‐2,5‐diones. We investigated this side reaction using a linear model peptide and independently synthesizing its piperazine‐2,5‐dione derivative. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data of the side product present in the crude linear peptide proves that exclusively the six‐membered ring is formed whereas the theoretically conceivable seven‐membered 1,4‐diazepine‐2,5‐dione is not found. We propose a mechanism where nucleophilic attack of the N‐terminal amino function takes place at the α‐carbon of the carbonyl group of the corresponding Asi intermediate. In addition, we systematically investigated the impact of (a) different adjacent amino acid residues, (b) backbone protection, and (c) side chain protection of flanking amino acids. The side reaction is directly related to the Asi intermediate. Hence, hindering or avoiding Asi formation reduces or completely suppresses this side reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Samson
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Minuth
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Meier
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Günther Loidl
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
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14
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15
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Albericio F, El-Faham A. Choosing the Right Coupling Reagent for Peptides: A Twenty-Five-Year Journey. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University Road,
Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426,
Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
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16
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Brailsford JA, Stockdill JL, Axelrod AJ, Peterson MT, Vadola PA, Johnston EV, Danishefsky SJ. Total Chemical Synthesis of Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (hTSH) β-Subunit: Application of Arginine-tagged Acetamidomethyl (Acm R) Protecting Groups. Tetrahedron 2018; 74:1951-1956. [PMID: 30853725 PMCID: PMC6402344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The β-subunit of human thyroid stimulating hormone (hTSH) has been synthesized as a single glycoform bearing a chitobiose disaccharide at the native glycosylation site. Key to the successful completion of this synthesis was the introduction of an arginine-tagged acetamidomethyl group, which served to greatly facilitate handling of a glycopeptide fragment with poor aqueous solubility. This general solution to the challenge of working with intractable peptides is expected to find wide use in protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Brailsford
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jennifer L Stockdill
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Abram J Axelrod
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael T Peterson
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Paul A Vadola
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric V Johnston
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Samuel J Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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17
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Sharma A, Kumar A, Abdel Monaim SAH, Jad YE, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. N-methylation in amino acids and peptides: Scope and limitations. Biopolymers 2018. [PMID: 29528112 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be divided into two types, namely chemical and biological entities. Traditionally, the former has been associated with the so-called small molecules. The revival of peptides in pharmaceutical industry results from their importance in many biological roles. However, low metabolic stability and the lack of oral availability of most peptides is the main drawback for peptide to fulfill that paradigmatic situation. In this regard, efforts are being channeled into addressing this issue by introducing restrictions into the flexible peptide backbone, mainly through N-methyl amino acids (NMAAs) or development of small cyclic peptides. In many cases, both the above restrictions are combined with the aim to enhance oral availability. The synthesis of NMAAs is complex and their introduction into the peptide chain brings additional synthetic challenges and also sometimes leads to side-reactions. Here we discuss the most efficient methods for the synthesis of NMAAs (either in solution or in solid phase) and also their introduction into peptide sequences. Special attention is also given to the detection of side reactions and the most efficient way to prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Jad
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,KRISP, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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18
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Henninot A, Collins JC, Nuss JM. The Current State of Peptide Drug Discovery: Back to the Future? J Med Chem 2017; 61:1382-1414. [PMID: 28737935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, peptide drug discovery has experienced a revival of interest and scientific momentum, as the pharmaceutical industry has come to appreciate the role that peptide therapeutics can play in addressing unmet medical needs and how this class of compounds can be an excellent complement or even preferable alternative to small molecule and biological therapeutics. In this Perspective, we give a concise description of the recent progress in peptide drug discovery in a holistic manner, highlighting enabling technological advances affecting nearly every aspect of this field: from lead discovery, to synthesis and optimization, to peptide drug delivery. An emphasis is placed on describing research efforts to overcome the inherent weaknesses of peptide drugs, in particular their poor pharmacokinetic properties, and how these efforts have been critical to the discovery, design, and subsequent development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Henninot
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James C Collins
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John M Nuss
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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19
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Beadle JD, Knuhtsen A, Hoose A, Raubo P, Jamieson AG, Shipman M. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oxetane Modified Peptides. Org Lett 2017; 19:3303-3306. [PMID: 28585839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is used to create peptidomimetics in which one of the backbone amide C═O bonds is replaced by a four-membered oxetane ring. The oxetane containing dipeptide building blocks are made in three steps in solution, then integrated into peptide chains by conventional Fmoc SPPS. This methodology is used to make a range of peptides in high purity including backbone modified derivatives of the nonapeptide bradykinin and Met- and Leu-enkephalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Beadle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Alex Hoose
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Piotr Raubo
- IMED Oncology, AstraZeneca , 310 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Andrew G Jamieson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Michael Shipman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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20
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Efficient oxidation of N-protected tryptophan and tryptophanyl-dipeptides by in situ generated dimethyldioxirane provides hexahydropyrroloindoline-containing synthons suitable for peptide synthesis and subsequent tryptathionylation. Amino Acids 2016; 49:407-414. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Gandioso A, Cano M, Massaguer A, Marchán V. A Green Light-Triggerable RGD Peptide for Photocontrolled Targeted Drug Delivery: Synthesis and Photolysis Studies. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11556-11564. [PMID: 27934458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe for the first time the synthesis and photochemical properties of a coumarin-caged cyclic RGD peptide and demonstrate that uncaging can be efficiently performed with biologically compatible green light. This was accomplished by using a new dicyanocoumarin derivative (DEAdcCE) for the protection of the carboxyl function at the side chain of the aspartic acid residue, which was selected on the basis of Fmoc-tBu SPPS compatibility and photolysis efficiency. The shielding effect of a methyl group incorporated in the coumarin derivative near the ester bond linking both moieties in combination with the use of acidic additives such as HOBt or Oxyma during the basic Fmoc-removal treatment were found to be very effective for minimizing aspartimide-related side reactions. In addition, a conjugate between the dicyanocoumarin-caged cyclic RGD peptide and ruthenocene, which was selected as a metallodrug model cargo, has been synthesized and characterized. The fact that green-light triggered photoactivation can be efficiently performed both with the caged peptide and with its ruthenocenoyl bioconjugate reveals great potential for DEAdcCE-caged peptide sequences as selective drug carriers in the context of photocontrolled targeted anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gandioso
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona , E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Cano
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona , E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona , E-17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona , E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Pelay-Gimeno M, Albericio F, Tulla-Puche J. Synthesis of complex head-to-side-chain cyclodepsipeptides. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1924-1947. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Petersen ME, Jacobsen MT, Kay MS. Synthesis of tumor necrosis factor α for use as a mirror-image phage display target. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5298-303. [PMID: 27211891 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00824k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disease. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of l-TNFα along with the mirror-image d-protein for use as a phage display target. The synthetic strategy utilized native chemical ligation and desulfurization to unite three peptide segments, followed by oxidative folding to assemble the 52 kDa homotrimeric protein. This synthesis represents the foundational step for discovering an inhibitory d-peptide with the potential to improve current anti-TNFα therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive East, Rm 4100, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5650, USA.
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24
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Behrendt R, Huber S, White P. Preventing aspartimide formation in Fmoc SPPS of Asp-Gly containing peptides - practical aspects of new trialkylcarbinol based protecting groups. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:92-7. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Huber
- Merck & Cie; Im Laternenacker 5 8200 Schaffhausen Switzerland
| | - Peter White
- Merck Chemicals Ltd.; Padge Road Beeston NG9 2JR UK
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25
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Behrendt R, White P, Offer J. Advances in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:4-27. [PMID: 26785684 PMCID: PMC4745034 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Today, Fmoc SPPS is the method of choice for peptide synthesis. Very-high-quality Fmoc building blocks are available at low cost because of the economies of scale arising from current multiton production of therapeutic peptides by Fmoc SPPS. Many modified derivatives are commercially available as Fmoc building blocks, making synthetic access to a broad range of peptide derivatives straightforward. The number of synthetic peptides entering clinical trials has grown continuously over the last decade, and recent advances in the Fmoc SPPS technology are a response to the growing demand from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Improvements are being continually reported for peptide quality, synthesis time and novel synthetic targets. Topical peptide research has contributed to a continuous improvement and expansion of Fmoc SPPS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Behrendt
- Novabiochem, Merck & CieIm Laternenacker 58200SchaffhausenSwitzerland
| | - Peter White
- Novabiochem, Merck Chemicals LtdPadge RoadBeestonNG9 2JRUK
| | - John Offer
- The Francis Crick Institute215 Euston RoadLondonNW1 2BEUK
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26
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Behrendt R, Huber S, Martí R, White P. New t-butyl based aspartate protecting groups preventing aspartimide formation in Fmoc SPPS. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:680-7. [PMID: 26077723 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining homogenous aspartyl-containing peptides via Fmoc/tBu chemistry is often an insurmountable obstacle. A generic solution for this issue utilising an optimised side-chain protection strategy that minimises aspartimide formation would therefore be most desirable. To this end, we developed the following new derivatives: Fmoc-Asp(OEpe)-OH (Epe = 3-ethyl-3-pentyl), Fmoc-Asp(OPhp)-OH (Php = 4-n-propyl-4-heptyl) and Fmoc-Asp(OBno)-OH (Bno = 5-n-butyl-5-nonyl). We have compared their effectiveness against that of Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH and Fmoc-Asp(OMpe)-OH in the well-established scorpion toxin II model peptide variants H-Val-Lys-Asp-Asn/Arg-Tyr-Ile-OH by treatments of the peptidyl resins with the Fmoc removal reagents containing piperidine and DBU at both room and elevated temperatures. The new derivatives proved to be extremely effective in minimising aspartimide by-products in each application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Behrendt
- Merck & Cie, Im Laternenacker 5, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Simon Huber
- Merck & Cie, Im Laternenacker 5, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Roger Martí
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Bd de Pérolles 80, 1705, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter White
- Merck Chemicals Ltd., Padge Road, Beeston, NG9 2JR, UK
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27
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El-Faham A, Al Marhoon Z, Abdel-Megeed A, Khattab SN, Bekhit AA, Albericio F. α-Ketoamino acid ester derivatives as promising MAO inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Synthesis of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as homogeneous glycoforms and early comparisons with yeast cell-derived material. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2885-90. [PMID: 24516138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400140111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a medicinally important glycoprotein, used as an immunostimulant following bone-marrow transplant. On the basis of reports of its potential utility as an anticancer vaccine adjuvant, we undertook to develop a synthetic route toward single-glycoform GM-CSF. We describe herein a convergent total synthesis of GM-CSF aglycone and two homogeneous glycoforms. Analytical and biological studies confirm the structure and activity of these synthetic congeners.
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29
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Guan X, Chaffey PK, Zeng C, Tan Z. New Methods for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:155-92. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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El-Faham A, Al Marhoon Z, Abdel-Megeed A, Albericio F. OxymaPure/DIC: an efficient reagent for the synthesis of a novel series of 4-[2-(2-acetylaminophenyl)-2-oxo-acetylamino] benzoyl amino acid ester derivatives. Molecules 2013; 18:14747-59. [PMID: 24288002 PMCID: PMC6269765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OxymaPure (ethyl 2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate) was tested as an additive for use in the carbodiimide (DIC) approach for the synthesis of a novel series of α-ketoamide derivatives (4-[2-(2-acetylaminophenyl)-2-oxo-acetylamino]benzoyl amino acid ester derivatives). OxymaPure showed clear superiority to HOBt/DIC or carbodiimide alone in terms of purity and yield. The title compounds were synthesized via the ring opening of N-acylisatin. First, N-acetylisatin was reacted with 4-aminobenzoic acid under conventional heating as well as microwave irradiation to afford 4-(2-(2-acetamidophenyl)-2-oxoacetamido)benzoic acid. This α-ketoamide was coupled to different amino acid esters using OxymaPure/DIC as a coupling reagent to afford 4-[2-(2-acetylaminophenyl)-2-oxo-acetylamino]benzoyl amino acid ester derivatives in excellent yield and purity. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR, NMR, and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 12321, Egypt
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (A.E.-F.); (F.A.); Tel.: +96-611-467-3195 (A.E.-F.); Fax: +96-611-467-5992 (A.E.-F.); +34-93-403-7126 (F.A.)
| | - Zainab Al Marhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 12321, Egypt
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (A.E.-F.); (F.A.); Tel.: +96-611-467-3195 (A.E.-F.); Fax: +96-611-467-5992 (A.E.-F.); +34-93-403-7126 (F.A.)
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31
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Cherkupally P, Acosta GA, Nieto-Rodriguez L, Spengler J, Rodriguez H, Khattab SN, El-Faham A, Shamis M, Luxembourg Y, Prohens R, Subiros-Funosas R, Albericio F. K-Oxyma: a Strong Acylation-Promoting, 2-CTC Resin-Friendly Coupling Additive. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Spengler J, Fernandez-Llamazares AI, Albericio F. Use of an internal reference for the quantitative HPLC-UV analysis of solid-phase reactions: a case study of 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:229-34. [PMID: 23521015 DOI: 10.1021/co4000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the use of internal reference compounds for the rapid assessment of reactions performed in solid-phase. An internal reference compound (commercially available) was bound to the resin, together with the substrate, and cleaved with the products after completion of the reaction. The peak area of the reference compound in the HPLC-UV chromatograms can be correlated directly with those of other compounds present in the reaction mixture, thereby allowing a quantitative interpretation of the chromatograms with respect to conversion and yield. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by optimization of a protocol for the synthesis of proline-based tripeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spengler
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac
10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac
10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués
1-11, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZuluNatal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
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33
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Oxime-Based Carbonates as Useful Reagents for Both N-Protection and Peptide Coupling. Molecules 2012; 17:14361-76. [PMID: 23455569 PMCID: PMC6268901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that oxime-based mixed carbonates are very effective reagents for both N-protection and peptide coupling.
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34
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Michels T, Dölling R, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Acid-Mediated Prevention of Aspartimide Formation in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2012; 14:5218-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3007925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Michels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Dölling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and BIOSYNTAN GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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