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Filippov SK, Khusnutdinov R, Murmiliuk A, Inam W, Zakharova LY, Zhang H, Khutoryanskiy VV. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy in drug delivery: a roadmap for correct characterization of nanoparticles and interpretation of results. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5354-5370. [PMID: 37814922 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00717k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In this focus article, we provide a scrutinizing analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) as the two common methods to study the sizes of nanoparticles with focus on the application in pharmaceutics and drug delivery. Control over the size and shape of nanoparticles is one of the key factors for many biomedical systems. Particle size will substantially affect their permeation through biological membranes. For example, an enhanced permeation and retention effect requires a very narrow range of sizes of nanoparticles (50-200 nm) and even a minor deviation from these values will substantially affect the delivery of drug nanocarriers to the tumour. However, amazingly a great number of research papers in pharmaceutics and drug delivery report a striking difference in nanoparticle size measured by the two most popular experimental techniques (TEM and DLS). In some cases, this difference was reported to be 200-300%, raising the question of which size measurement result is more trustworthy. In this focus article, we primarily focus on the physical aspects that are responsible for the routinely observed mismatch between TEM and DLS results. Some of these factors such as concentration and angle dependencies are commonly underestimated and misinterpreted. We convincingly show that correctly used experimental procedures and a thorough analysis of results generated using both methods can eliminate the DLS and TEM data mismatch completely or will make the results much closer to each other. Also, we provide a clear roadmap for drug delivery and pharmaceutical researchers to conduct reliable DLS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey K Filippov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6DX Reading, UK.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ramil Khusnutdinov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kazan State Medical University, 16 Fatykh Amirkhan, 420126 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiia Murmiliuk
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Wali Inam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lucia Ya Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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2
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Stelmakh A, Cai W, Baumketner A. Attraction between Like-Charged Macroions Mediated by Specific Counterion Configurations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9971-9983. [PMID: 31657573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attraction between like-charged macroions is fundamental to many processes in biology, chemistry, and physics. It also plays an important role in industrial applications such as ion-extraction processes or catalysis. In this work, we report a novel mechanism by which attraction can be realized between spherical macroions at high ionic strength. It consists of specific configurations of two, three, and more counterions that appear between macroions with high statistical probability. The attraction is manifested in a minimum in the potential of mean force between the macroions at short distances. Its depth increases with increasing charge of the macroion, demonstrating that the attraction is electrostatic in nature. It is shown that the implicit solvent model with a distance-dependent dielectric constant can capture both the geometry and thermodynamics of charge-stabilized macroion dimers on the qualitative level. The results obtained for a model colloid with a smooth surface are extrapolated to more realistic systems. Evidence is found that the reported mechanism can be observed in small chemical compounds with encapsulated ions such as fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stelmakh
- Department of Chemistry , Ivan Franko Lviv National University , 6 Kyrylo and Mefodii Street , Lviv 79005 , Ukraine.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience , ETH Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - W Cai
- Department of Mathematics , Southern Methodist University , 3200 Dyer Street , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | - A Baumketner
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics , NAS of Ukraine , 1 Svientsistsky Str , Lviv , 79011 , Ukraine
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3
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Sitar S, Aseyev V, Žagar E, Kogej K. Chain dynamics and intermolecular association in dilute aqueous solutions of isotactic and atactic Poly(Methacrylic acid): Effect of NaCl concentration. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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4
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Jia D, Muthukumar M. Effect of Salt on the Ordinary-Extraordinary Transition in Solutions of Charged Macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5886-5896. [PMID: 30896938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using dynamic light scattering technique, we address the role of added salt at higher concentrations on the "ordinary-extraordinary" transition in solutions of charged macromolecules. The "ordinary" behavior has previously been associated with a "fast" diffusion coefficient which is independent of salt concentration Cs and polymer concentration Cp if the ratio Cp/ Cs is above a threshold value. The "extraordinary" transition is associated with formation of aggregates, with a "slow" diffusion coefficient, formed from similarly charged macromolecules. By investigating aqueous solutions of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) and sodium chloride with variations in Cp, Cs, and polymer molecular weight, Mw, we report the emergence of a new diffusive "fast" relaxation mode at higher values of Cp, Cs, and Mw, in addition to the previously known "fast" and "slow" relaxation modes. Furthermore, we find that Mw plays a crucial role on the collective dynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions with salt, instead of just the Cp/ Cs ratio as previously postulated. As Mw is progressively decreased, the salty solution exhibits dynamical transitions from three modes to two modes and then to one mode of relaxation. The emergence of the new fast mode and the dynamical transitions are in marked departure from the general premise of the ordinary-extraordinary transition developed over several decades. In an effort to rationalize our experimental findings we present a theory for the collective dynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions with salt by addressing the coupling between the relaxations of polyelectrolyte chains, counterions from the polymer and added salt, and co-ions from the salt. The predictions are in qualitative agreement with experimental findings. The present combined work of experiments and theory forms the basis for accurately characterizing dynamics of charged macromolecules in salty solutions, which are ubiquitous in biological systems and polyelectrolyte-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jia
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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5
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Li D, Liu Z, Song J, Li H, Zhang B, Yin P, Zheng ZN, Roberts JE, Tsige M, Hill CL, Liu T. Cation Translocation around Single Polyoxometalate-Organic Hybrid Cluster Regulated by Electrostatic and Cation-π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3294-3298. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Zhuonan Liu
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Chemistry; Emory University; Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Baofang Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Panchao Yin
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | | | - James E. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry; Lehigh University; Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Craig L. Hill
- Department of Chemistry; Emory University; Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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Li D, Liu Z, Song J, Li H, Zhang B, Yin P, Zheng ZN, Roberts JE, Tsige M, Hill CL, Liu T. Cation Translocation around Single Polyoxometalate-Organic Hybrid Cluster Regulated by Electrostatic and Cation-π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Zhuonan Liu
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Chemistry; Emory University; Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Baofang Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Panchao Yin
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | | | - James E. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry; Lehigh University; Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Craig L. Hill
- Department of Chemistry; Emory University; Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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Cao Z, Zhang G. Dynamics of polyzwitterions in salt-free and salt solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:27045-51. [PMID: 26411726 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of polyzwitterions remains largely unclear. We have prepared zwitterionic poly[1-(3-sulphopropyl) betaine-2-vinylpyridinium] (PSB) and investigated its dynamics in aqueous solution as a function of added salt (NaCl) concentration (Cs) by dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) and sedimentation velocity (SV) in analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). A fast and a slow mode can be observed by DLS in a salt-free and low-salt solution, where the latter exhibits a maximum intensity at Cs ∼ 10(-3) M. SV measurements demonstrate that the fast mode corresponds to the diffusion of individual chains and the slow mode arises from the dynamic inhomogeneity due to interchain electrostatic repulsion. As Cs increases, the sedimentation coefficient exhibits a maximum at Cs ∼ 0.1 M whereas the diffusion coefficient has a minimum at Cs ∼ 10(-3) M and a maximum at Cs ∼ 0.1 M. Namely, PSB shows a complex dynamics in a salt-free and low-salt solution and anti-polyelectrolyte behavior in a high-salt solution. Our studies reveal that the dynamics of polyzwitterions is mediated by the long range interchain electrostatic repulsion and short range intrachain attraction, which are determined by effective charges on the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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8
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Insight into dynamics of polyelectrolyte chains in salt-free solutions by laser light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Bogomolova A, Keller S, Klingler J, Sedlak M, Rak D, Sturcova A, Hruby M, Stepanek P, Filippov SK. Self-assembly thermodynamics of pH-responsive amino-acid-based polymers with a nonionic surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11307-11318. [PMID: 25192406 DOI: 10.1021/la5031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of pH-responsive polymers poly(N-methacryloyl-l-valine) (P1), poly(N-methacryloyl-l-phenylalanine) (P2), and poly(N-methacryloylglycyne-l-leucine) (P3) has been studied in the presence of the nonionic surfactant Brij98. The pure polymers phase-separate in an acidic medium with critical pHtr values of 3.7, 5.5, and 3.4, respectively. The addition of the surfactant prevents phase separation and promotes reorganization of polymer molecules. The nature of the interaction between polymer and surfactant depends on the amino acid structure in the side chain of the polymer. This effect was investigated by dynamic light scattering, isothermal titration calorimetry, electrophoretic measurements, small-angle neutron scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an endothermic association reaction in P1/Brij98 mixture, whereas a strong exothermic effect was observed for P2/Brij98 and P3/Brij98. Application of regular solution theory for the analysis of experimental enthalpograms indicated dominant hydrophobic interactions between P1 and Brij98 and specific interactions for the P2/Brij98 system. Electrophoretic and dynamic light scattering measurements support the applicability of the theory to these cases. The specific interactions can be ascribed to hydrogen bonds formed between the carboxylic groups of the polymer and the oligo(ethylene oxide) head groups of the surfactant. Thus, differences in polymer-surfactant interactions between P1 and P2 polymers result in different structures of polymer-surfactant complexes. Specifically, small-angle neutron scattering revealed pearl-necklace complexes and "core-shell" structures for P1/Brij98 and P2/Brij98 systems, respectively. These results may help in the design of new pH-responsive site-specific micellar drug delivery systems or pH-responsive membrane-disrupting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogomolova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Chen YR, Lee CL. A cell-model study on counterion fluctuations in macroionic systems: effect of non-extensiveness in entropy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:297-303. [PMID: 24253489 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rigorously speaking, entropy is slightly non-extensive, and this non-extensiveness, which characterizes the degree of fluctuations, can contribute to effective interactions between mesoscopic objects. In this paper, we consider a pair of macroions, each accompanied by 1000 counterions, and with a cell-model description we demonstrate that the slow variation of non-extensiveness in counterion entropy over macroionic distance leads to an effective long-range attraction between the macroions. With the aid of Monte Carlo simulation and a Bragg-Williams theory including counterion number fluctuations, we find the depth of attraction in free energy to be approximately 0.2k(B)T. The observation in our cell-model study provides an insight for further understanding of effective interactions in real macroionic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiing-Rei Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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11
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Filippov SK, Seery TAP, Kříž J, Hruby M, Černoch P, Sedláček O, Kadlec P, Pánek J, Štěpánek P. Collective polyelectrolyte diffusion as a function of counterion size and dielectric constant. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey K Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Thomas AP Seery
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269 USA
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Jaroslav Kříž
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Peter Černoch
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kadlec
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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12
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Filippov SK, Seery TA, Černoch P, Pánek J, Štěpánek P. Behavior of polyelectrolyte solutions in a wide range of solvent dielectric constant. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Liu T. Hydrophilic macroionic solutions: what happens when soluble ions reach the size of nanometer scale? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9202-13. [PMID: 19888730 DOI: 10.1021/la902917q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large, hydrophilic inorganic ions (mostly polyoxometalate macroions and cationic metal-organic hybrid nanocages) with high solubility in water and/or other polar solvents demonstrate unique solution behaviors. In dilute solutions, they behave significantly different from small simple ions (as described by the Debye-Hückel theory) because the macroions cannot be treated as point charges or large, insoluble colloidal suspensions (usually described by the DLVO theory) because the macroions form homogeneous, stable "real solutions". The size disparity between the macroions and their counterions results in complex macroion-counterion interaction and leads to the self-assembly of macroions into single-layered, hollow, spherical "blackberry" structures. The blackberries, with robust and very stable structures mimicking biological membranes, can adjust their size accurately and reversibly in response to the change of solvent content, charge density on the macroions, or in some cases merely solution pH. The blackberry membrane is permeable to small cations. The inorganic macroions with well-defined size, shape, mass, charge density (even accurately tunable within certain range), and no intramolecular interaction can be treated as simple model systems to understand the intermolecular interaction in polyelectrolyte solutions. The blackberry structures show certain similarities to the spherical virus capsids, from the overall structure to the kinetic properties of formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
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14
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Drifford M, Dalbiez JP, Delsanti M, Belloni L. Structure and dynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions with multivalent salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19961000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Ise N. Like likes like: counterion-mediated attraction in macroionic and colloidal interaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10279-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c000729c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Schmitz KS. Macroion Clustering in Solutions and Suspensions: The Roles of Microions and Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:2624-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805648a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110
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Mishra PP, Jing J, Francesconi LC, Liu T. Self-assembly of Yttrium-containing lacunary polyoxotungstate macroanions in solution with controllable supramolecular structure size by pH or solvent content. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9308-9313. [PMID: 18680322 DOI: 10.1021/la801366r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly and the formation of "Blackberry" type supramolecular structures for a type of Yttrium-containing polyoxometalate (K 15Na 6(H 3O) 9[(PY 2W 10O 38) 4(W 3O 14)].9H 2O, or {P 4Y 8W 43}) macroanions is characterized by using static and dynamic light scattering techniques. {P 4Y 8W 43} macroions are found to form hollow, spherical, single-layer "blackberry" structures in water and water-acetone mixed solvents. Very interestingly, the blackberry size can be accurately controlled by either changing acetone content in water-acetone mixed solvents, or by changing solution pH in aqueous solution. The blackberry size increases with decreasing pH (lower charge density) or higher acetone content in the mixed solvent (lower dielectric constant) and the blackberry size can change in responding to the change of external conditions. This indicates that the {P 4Y 8W 43} macroanions possess the properties of both "strong electrolyte type" and "weak electrolyte type" macroions, as we outlined previously. This is due to the special chemical feature of such clusters, which can be treated as Na 2HPO 4-type electrolytes in solution. The kinetics of the blackberry formation can be controlled by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja P Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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Lu T, Huang J, Liang D. Salt effect on microstructures in cationic gemini surfactant solutions as studied by dynamic light scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:1740-1744. [PMID: 18201111 DOI: 10.1021/la702832v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A cationic gemini surfactant, dodecanediyl-1,12-bis(dodecyldiethylammonium bromide) (C12C12C12(Et)), in aqueous solutions with varying NaBr concentration was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). As a comparison, its single-chained counterpart, dodecyl triethylammonium bromide (DTEAB), was also investigated under the same conditions. Similar to the case of a polyelectrolyte, C12C12C12(Et) underwent a typical "ordinary-to-extraordinary (o-e) transition" with decreasing salt concentration to zero. At higher salt concentration, a single relaxation mode, corresponding to the diffusion of regular micelles, was observed. While in the "extraordinary regime", DLS detected two characteristic relaxation modes with the values of the diffusion coefficient being different by at least 2 orders. The fast mode was consistent with the polyion-small ion coupled-mode theories, as well as the direct polyion-polyion repulsion interactions. Because the slow mode disappeared at elevated salt concentrations and generated negligible scattered intensity, we attributed it to multimacroion domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Liu T, Imber B, Diemann E, Liu G, Cokleski K, Li H, Chen Z, Müller A. Deprotonations and charges of well-defined {Mo72Fe30} nanoacids simply stepwise tuned by pH allow control/variation of related self-assembly processes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:15914-20. [PMID: 17147404 DOI: 10.1021/ja066133n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The solution behavior of the largest inorganic acid known thus far, the neutral, spherical iron/molybdenum/oxide nanocluster {Mo72Fe30} ([triple bond{(MoVI) MoVI5}12FeIII30 1a), including the pH-controlled deprotonation, is reported. The acidic properties are due to the 30 peripheral, weakly acidic FeIII(H2O) groups that form a unique Archimedean solid with all edges and dihedral angles being equal, the icosidodecahedron, and therefore an "isotropic" surface. Interestingly, the aqueous solutions are stable even for months because of the inertness of the spherical solutes and the presence of the hard FeIII and MoVI centers. The stability can be nicely proven by the very characteristic Raman spectrum showing, because of the (approximately) icosahedral symmetry, only a few lines. Whereas the {Mo72Fe30} clusters exist as discrete, almost neutral, molecules in aqueous solution at pH < 2.9, they get deprotonated and self-associate into single-layer blackberry-type structures at higher pH while the assembly process (i.e., the size of the final species) can be controlled by the pH values; this allows the deliberate generation of differently sized nanoparticles, a long-term goal in nanoscience. The average hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of the self-assembled structures decreases monotonically with increasing number of charges on the {Mo72Fe30} macroanions (from approximately 45 nm at pH approximately 3.0 to approximately 15 nm at pH approximately 6.6), as studied by laser light scattering and TEM techniques. The {Mo72Fe30} macroions with high-stability tunable charges/surfaces, equal shape, and masses provide models for the understanding of more complex polyelectrolyte solutions while the controllable association and dissociation reported here of the assembled soft magnetic materials with tuneable sizes could be interesting for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
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Sedlák M. Large-Scale Supramolecular Structure in Solutions of Low Molar Mass Compounds and Mixtures of Liquids: I. Light Scattering Characterization. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:4329-38. [PMID: 16509731 DOI: 10.1021/jp0569335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Static and dynamic laser light scattering were used to bring evidence of large-scale supramolecular structure in solutions of low molar mass electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, and mixtures of liquids. It was shown that solutes are distributed inhomogeneously on large length scales. Regions of higher and lower solute concentration exist in solution and give sufficient scattering contrast for experimental observation. A detailed light scattering study showed that these regions can be characterized as close-to-spherical discrete domains of higher solute density in a less dense rest of solution. These domains do contain solvent inside and can be therefore characterized as loose associates (giant clusters, aggregates). Their size distributions are significantly broad, ranging up to several hundreds of nanometers. Characteristic sizes of these inhomogenities thus exceed angstrom dimensions of individual molecules by several orders of magnitude. The number of solute molecules per domain varies approximately in the range 10(3)-10(8). Phenomena described were observed in a very broad range of solutes and solvents. Among others, selected data on most common substances of great chemical and biological importance such as sodium chloride, citric acid, glucose, urea, acetic acid, and ethanol are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Sedlák
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 043 53 Kosice, Slovakia.
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21
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Liu G, Liu T. Strong attraction among the fully hydrophilic {Mo72Fe30} macroanions. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6942-3. [PMID: 15884924 DOI: 10.1021/ja0510966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the study on the unique driving forces of the self-assembly of fully hydrophilic, soluble {Mo72Fe30} macroanions into single-layer, vesicle-like "blackberry" structures in water and mixed solvents. The hydrophobic interaction that is responsible for the vesicle formation of amphiphilic surfactants does not contribute to the current blackberry formation because of the absence of hydrophobic moiety. The hydrogen bond, van der Waals force, and chemical interaction only play minor roles. Laser light scattering and conductance measurements on a series of {Mo72Fe30}/ethanol/H2O solutions show that a certain amount of negative charges are necessary for the self-assembly, clearly indicating the existence of long-range attraction between macroanions, presumably due to the small counterions in between. The experimental results suggest that the charges on macroanions play a dual effect: short-range electrostatic repulsion and long-range "like-charge attraction", which is the major source of attractive force between hydrophilic macroanions, while van der Waals force, hydrogen bonds, and temporary inter-{Mo72Fe30} Fe-O-Fe chemical linking may also have minor contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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22
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Sedlák M. Real-time monitoring of the origination of multimacroion domains in a polyelectrolyte solution. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:151102. [PMID: 15945616 DOI: 10.1063/1.1900086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
First real-time monitoring of the origination of multimacroion domains in an initially homogeneous polyelectrolyte solution was performed. Domains were generated by pH-induced increase of macroion charge in solution of poly(methacrylic acid). Monitoring was performed by static and dynamic light scatterings, in which scattering contributions from individual polyions and growing multimacroion domains were separated, such that amplitudes of both modes were expressed in absolute units. Kinetic results also yield new information regarding the nature of multimacroion domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Sedlák
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 043 53 Kosice, Slovakia.
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23
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Liu G, Liu T. Thermodynamic properties of the unique self-assembly of {Mo72Fe30} inorganic macro-ions in salt-free and salt-containing aqueous solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:2713-2720. [PMID: 15779939 DOI: 10.1021/la047897o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Static and dynamic laser light scattering techniques are used to monitor the slow self-assembly of 2.5-nm-diameter, hollow spherical, fully hydrophilic heteropolyoxometalate {Mo72Fe30} macro-ions into single-layer vesicle-like "blackberries" (averaging approximately 50-60 nm in diameter) in dilute salt-free and salt-containing aqueous solutions, to obtain the thermodynamic properties of the unique self-assembly. A very high activation energy is observed during the transition from the single ion (general solute state) to blackberries (so-called "second solute state"), which might be responsible for the interestingly slow self-assembly process in dilute solutions. The thermodynamic parameters of the blackberry formation can be affected by adding simple electrolytes into the solution, because the electrostatic interactions are responsible for the unique self-assembly, and the effects of various anions and cations (in the low salt concentration regimes) are discussed. Multivalent anions make the single {Mo72Fe30} macro-ions more stable and make the blackberry formation more difficult. Small cations carrying more charges tend to accelerate the self-assembly process. This is the first study on the thermodynamic properties of the novel self-assembly in dilute solutions and the equilibrium and transition between the two solute states of macro-ions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nomula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Stuart L. Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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25
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Gröhn F, Antonietti M. Intermolecular Structure of Spherical Polyelectrolyte Microgels in Salt-Free Solution. 1. Quantification of the Attraction between Equally Charged Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000235v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gröhn
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam/Golm, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam/Golm, Germany
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nomula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Stuart L. Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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27
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Gribbon P, Heng BC, Hardingham TE. The molecular basis of the solution properties of hyaluronan investigated by confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Biophys J 1999; 77:2210-6. [PMID: 10512840 PMCID: PMC1300501 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a highly hydrated polyanion, which is a network-forming and space-filling component in the extracellular matrix of animal tissues. Confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (confocal-FRAP) was used to investigate intramolecular hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions in hyaluronan solutions. Self and tracer lateral diffusion coefficients within hyaluronan solutions were measured over a wide range of concentrations (c), with varying electrolyte and at neutral and alkaline pH. The free diffusion coefficient of fluoresceinamine-labeled HA of 500 kDa in PBS was 7.9 x 10(-8) cm(2) s(-1) and of 830 kDa HA was 5.6 x 10(-8) cm(2) s(-1). Reductions in self- and tracer-diffusion with c followed a stretched exponential model. Electrolyte-induced polyanion coil contraction and destiffening resulted in a 2.8-fold increase in self-diffusion between 0 and 100 mM NaCl. Disruption of hydrogen bonds by strong alkali (0.5 M NaOH) resulted in further larger increases in self- and tracer-diffusion coefficients, consistent with a more dynamic and permeable network. Concentrated hyaluronan solution properties were attributed to hydrodynamic and entanglement interactions between domains. There was no evidence of chain-chain associations. At physiological electrolyte concentration and pH, the greatest contribution to the intrinsic stiffness of hyaluronan appeared to be due to hydrogen bonds between adjacent saccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gribbon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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28
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Matsuoka H, Ogura Y, Yamaoka H. Effect of counterion species on the dynamics of polystyrenesulfonate in aqueous solution as studied by dynamic light scattering. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Liu T, Rulkens R, Wegner G, Chu B. Laser Light Scattering Study of a Rigid-Rod Polyelectrolyte. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980423+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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31
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Rustemeier O, Killmann E. Electrostatic Interactions and Stability of Poly-l -lysine Covered Polystyrene Latex Particles Investigated by Dynamic Light Scattering. J Colloid Interface Sci 1997; 190:360-70. [PMID: 9241179 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption isotherms of the pH dependent positively charged polyelectrolyte poly-l -lysine (PLL) on negatively and positively charged polystyrene latices are determined. With photon correlation spectrometry (PCS) the influence of the fluctuating PLL domaines in solution on the diffusion coefficient is observed at low salt concentrations c NaBr < 10(-3) M with lambda = c PE /c NaBr < 0.1 (c PE = concentration of the polyelectrolyte units). Screening of the charged layer by increasing electrolyte concentration results in large adsorbed amounts and layer thicknesses. At low molar mass of PLL the suspensions become unstable and the state and kinetic of flocculation is followed by the decreasing diffusion coefficient. PLL of higher molar mass (M w >/= 100 000) stabilizes the particles sterically and the adsorbed layer thicknesses can be determined. The conclusions drawn from PCS features are confirmed directly by raster electron micrographs of the filtered particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rustemeier
- Technische Universitat Munchen, Institut fur Technische Chemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, 85747, Germany
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32
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Sedlák M. The ionic strength dependence of the structure and dynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions as seen by light scattering: The slow mode dilemma. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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33
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Light scattering study of salt-free ‘polyelectrolyte behaviour’ of monotelechelic ionomers in a polar solvent. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Schmitz KS. On the ?filterable aggregates and other particles? interpretation of the extraordinary regime of polyelectrolytes. Biopolymers 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360330611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Ghosh S, Peitzsch RM, Reed WF. Aggregates and other particles as the origin of the ?extraordinary? diffusional phase in polyelectrolyte solutions. Biopolymers 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360320818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Semidilute solutions of poly(methacrylic acid) in the absence of salt: Dynamic light-scattering study. POLYMER 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(87)90156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Ise N. Geordnete Bereiche in verdünnten Lösungen von ionischen Spezies durch Anziehung gleichsinnig geladener Teilchen - ein Paradigmenwechsel in der Kolloid- und Polymerchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19860980406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Drifford M, Dalbiez JP. Effect of salt on sodium polystyrene sulfonate measured by light scattering. Biopolymers 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360240807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Schmitz KS, Ramsay DJ. QELS-SEF study on poly(lysine) in the extraordinary phase: Effect of electric field strength on the apparent diffusion coefficient. Biopolymers 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360240711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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On the possible role of small ions in the interpretation of dynamic light-scattering data. J Colloid Interface Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(85)90312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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