1
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Shi W, Jia Y, Xu S, Li Z, Fu Y, Wei M, Shi S. A chiroptical switch based on DNA/layered double hydroxide ultrathin films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12916-12922. [PMID: 25285378 DOI: 10.1021/la502968z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly oriented film was fabricated by layer-by-layer self-assembly of DNA and MgAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheets, and its application in chiroptical switch was demonstrated via intercalation and deintercalation of an achiral molecule into the DNA cavity. DNA molecules are prone to forming an ordered and dispersive state in the interlayer region of rigid layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The induced chiroptical ultrathin film (UTF) is achieved via the intercalation of an achiral chromophore [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP)] into the spiral cavity of DNA stabilized in the LDH matrix [denoted as TMPyP-(DNA/LDH)20]. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy are utilized to testify the intercalation of TMPyP into (DNA/LDH)20 UTF that involves two steps: the electrostatic binding of TMPyP onto the surface of (DNA/LDH)20 followed by intercalation into base pairs of DNA. In addition, the TMPyP-(DNA/LDH)20 UTF exhibits good reversibility and repeatability in induced optical chirality, based on the intercalation and deintercalation of TMPyP by alternate exposure to HCl and NH3/H2O vapor, which can be potentially used as a chiroptical switch in data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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2
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Ghimire S, Fanwick PE, McMillin DR. DNA-Binding Studies of a Tetraalkyl-Substituted Porphyrin and the Mutually Adaptive Distortion Principle. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11108-18. [PMID: 25271570 DOI: 10.1021/ic501683t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Ghimire
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Phillip E. Fanwick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David R. McMillin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Kumar D, Chandra Shekar K, Mishra B, Kurihara R, Ogura M, Ito T. Cationic porphyrin–quinoxaline conjugate as a photochemically triggered novel cytotoxic agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3221-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Abdelghany S, Schmid D, Deacon J, Jaworski J, Fay F, McLaughlin KM, Gormley J, Burrows JF, Longley DB, Donnelly RF, Scott CJ. Enhanced antitumor activity of the photosensitizer meso-Tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate through encapsulation in antibody-targeted chitosan/alginate nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:302-10. [PMID: 23327610 PMCID: PMC3582313 DOI: 10.1021/bm301858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
meso-Tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetra tosylate (TMP) is a photosensitizer that can be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce cell death through generation of reactive oxygen species in targeted tumor cells. However, TMP is highly hydrophilic, and therefore, its ability to accumulate intracellularly is limited. In this study, a strategy to improve TMP uptake into cells has been investigated by encapsulating the compound in a hydrogel-based chitosan/alginate nanoparticle formulation. Nanoparticles of 560 nm in diameter entrapping 9.1 μg of TMP per mg of formulation were produced and examined in cell-based assays. These particles were endocytosed into human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells and elicited a more potent photocytotoxic effect than free drug. Antibodies targeting death receptor 5 (DR5), a cell surface apoptosis-inducing receptor up-regulated in various types of cancer and found on HCT116 cells, were then conjugated onto the particles. The conjugated antibodies further enhanced uptake and cytotoxic potency of the nanoparticle. Taken together, these results show that antibody-conjugated chitosan/alginate nanoparticles significantly enhanced the therapeutic effectiveness of entrapped TMP. This novel approach provides a strategy for providing targeted site-specific delivery of TMP and other photosensitizer drugs to treat colorectal tumors using PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif
M. Abdelghany
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Schmid
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Deacon
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Jaworski
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Fay
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M. McLaughlin
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Julie
A. Gormley
- Fusion Antibodies
Ltd., Springbank Industrial Estate, Pembroke Loop Road,
Belfast, BT17 0QL, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Burrows
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B. Longley
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- School of
Pharmacy, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, and Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, 97
Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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5
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Gong L, Lee C, Kim G, Lee YS, Lee SJ, Kim SK. Consecutive intercalation of a cationic porphyrin dimer between the GC base-pairs: a kinetic study. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612501489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the porphyrin moieties of the porphyrin dimer intercalates rapidly between the DNA base-pairs, followed by the slow intercalation of the other. The slow intercalation of the second porphyrin moiety of porphyrin dimer to poly[d(G-C)2] was investigated by normal absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The change in absorbance in the Soret band of porphyrin upon association with poly[d(G-C)2] can be best elucidated by the combination of the two single exponential curves, suggesting the intercalation occurred via two independent first order reactions. Activation energies of these two first order reactions were calculated to be 0.37 kcal/mol and 3.19 kcal/mol, respectively. The intercalation associated with lower activation energy can be assigned to the intercalation of second porphyrin moiety to 5′CG3′ site while that with higher activation energy to 5′GC3′ intercalation site. Increasing the flexibility of poly[d(G-C)2] by adding Na+ ion resulted in an enhancement of the reaction rate for both steps in an exponential manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Joong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog K. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk 712-749, Republic of Korea
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6
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Gong L, Bae I, Kim SK. Effect of Axial Ligand on the Binding Mode of M-meso-Tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin to DNA Probed by Circular and Linear Dichroism Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12510-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Gong
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Bae
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Seog K. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749 Republic of Korea
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Briggs BN, Gaier AJ, Fanwick PE, Dogutan DK, McMillin DR. Cationic Copper(II) Porphyrins Intercalate into Domains of Double-Stranded RNA. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7496-505. [PMID: 22947040 DOI: 10.1021/bi300828z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Breeze N. Briggs
- Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Abby J. Gaier
- Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Phillip E. Fanwick
- Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dilek K. Dogutan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - David R. McMillin
- Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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8
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Kim YR, Gong L, Park J, Jang YJ, Kim J, Kim SK. Systematic Investigation on the Central Metal Ion Dependent Binding Geometry of M-meso-Tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin to DNA and Their Efficiency as an Acceptor in DNA-Mediated Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2330-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212291r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Rhan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan
City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Lindan Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan
City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan
City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan
City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinheung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog K. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan
City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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9
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Safaei E, Ranjbar B, Hasani L. A study on the self assembly of Fe(II) and dual binding of Ni(II) porphyrazines on CT-DNA. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetramethyltetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazinatonickel(II), ([ Ni (2,3- tmtppa )]4+) and N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetramethyltetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazinatoiron(II), ([ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+) with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) have been studied in 1mM phosphate buffer and low ionic strength (5 mM NaCl ) using several spectroscopic techniques: absorbance, fluorescence and circular dichroism. The 2:1 porphyrazine/DNA mole ratio, existence of moderate hypochromicity, moderate and progressive red shift and conservative ICD in the visible part of [ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ spectra suggested an outside binding with self-stacking mode. Analysis of the dramatic hypochromicity, small blue shift and bisignate ICD in the Q-band absorption region of [ Ni (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ spectra and 1:1 porphyrazine/DNA mole ratio possibly led us to the dual binding mode of this complex, i.e. at the minor and major grooves of DNA. The influence of the ionic strength on the porphyrazine-DNA binding confirmed this suggestion. The fluorescence quenching of DNA-ethidium bromide complex by porphyrazines was investigated. The values of quenching constants ( K sv ) and the rate constants of the quenching ( K q ) were determined by Stern-Volmer equation. The values of K sv have been obtained (2.07 ± 0.11) × 106 and (0.48 ± 0.01) × 106 M−1 for [ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ and [ Ni (2,3- tmtppa )]4+, respectively, at 27°C. The higher affinity of [ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ for the quenching of EB-DNA fluorescence with respect to Ni complex was attributed to self-stacking of the former along DNA helix and favorable energy transfer between EB+ and cationic porphyrazine. ΔG25 (the difference between the free energy of the native ( N ) and the denatured (D) form of DNA at 25°C), ΔHm and ΔSm (difference between enthalpy and entropy at Tm) were extracted from thermal curves. The decline in the melting temperature of DNA following the addition of porphyrazine complexes confirms that the substantial mode of Ni and Fe interaction is not intercalation. The thermodynamic results imply that both Ni and Fe complexes have a slight destabilizing effect on the DNA. A comparison between [ Ni ( tmtppa )]4+ and [ Fe ( tmtppa )]4+ indicates that the latter is more effective than the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Safaei
- Institute of Advanced studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45195, Iran
| | - Bijan Ranjbar
- Department of Biophysics, College of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Hasani
- Department of Biophysics, College of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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Prado-Gotor R, Grueso E. A kinetic study of the interaction of DNA with gold nanoparticles: mechanistic aspects of the interaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 13:1479-89. [PMID: 21132199 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic study of the interaction of gold nanoparticles capped with N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine with double stranded DNA was carried out in water and in salt (NaCl) solutions. The kinetic curves are biexponential and reveal the presence of three kinetic steps. The dependence of the reciprocal fast and slow relaxation time, on the DNA concentration, is a curve and tends to a plateau at high DNA concentrations. The simplest mechanism consistent with the kinetic results involves a simple three-step series mechanism reaction scheme. The first step corresponds to a very fast step that is related to a diffusion controlled formation of an external precursor complex (DNA, AuNPs); the second step involves the formation of a (DNA/AuNPs)(I) complex, as a result of the binding affinity between hydrophilic groups of the tiopronin and the DNA grooves. Finally, the third step has been interpreted as a consequence of a conformational change of the (DNA/AuNPs)(I) complex formed in the second step, to a more compacted form (DNA/AuNPs)(II). The values of the rate constants of each step decrease as NaCl concentration increases. The results have been discussed in terms of solvation of the species and changes in the viscosity of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Prado-Gotor
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Jung JA, Lee SH, Jin B, Sohn Y, Kim SK. Effect of number and position of positive charges on the stacking of porphyrins along poly[d(A-T)(2)] at high binding densities. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7641-8. [PMID: 20465241 DOI: 10.1021/jp1009687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At high porphyrin densities, the effects of the number and position of the positive charges of the periphery ring on the stacking of the porphyrin on poly[d(A-T)(2)] was investigated using polarized spectroscopy, including circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD, respectively). The CD spectrum of meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin(TMPyP) consisted of two positive bands in the Soret absorption region at low [porphyrin]/[DNA base] ratios (R ratios) and changed to two distinguishable categories of the bisignate CD spectrum with increasing R ratio. These CD spectra were attributed to the monomeric groove binding, and the moderately and extensively stacked TMPyPs. In contrast, trans-bis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (trans-BMPyP) dominantly produced a CD spectrum that corresponded to the extensive stacking, except at the lowest R ratio that was used in this work (R = 0.04). However, for cis-bis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (cis-BMPyP), the intensity of the apparent bisignate CD signal was too small to assign it to the extensive stacking. Moreover, the shape of the CD spectrum in the DNA absorption region showed that the conformation of poly[d(A-T)(2)] was retained, in contrast to the extensively stacked TMPyP and trans-BMPyP. In the extensively stacked TMPyP- poly[d(A-T)(2)] assembly, the large negative LD signal in the Soret band was observed suggesting that the direction of the molecular planes of TMPyP was close to perpendicular with respect to the orientation axis (flow axis). In contrast, the LD spectrum of the trans-BMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex produced positive LD signal in the same wavelength region, suggesting the orientation of the molecular plane was nearly parallel relative to the flow direction. Surprisingly, the LD signal in the DNA absorption region for both of the porphyrins was positive. Therefore, the helix axis of the DNA was near perpendicular relative to the flow direction in the porphyrin-polynucleotide assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-A Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Aydinoglu S, Biver T, Secco F, Venturini M. Metal-complex formation and DNA interaction of 5, 10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridiyl)-porphine: Study of the mechanistic aspects. INT J CHEM KINET 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Manono J, Marzilli PA, Marzilli LG. New Porphyrins Bearing Positively Charged Peripheral Groups Linked by a Sulfonamide Group to meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin: Interactions with Calf Thymus DNA. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:5636-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900385y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Manono
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Patricia A. Marzilli
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Luigi G. Marzilli
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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Grueso E, Roldan E, Sanchez F. Kinetic Study of the Cetyltrimethylammonium/DNA Interaction. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:8319-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810966n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Grueso
- The Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Profesor García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - E. Roldan
- The Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Profesor García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - F. Sanchez
- The Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Profesor García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Jin B, Ahn JE, Ko JH, Wang W, Han SW, Kim SK. Effect of the position and number of positive charges on the intercalation and stacking of porphyrin to poly[d(G-C)2], poly[d(A-T)2], and native DNA. J Phys Chem B 2009; 112:15875-82. [PMID: 19367951 DOI: 10.1021/jp801274u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the number and position of the positive charges on porphyrin with respect to the mode of binding to poly[d(G-C)2] and poly[d(A-T)2] were investigated by absorption and polarized spectroscopy, including circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD). Meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP), which possesses four positive charges on the periphery pyridinium rings, produces a negative CD and wavelength-independent reduced LD (LDr) spectra in the Soret absorption region when it associates with poly[d(G-C)2]. These spectral characteristics have been considered as diagnostic for intercalation. In contrast, both trans- and cis-bis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)diphenylporphyrin (trans- and cis-BMPyP), where the number of positive charges was reduced to two, multisignate CD and strong wavelength-dependence of the LDr spectra were observed, indicating that these porphyrins do not intercalate. Therefore, four positive charges are required for TMPyP intercalation. When associated with poly[d(A-T)2], trans-BMPyP exhibited a positive CD signal at a low [porphyrin]/[nucleobase] ratio with the appearance of a bisignate CD upon increase of the mixing ratio, suggestive of binding at the groove of the double helix at low mixing ratios, and stacking at increasing mixing ratios. Conversely, no monomeric binding was evident in the bis-BMPyP bisignate CD spectrum; hence, only the stacking mode was found for cis-BMPyP, even at the lowest [porphyrin]/[nucleobase] ratio, suggesting the importance of the position of the positive charges in determining monomeric groove binding or stacking. The binding geometries of trans- and cis-BMPyP were similar when associated with poly[d(A-T)2], as determined from the similar LDr spectrum. When associated with DNA, TMPyP exhibited similar spectral properties with that of the TMPyP-poly[d(G-C)2] complex, indicating intercalation of TMPyP between the DNA base pairs. Conversely, CD and LDr characteristics of both trans- and cis-BMPyP-DNA complexes resembled those that complexed with poly[d(A-T)2] at a high [porphyrin]/[DNA] ratio, suggesting that both porphyrins were stacked along the DNA stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan City, Gyeong-buk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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16
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Biver T, Secco F, Venturini M. Mechanistic aspects of the interaction of intercalating metal complexes with nucleic acids. Coord Chem Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Biron E, Voyer N. Towards sequence selective DNA binding: design, synthesis and DNA binding studies of novel bis-porphyrin peptidic nanostructures. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2507-15. [DOI: 10.1039/b803281e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin at the Minor Groove of Contiguous Adenine-Thymine Base Pairs. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.12.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The binding of manganese(III)-tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMpyP) with synthetic poly(dA-dT)2, poly(dI-dC)2, and poly(dG-dC)2 DNAs as well as calf thymus (CT) DNA has been quantitatively studied in detail using induced CD (circular dichroism) spectroscopy in the Soret absorption band. The CD spectra, which changed greatly depending on the porphyrin to DNA base-pair molar ratio (r), were normalized with respect to DNA concentration and deconvoluted. Three independent component binding modes (named mode 1, 2, and 3 in the order of increasing r values) were identified, which successfully simulated the observed CD spectra with negligibly small residuals for a wide range of r values. In the case of poly(dA-dT)2, poly (dI-dC)2, and CT DNA, all the three modes appeared, whereas in the case of poly(dG-dC)2 DNA, only modes 1 and 3 appeared in the r range studied. The r dependence of each binding mode, i.e., its relative affinity toward DNA, has been revealed by this analysis. Mode 1, which appeared as a single binding mode at very low r values (r < or = ca. 0.05), was inhibited by the addition of methyl green, a drug that preferentially binds to the major groove of poly (dA-dT)2 DNA. Berenil, a known minor groove binder to poly(dA-dT)2 or poly(dI-dC)2 DNA, inhibited modes 2 and 3. From these inhibition experiments as well as comparison of the component spectra for DNAs of different sequence, a binding site on DNA was proposed for each component binding mode. The number of DNA base pairs covered by a single molecule of porphyrin was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nitta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
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Asadi M, Safaei E, Ranjbar B, Hasani L. A study on the binding of two water-soluble tetrapyridinoporphyrazinato copper(II) complexes to DNA. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Park T, Kim JM, Han SW, Lee DJ, Kim SK. Dispersion of meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin on [d(A-T)n]2 oligonucleotides. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1726:287-92. [PMID: 16129563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The binding modes of the free-base meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP) complexed with [d(AT)n]2 oligonucleotides (where n=3-8, corresponding to 6 to 16 AT base pairs) were studied by circular dichroism (CD). When associated with the shortest oligonucleotide, ([d(AT)3]2), a bisignate CD spectrum was produced in the Soret absorption region at the mixing ratio between 2.0 and 0.25, corresponding to one TMPyP per 0.5 to 4 oligonucleotides. Apparent bisignate CD was attributed to a stacked TMPyP along the DNA. On the other hand, when the oligonucleotide length reaches one helical turn or longer, ([d(AT)n]2, n=6,7,8), TMPyP exhibited a positive CD signal, that corresponds to the monomeric groove binding mode, at the mixing ratio below 1.0 (one TMPyP per oligonucleotide). As the mixing ratio increases, the CD signal was best accounted for by the sum of the stacked and groove-binding TMPyP. At the intermediate oligonucleotide length ([d(AT)n]2, n=4,5), the CD spectrum appeared to be the sum of the stacked and groove binding TMPyP at all mixing ratios. Therefore, it is conclusive that the full dispersion of TMPyP requires at least one helical turn of the AT sequence at a mixing ratio below 1.0. Further increase of the mixing ratio resulted in the stacking of TMPyP even at the long oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegi Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Daedong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, Republic of Korea
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McMillin DR, Shelton AH, Bejune SA, Fanwick PE, Wall RK. Understanding binding interactions of cationic porphyrins with B-form DNA. Coord Chem Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Derivatives of amino acids bearing a porphyrin moiety on a side chain were synthesized by coupling a porphyrin to a glutamic acid side chain; the utility of these compounds was demonstrated by their use in solid-phase synthesis of a peptide bearing a cationic porphyrin and by studying its DNA-binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Biron
- Département de chimie and CREFSIP, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Park T, Shin JS, Han SW, Son JK, Kim SK. Stacking of meso-Tetrakis(3-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin on Poly[d(A-T)2]: Importance of the Distance between Porphyrin's Positive Charges. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0473117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taegi Park
- Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, and Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoungwoon University, Sangdong-myun, Kumi, Kyoung-buk 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sub Shin
- Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, and Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoungwoon University, Sangdong-myun, Kumi, Kyoung-buk 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Han
- Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, and Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoungwoon University, Sangdong-myun, Kumi, Kyoung-buk 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Keun Son
- Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, and Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoungwoon University, Sangdong-myun, Kumi, Kyoung-buk 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog K. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, and Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoungwoon University, Sangdong-myun, Kumi, Kyoung-buk 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim JO, Lee YA, Yun BH, Han SW, Kwag ST, Kim SK. Binding of meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin to AT oligomers: effect of chain length and the location of the porphyrin stacking. Biophys J 2004; 86:1012-7. [PMID: 14747336 PMCID: PMC1303894 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP) that are associated with various duplex and triplex AT oligomers were investigated in this study. A strong positive CD was apparent for both the TMPyP complexed with duplex d[(A-T)(12)](2), d(A)(12).d(T)(12) and triplex d(A)(12).d[(T)(12)](2) at a low mixing ratio. As the mixing ratio increased, bisignate excitonic CD was produced for TMPyP complexed with duplexes, whereas the positive CD signal remained the same for the TMPyP-d(A)(12).d[(T)(12)](2) complex. This difference in the CD spectrum in the presence of duplex and triplex oligomers indicates that the moderate stacking of TMPyP occurs at the major groove of the duplex and the monomeric binding occurs in (or near) the minor groove. When TMPyP forms a complex with duplex d[(A-T)(6)](2) only excitonic CD was observed, even at a very low mixing ratio. Therefore, at least seven or more basepairs are required for TMPyP to exhibit a monomeric CD spectrum. After close analysis of the CD spectrum, the TMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex could be explained by a combination of the CD spectrum of the monomeric, moderately stacked, and extensively stacked TMPyP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, Republic of Korea
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26
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Lee S, Lee YA, Lee HM, Lee JY, Kim DH, Kim SK. Rotation of periphery methylpyridine of meso-tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2, 3, 4) and its selective binding to native and synthetic DNAs. Biophys J 2002; 83:371-81. [PMID: 12080127 PMCID: PMC1302154 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By utilizing circular and linear dichroism, the binding mode of meso-tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2, 3, 4) to various DNAs was studied in this work. 2-N-(methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin(o-TMPyP), in which rotation of the periphery pyridinium ring is prevented, exhibits similar spectral properties when bound to DNA, poly[d(G-C)(2)] and poly[d(A-T)(2)], suggesting a similar binding mode. Close analysis of the spectral properties led us to conclude that o-TMPyP sits in the major groove. However, both 3-N- and 4-N-(methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (m- and p-TMPyP), of which the periphery pyridinium ring is free to rotate, intercalate between the basepairs of DNA and poly[d(G-C)(2)]. In the presence of poly[d(A-T)(2)], m-TMPyP exhibits a typical bisignate excitonic CD spectrum in the Soret band, while p-TMPyP shows two positive CD bands. The excitonic CD spectrum of the m-TMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex and the positive CD band of the o-TMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex were not affected by the presence of the minor groove binding drug, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), indicating that this porphyrin is bound in the major groove. In contrast, two positive CD bands of the p-TMPyP-poly[d(A-T)(2)] complex altered in the presence of DAPI. From the changes in CD spectrum and other spectral properties, a few possible binding modes for p-TMPyP to poly[d(A-T)(2)] are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Kyoungsan City 712-749, Republic of Korea
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27
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Okada H, Imai H, Uemori Y. Intercalation of water-soluble bis-porphyrins into poly(dA)-poly(dT) double helix. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3301-7. [PMID: 11711306 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The association constants (K) of nucleic acid monomers with a series of water-soluble bis-porphyrins (bisMC1, bisMC3, bisMC5, bisMC7, and bisMC11) in which two porphyrin units were linked by a methylene chain of various lengths were estimated spectrophotometrically. Among the bis-porphyrins, the K values are similar for each nucleic acid monomer, indicating that the bridging chain length does not affect the association of the bis-porphyrins with the nucleic acid monomers. The melting curves of poly(dA)-poly(dT) in the presence of bisMC3 or bisMC5 were found to be biphasic, suggesting that bisMC3 and bisMC5 are bound to poly(dA)-poly(dT) with a binding mode different from the groove binding exhibited by the corresponding porphyrin monomers. A negative-induced CD peak in the Soret region of bisMC3 and bisMC5 with poly(dA)-poly(dT) is observed and the visible spectral changes of bisMC3 and bisMC5 upon addition of poly(dA)-poly(dT) are accompanied by a large red shift of the Soret band (bisMC3: 21 nm, bisMC5: 23 nm) with substantial hypochromicity (bisMC3: 49%, bisMC5: 40%). Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that both of the porphyrin units of bisMC3 and bisMC5 intercalate into poly(dA)-poly(dT). In contrast to poly(dA)-poly(dT), the melting curves of poly(dA.dT)(2) in the presence of the bis-porphyrins did not show such biphasic behavior. Together with the CD and visible absorption data, it is certain that these bis-porphyrins do not intercalate into poly(dA.dT)(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, 3-Ho, Kanagawa-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1181, Japan.
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28
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Thomas KE, McMillin DR. Competitive Binding Studies of H2T4 with DNA Hairpins (H2T4 = meso-Tetrakis(4-(N-methylpyridiniumyl))porphyrin). J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, 1393 Brown Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - David R. McMillin
- Department of Chemistry, 1393 Brown Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
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29
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Lee S, Jeon SH, Kim BJ, Han SW, Jang HG, Kim SK. Classification of CD and absorption spectra in the Soret band of H(2)TMPyP bound to various synthetic polynucleotides. Biophys Chem 2001; 92:35-45. [PMID: 11527577 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(01)00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The binding mode of porphyrins, namely meso-tetrakis(N-methyl pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (H(2)TMPyP), was classified in this work by absorption and circular dichroism(CD) spectroscopy. The three binding modes of intercalation, minor groove binding and external stacking exhibit their own characteristic absorption and CD spectra. Intercalation occurs for this porphyrin when bound to GC-rich polynucleotides at a low mixing ratio, as expected. This binding mode produces hypochromism and a red shift in the absorption band and a negative CD band in the Soret absorption region. When it is complexed with AT-rich polynucleotides at a low mixing ratio, hypochromism and a red shift in the absorption band and a positive CD peak is apparent, and this species can easily be assigned to the minor groove-binding mode. For both AT- and GC-rich polynucleotides at a high binding ratio, an excitonic CD was apparent. The sign of excitonic CD depends on the order of the DNA bases; the CD spectra of H(2)TMPyP complexed with non-alternating homopolymer (disregarding the nature of base pairs, i.e. AT or GC) are characterized by a positive band at short wavelengths followed by a negative band at long wavelengths. In contrast, those complexed with alternating polynucleotide were opposite to those of non-alternating homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yeungnam University, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk, 712-749, South Korea
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30
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Kruglik SG, Mojzes P, Mizutani Y, Kitagawa T, Turpin PY. Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Study of the Exciplex Formed between Excited Cu−Porphyrin and DNA. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004207q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G. Kruglik
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan, B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, Minsk 220072, Belarus, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CS-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic, and LPBC, CNRS ESA 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 138, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Peter Mojzes
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan, B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, Minsk 220072, Belarus, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CS-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic, and LPBC, CNRS ESA 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 138, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Yasuhisa Mizutani
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan, B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, Minsk 220072, Belarus, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CS-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic, and LPBC, CNRS ESA 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 138, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Teizo Kitagawa
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan, B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, Minsk 220072, Belarus, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CS-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic, and LPBC, CNRS ESA 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 138, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Turpin
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan, B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, Minsk 220072, Belarus, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CS-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic, and LPBC, CNRS ESA 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 138, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. McMillin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
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Yun BH, Jeon SH, Cho TS, Yi SY, Sehlstedt U, Kim SK. Binding mode of porphyrins to poly[d(A-T)2] and poly[d(G-C)2]. Biophys Chem 1998; 70:1-10. [PMID: 17027447 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(97)00031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/1996] [Revised: 02/27/1997] [Accepted: 02/27/1997] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the binding geometry of Co-meso-tetrakis (N-methyl pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin, Co-meso-tetrakis (N-n-butyl pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin and their metal-free ligands to poly[d(A-T)(2)] and poly[d(G-C)(2)] by optical spectroscopic methods including absorption, circular and linear dichroism spectroscopy, and fluorescence energy transfer technique. Signs of an induced CD spectrum in the Soret band depend only on the nature of the DNA sequence; all porphyrins exhibit negative CD when bound to poly[d(G-C)(2)] and positive when bound to poly[d(A-T)(2)]. Close analysis of the linear dichroism result reveals that all porphyrins exhibit outside binding when complexed with poly[d(A-T)(2)], regardless of the existence of a central metal and side chain. However, in the case of poly[d(G-C)(2)], we observed intercalative binding mode for two nonmetalloporphyrins and an outside binding mode for metalloporphyrins. The nature of the outside binding modes of the porphyrins, when complexed with poly[d(A-T)(2)] and poly[d(G-C)(2)], are quite different. We also demonstrate that an energy transfer from the excited nucleo-bases to porphyrins can occur for metalloporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Yun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Yeungnam University, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk 712-749, South Korea
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35
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McClure JE, Baudouin L, Mansuy D, Marzilli LG. Interactions of DNA with a new electron-deficient tentacle porphyrin: meso-tetrakis[2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(2-t rimethylammoniumethyl-amine)phenyl]porphy rin. Biopolymers 1997; 42:203-17. [PMID: 9234999 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(199708)42:2<203::aid-bip9>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new electron-deficient tentacle porphyrin meso-tetrakis[2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(2-trimethylammoniumethylamine )phenyl]porphyrin (TthetaF4TAP) has been synthesized. The binding interactions of TthetaF4TAP with DNA polymers were studied for comparison to those of an electron-deficient tentacle porphyrin and an electron-rich tentacle porphyrin; these previously studied porphyrins bind to DNA primarily by intercalative and outside-binding modes, respectively. The three tentacle porphyrins have similar size and shape. The basicity of TthetaF4TAP indicated that it has electronic characteristics similar to those of the intercalating electron-deficient tentacle porphyrin. However, TthetaF4TAP binds to calf thymus DNA, [poly(dA-dT)]2, and [poly(dG-dC)]2 in a self-stacking, outside-binding manner under all conditions. Evidence for this binding mode included a significant hypochromicity of the Soret band, a conservative induced CD spectrum, and the absence of an increase in DNA solution viscosity. As found previously for the electron-rich porphyrin, the results suggest that combinations of closely related self-stacked forms coexist. The mix of forms depended on the DNA and the solution conditions. There are probably differences in the detailed features of the self-stacking adducts for the two types of tentacle porphyrins, especially at high R (ratio of porphyrin to DNA). At low R values, the induced CD signal of TthetaF4TAP/CT DNA resembled that of TthetaF4TAP/[poly(dA-dT)]2, suggesting that TthetaF4TAP binds preferentially at AT regions. Competitive binding experiments gave evidence that TthetaF4TAP binds preferentially to [poly(dA-dT)]2 over [poly (dG-dC)]2. Thus, despite the long, positively charged, flexible substituents on the porphyrin, the binding of TthetaF4TAP is significantly affected by base-pair composition. Similar characteristics were found previously for the electron-rich tentacle porphyrin. Thus, significant changes in electron richness have relatively minor effects on this outside binding selectivity for AT regions. TthetaF4TAP is the first porphyrin with electron deficiency and shape similar to intercalating porphyrins that does not appear to intercalate. All porphyrins reported to intercalate have had pyridinium substituents. Thus, the electronic distribution in the porphyrin ring, not just the overall electron richness, may play a role in facilitating intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E McClure
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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36
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Hyun KM, Choi SD, Lee S, Kim SK. Can energy transfer be an indicator for DNA intercalation? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1334:312-6. [PMID: 9101727 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact energy transfer from DNA bases to various ligands, which can be represented by the ratio of the fluorescence intensity Q(lambda)/Q310nm, is measured by conventional fluorometer. 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole and 2'-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2,5'-bi-1H-benzimidazole can accept energy from DNA bases and exhibit the ratio Q(lambda)/Q310nm, similar to that of intercalators, although these molecules are known to bind preferentially to the minor groove of the adenine-thymine rich region of DNA. When porphyrin is intercalated in DNA or poly[d(G-C)2], the shape of the ratio Q(lambda)/Q310nm is distinct from that of the ethidium-DNA complex with two maxima at 250 nm and 280 nm. The ratio Q(lambda)/Q310nm of the porphyrin-poly[d(A-T)2] complex, in which porphyrin is known to bind 'outside' of the DNA stem, is similar to that of intercalators. Therefore, energy from excited DNA bases can be transferred not only to an intercalated ligand through direct contact but also to that bound in the minor groove. It follows from this observation that using energy transfer as a criterion for DNA intercalation requires extreme caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Hyun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Yeungnam University, Kyoungsan City, South Korea
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37
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Ford KG, Neidle S. Perturbations in DNA structure upon interaction with porphyrins revealed by chemical probes, DNA footprinting and molecular modelling. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:671-7. [PMID: 7582945 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00052-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of several porphyrins with a 74 base-pair DNA sequence have been examined by footprinting and chemical protection methods. Tetra-(4-N-methyl-(pyridyl)) porphyrin (TMPy), two of its metal complexes and tetra-(4-trimethylanilinium) porphyrin (TMAP) bind to closely similar AT-rich sequences. The three TMPy ligands produce modest changes in DNA structure and base accessibility on binding, in contrast to the large-scale conformational changes observed with TMAP. Molecular modelling studies have been performed on TMPy and TMAP bound in the AT-rich minor groove of an oligonucleotide. These have shown that significant structural change is needed to accommodate the bulky trimethyl substituent groups of TMAP, in contrast to the facile minor groove fit of TMPy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Ford
- CRC Biomolecular Structure Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, U.K
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Eckelman WC. The application of receptor theory to receptor-binding and enzyme-binding oncologic radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl Med Biol 1994; 21:759-69. [PMID: 9241652 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(94)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The successful imaging of tumor biochemistry using a receptor binding radiotracer is related to the affinity constant and the receptor concentration. The target to nontarget ratio can be predicted by steady state equations using in vitro data, although this is a necessary but not sufficient upper limit. The prediction of the sensitivity of the radiopharmaceutical to changes in the tumor biochemistry is not possible with this evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Eckelman
- PET Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sehlstedt U, Kim SK, Carter P, Goodisman J, Vollano JF, Nordén B, Dabrowiak JC. Interaction of cationic porphyrins with DNA. Biochemistry 1994; 33:417-26. [PMID: 8286372 DOI: 10.1021/bi00168a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing linear dichroism (LD), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence energy transfer, the binding geometries of a series of Co(3+)-porphyrins and their free ligands were examined. The compounds studied were Co-meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (CoTMPyP) and its free ligand (H2-TMPyP), Co-meso-tetrakis(N-n-butylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (CoTBPyP) and its free ligand (H2TBPyP), and Co-meso-tetrakis(N-n-octylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (CoTOPyP). The two non-metalloporphyrins exhibit negative LD, having angles of roughly 75 degrees relative to the DNA helix axis. They also display negative CD and a significant contact energy transfer from the DNA bases. On the other hand, the three metalloporphyrins display orientation angles of roughly 45 degrees between the porphyrin plane and the helix axis of DNA. Furthermore, they exhibit positive CD and no contact energy transfer from DNA bases. These observations show that the metalloporphyrins are not intercalated whereas non-metalloporphyrins having four freely rotating meso-aryl groups intercalate between the base pairs of DNA. In the presence of KHSO5, the cobalt porphyrins cleave closed circular PM2 DNA in a single strand manner, i.e., a single activation event on the porphyrin leads to a break in one of the DNA strands. A kinetic analysis of the cleavage data revealed that cleavage rates are in the order CoTMPyP > CoTBPyP > CoTOPyP with the difference being due to different DNA affinities rather than differences in cleavage rate-constants. Based on these and earlier observations, the metalloporphyrins appear bound to a partially melted region of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sehlstedt
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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